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  3. CDED7F9!/F5@C7B=EG! • � Bioelectricity : Italian anatomist and physician Luigi Galvani (1780) He showed that a electrical charge applied to the spinal nerves of a frog generates muscular spasms. Informed Alessandro Volta . He relayed the findings to the academicians in England but expanded on his own contributions to the science. He made the first observations showing a threshold potential is reached (action potential).

  4. H41&(&*4*&'.! • � !/"&*'2%D,1/'+% IJKKJL!?&0%*!,-%10&8-,! ?41&(&*4*&'.!&%!#&%!-M;-0&N-.*%!+%&.)!4!104$?&%#! N+%1(-:!I*-.%&'.!N-4%+0-%!?'0!?41&(&*4*&'.L:!

  5. The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. First instance of STF recorded in crayfish muscle by Charles Richet. Results of seven excitations (stimuli), the first three do not show any significant twitches while the last four show facilitation in tension

  6. E.+&"1'**)*"&%D'1-&9,.(% • � O#-!?&0%*!&.*041-((+(40!0-1'0,&.)!-(-1*0',-!P4%! N4,-!8$!9&.)!4.,!C-040,!&.!JQRQ:! • � O#-!?&0%*!&.*041-((+(40!0-1'0,&.)%!'?!)04,-,! 0-%;'.%-%!P-0-!1400&-,!'+*!8$!H4**!4.,!@4*S!&.! JQTU!&.!1048!N+%1(-!?&8-0%:!50+%*41-4.!N+%1(-%! P-0-!A.'P.!*'!;0',+1-!)04,-,!1'.*041*&'.%!I@4*S! 4.,!@+??(-0!JQRVW!@4*S<!JQRQW!X&-0%N4<!JQRQL:!

  7. The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. Original figure from Fatt and Katz, 1953 showing potentials in crab muscle fibers in response to several current pulses. Records 2-5 and 7-9 show pulses of constant duration and varying intensity. Records 10-11 show pulses of varying duration and constant intensity. (Record 6 shows injury discharge in the muscle fiber).

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  9. PRESYNAPTIC

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  11. Postsynaptic

  12. H7BC!EY2![!F5\!4%!*#-!.-+0'*04.%N&**-0!

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  15. PRESYNAPTIC

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  22. Methods ! Ionic Manipulation/ Pharmacological Mutational method Method (Drugs) SERCA aaaa! O#4;%&)40)&.!IJg!iYL! PMCA Z4(&.-!P&*#!;\!K:K! 5408'M$-'%&.!!IT!iYL! NCX 7-,+1&.)!]E4 _ ` ' ! @/!7cQRU!IRg!iYL!

  23. "Y5F!d.#&8&*&'.! E5j!d.#&8&*&'.! =*"1>%7"&2 6!5'N;0'N&%&.)!P&*#!^hU 0, ! =*"1>%7"&2 6!d.#&8&*&'.!8$!%4(&.-!;\! 0-,+1-,!]E4 _ ` ' ! K:K! _&"3%7"&2 6!d.#&8&*&'.!8$!,0+)!@/! _&"3%7"&2 6!d.#&8&*&'.!8$!,0+)! 7cQRU!IRg!iYL! 5408'M$-'%&.!IT!iYL!

  24. SERCA inhibition by Thapsigargin (10 � M) !

  25. Y',-(!?'0!504$?&%#!EY2!

  26. Comparative physiological studies on the NCX, PMCA, SERCA in relation to synaptic transmission at Drosophila NMJs • � Z&N&(40!%*+,&-%!*'!504$?&%#! • � E5j<!"Y5F!4.,!ZD75F!P-0-!&.#&8&*-,!8$! ,&??-0-.*!N-*#',%!4.,!*#-!-??-1*!'.!%$.4;*&1! *04.%N&%%&'.!P4%!'8%-0>-,!

  27. Methods % D41#!1#4..-(!&.#&8&*-,!8$!*P'!,&??-0-.*!N-*#',%! Ionic Manipulation/ Pharmacological Mutational method Method (Drugs) SERCA \-4*!%-.%&*&>-!@+N! O#4;%&)40)&.!IJg!iYL! N+*4*&'.! PMCA Z4(&.-!P&*#!;\!K:K! 5408'M$-'%&.!!IT!iYL! NCX 7-,+1&.)!]E4 _ ` ' ! @/!7cQRU!IRg!iYL!

  28. K#$Q$NF.*( !(40>4(!EY2!;0-;!

  29. d.#&8&*&.)! E5j!8$! 0-,+1&.)! ]E4 _ ` ' !

  30. d.#&8&*&.)!E5j! P&*#!,0+)!! @/!7cQRU!IRg! iYL!

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