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Carnarvon is situated on the mouth of the Gascoyne River at the extreme west of the Australian continent about midway from north to south near the Tropic of Capricorn 2
Burringurrah (Mt Augustus) in the Gascoyne River Catchment 3
The SOLEX Project Carnarvon WA 4
5 Lot 100 Boor Street 1994
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Figure 14: Carnarvon Airport annual rainfall: 1945 – 2015. [ (Source: Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology and Climate Data Online [ ) 7
Figure 16: Carnarvon Airport’s annual mean maximum temperature: 1945 – 2015. (Source: Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology and Climate Data Online) 8
Figure 18: Map of selected cyclone tracks in Australia: 1970 – 1996 (Source: Emergency Management Australia [ 9
Telstra solar panel mounts in the late 1990s. These were used as the basic design for the Solex Project 10
Hmm This was a pretty stupid idea. What do I do now? 11
The complete 45kW solar array 2007 12
Rain Evaporation Riverflow Water Ice An example of an east-west split solar pv installation 13 Source Solex photograph.
THE HAT: an example of Bush resourcefulness. The Hon Alan Carpenter WA Minister shows off his long awaited munguwallah 14
An interesting blend of technology from the 1890s Airmotor Windmill to the 2010s 5kw Westwind turbines with the 1970s Communication dish in the background 15
The basic formula for GHG emissions from internal combustion engines 1L of diesel produces 3kWh of electricity and 2L of GHG 16
35 600 30 500 25 400 20 Installations kW 300 15 200 10 100 5 0 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Number Rated output kW Small-scale solar pv installation rates by year Carnarvon Town Distribution Grid: 2001 – 2015. (Sources: Solex data, Australian Clean Energy Regulator, and Australian PV Institute) 17
400000 1200 350000 1000 300000 800 250000 Thousands Number kW 200000 600 150000 400 100000 200 50000 0 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 WA Number Aust Number WA output kW Aust output kW Small-scale solar pv installation rates by year Western Australia and Australia: 2001 – 2015. (Sources: Solex data, Australian Clean Energy Regulator, and Australian PV Institute Solex data held by Alexander Fullarton; Ibid 18
Typical energy harvest profile of solar pv installation in Carnarvon Western Australia S ource: Solex data 19
Westwind 5kW 3ph AC wind generators 20
Typical energy harvest profile of a wind generator installation in Carnarvon Western Australia S ource: Solex data 21
Wind/solar combination over three days Source Solex data 22
Stage Annual energy harvest Estimated (kWh) Actual (average) Value ($) Diesel displaced Emissions avoided (kWh) (L) (kg) 1 25,628 31,170 5,629 9,351 20,260 2 50,569 57,146 10,320 17,144 37,145 3 wind 9,369 3,838 693 1,151 2,495 4 7,816 9,005 1,626 2,701 5,853 5 wind 19,800 7,677 1,386 2,303 4,990 6 9,030 8,914 1,610 2,674 5,794 7 9,705 4,404 795 1,321 2,863 Total 131,944 122,154 22,059 36,645 79,400 23
“The art is in plucking the goose to collect the most feathers with the least amount of hissing” 60,000 50,000 40,000 MWh 30,000 20,000 10,000 0 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Horizon/Western Power Solar total The contribution of solar pv to mains electricity in Carnarvon 2003 - 15 24
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100 150 200 250 300 350 50 0 2001-2009 Feb 2010 The growth in North West solar pv systems 2009 - 14 Apr 2010 Jun 2010 Aug 2010 Oct 2010 Dec 2010 Feb 2011 Apr 2011 Jun 2011 Cumulative number of pv systems Aug 2011 Oct 2011 Dec 2011 Feb 2012 Apr 2012 Jun 2012 Aug 2012 Oct 2012 Dec 2012 Feb 2013 Apr 2013 Jun 2013 Aug 2013 Oct 2013 Dec 2013 Feb 2014 Apr 2014 Jun 2014 Aug 2014 Oct 2014 Dec 2014 Denham Exmouth Carnarvon Broome 26
Screw Steamship Oceanic 1870 Source: Ramsay Muir, Bygone Liverpool (1913) 27
An Alternative Use for Alternative Energy: The SOLEX ice-works 28
Rain Energy discharged to the Evaporation Riverflow atmosphere Water Ice Energy absorbed from the atmosphere 29
2014 Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV ‘fuels up’ at Solex Solar Farm 30
2016 Solex picks up its Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV at 31 Wanneroo WA
This little Type 1 EV charging station is simple but effective. It consists of a single phase AC 100 amp digital meter and a heavy duty 15 amp general purpose outlet. The DC rectifier and cable is supplied by the vehicle manufacturer. It is more than sufficient for our purposes. 32
Growth of Electric Vehicles in Australia 2013-16 Year Electric Passenger Percentage Total Vehicles Percentage of Vehicles Vehicles of EVs EVs 13 000 023 2013 4167 0.032 20 757 657 0.020 13 297 170 2014 4705 0.035 21 313 721 0.022 13 549 450 2015 5215 0.038 21 785 979 0.024 13 815 108 2016 6546 0.047 22 249 088 0.029 Source: ABS Motor Vehicle Census data 2013-16 33
However other factors can make huge differences to expected outcomes Fossil- Solar fuelled Champions industry Does the frog tire and the obvious outcome eventuate, will the stork choke him out to fight another day, or will the frog choke the stork and be victorious? 34
Possible Future Proportions of EVs On Australian Roads 20,000,000 100.00% 18,000,000 90.00% 16,000,000 80.00% 14,000,000 70.00% Number of Vehicles 12,000,000 60.00% 10,000,000 50.00% 8,000,000 40.00% 6,000,000 30.00% 4,000,000 20.00% 2,000,000 10.00% - 0.00% 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 Year Number of EVs at 12 % Number of EV at the rate of 40% Number of EV at the rate of 42.5% Number of Passenger Vehicles Ppn of EVs to Passenger Vehicles at 12% Ppn of EVs to Passenger Vehicles @ 40% Ppn of EVs to Passenger Vehicles @ 42.5% 35
A Glimpse of the Future Solar powered car parks 36
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