Writing for Publication On the other hand a printed paper in a - - PDF document

writing for publication
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Writing for Publication On the other hand a printed paper in a - - PDF document

From Conference Presentation to Publication I NTRODUCTION The need for this Briefing Paper has become clear over the past two years experience in BEST and the topics addressed arise directly from problems faced by authors during that time.


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SLIDE 1

Writing for Publication

From Conference Presentation to Publication

INTRODUCTION

The need for this Briefing Paper has become clear over the past two years’ experience in BEST and the topics addressed arise directly from problems faced by authors during that time. Plenty of advice exists on how to write a good paper for publication, as indicated in the resources list at the end of this sheet. However, it is not so easy to find guidance on converting a good conference presentation into a paper suitable for publication in a refereed, academic journal. Many inexperienced authors seem unaware of the differences between the two, or

  • f the work involved in tailoring a conference presentation to a suitable format for

publication.

DIFFERENCES

A conference presentation is essentially brief and ephemeral, designed for oral/ aural transmission. It is constrained by the conditions under which it is delivered:

  • a restricted time allowance - often as little as 20 minutes - does not allow

for the topic to be discussed in depth;

  • graphics and illustrations are usually PowerPoint slides or flip charts, which

can be explained or amended in the light of audience reaction;

  • it can rely heavily on delivery using nuance, gesture and emphasis, thus there

is less emphasis on accurate language usage;

  • it is open to question and debate, which may mean the author having to

defend his ideas ‘on his feet’ or even acknowledging amendments and changes to pre-conceptions; the author remains in control of his work and may choose to accept or reject audience input;

  • there is no need for extensive citation or reference list.

On the other hand a printed paper in a journal has none of these advantages/ disadvantages:

  • the argument must hold up to detailed peer scrutiny over period of time;
  • illustrations and graphics must stand on their own without explanation of
  • bscurities, therefore, they must be accurate and strictly relevant to the text

they illuminate;

  • collegial input comes in the form of anonymous reiewers’ notes;
  • the language alone can convey emphases and

intention: it must therefore be syntactically accurate and linguistically clear;

  • accurate and extensive citation and

references are required. It is extremely flattering to be asked to submit a paper read at a conference to a refereed journal but the author needs to reflect carefully on the work, time and effort involved in the conversion. The first thing to do is ask questions.

Remember: a paper read to a conference audience is a very different paper from one to be published in a refereed, academic journal, It is likely to need radical re-writing to conform to the necessary structure and formality of a published academic paper.

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SLIDE 2

Request a copy of the publication and study it.

  • Look carefully at the papers published.
  • Note the style of writing and the intended audience.
  • Is it narrowly focussed, using terminology known only by initiates?
  • Is it aimed at a particular discipline only, using terminology general

to its field?

  • Is it aimed at a broader audience, with some familiarity with the topic?
  • Do they produce guidelines as to length, etc. ? If so, read and use them.
  • Note particularly:
  • the requirements for length of paper and abstract;
  • format of graphics and illustrations;
  • format of submission: if electronic, which software should be used;
  • whether or not a paper copy should accompany an electronic version.
  • is American or English spelling and grammarused?

Ask yourself whether any of these will present problems for you. Will you have the time to re-structure the paper and present it in the required format? How much extra research will you have to do? Do you have a ready list of references and citations? If not, it may be extremely time-consuming to verify them all.

STRUCTURE

As suggested above, a conference presentation is flexible, informal and essentially fluid, allowing the speaker to move freely around the paper during delivery, to reiterate or clarify, or omit and move forward if time is short. It probably will not have citations, references. Illustrations and charts can be explained and, with the aid of PowerPoint slides, produced in colour to aid interpretation. The structure of a journal paper is more rigid. The argument must lead the reader clearly step-by-step; in-text citation and references are necessary and must be produced in accordance with the journal specifications. Some guidelines to requirements for a published paper.

  • 1. Focus around a clearly defined thesis.
  • 2. Build on existing, relevant literature
  • 3. Define key concepts.
  • 4. Present a concise model and discuss it in a consistent and logical manner.

Checklist for Structure

Audience: tone & language style. Avoidance of plagiarism. Citation/ References. Conformity to guidelines. Deadline compliance. Findings/ research. Graphics format. Language: Spelling check Grammar Punctuation. Other sources. Overall Structure: Abstract Introduction Argument Research Method. Submission format. Tables/Graphs/ Figures format. Summary/ Conclusions/ Recommendations

Preparing an accurate list of citations and references takes time. Will you be able to meet the deadline for submission?

  • What was it about your paper that was liked?
  • What is the deadline?
  • Will the paper be refereed? Do not assume that because you have been

invited to submit, the paper will be fast-tracked through to publication.

  • What will the referees be looking for in particular? Content? Innovative

concepts? Structure? Grammar? Breadth of reference? Knowledge and use of current literature? Are these currently present in your paper, or will they need to be added?

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SLIDE 3

IN-TEXT CITA

TION AND REFERENCES

As mentioned above, papers designed to be read aloud at conferences, do not necessarily require full and accurate citation although, of course, full acknowledgement should be made of sources used. However, verbal allusion will not require details of date, page number, volume etc. Every paper published in an academic journal will need both in-text citation acknowledgement and full details in the Reference list of all sources used. Each discipline has its own preferred method of citation practice and most Schools, universities and publications offer guidelines to their own preference. Make certain that you know which system is used by the target publication and that you adhere to it as closely as possible. The fields of Business, Management and Accountancy usually use the Harvard system or a variation of it.

Checklist for References

Which system? APA Chicago Harvard MLA Dates in text agree with Reference list ? Authors’ names spelled correctly? BEST produces very specific submission guides for its authors, which we are always happy to supply and which can also be found

  • n our website:

www.business.ltsn.ac.uk.

Submission specifications will define the format and definition in which illustrations should be supplied. Format will usually be: *.tif. *.jpg or *.eps Minimum definition will usually be 300 or 400 dpi Check the submission specifications carefully!

GRAPHICS, ILLUSTRATIONS AND CHARTS

These present a particular problem in the printed paper. Most academic journals are printed in 2-colour format, black and perhaps one other colour; few are in full colour which is very expensive. This means that the charts and bar graphs which looked so colourful on screen or projector, in pastel shades which were self-explanatory, translate into a homogenous grey blur. You will have to revisit the originals and ensure that the differences are sharply defined by means other than colour. Drawings and Figures produced in a word- processing programme and photo-copied for the conference, will need to be reproduced in a recognised drawing or graphics software programme for onward transmission to the Printing service providers (PSPs). Photographs and graphics will also appear in grayscale (shades of black and white) and should be provided separately to the specified standard. The specification guidelines will probably define the format, usually *.tif, *.jpg or *.eps, and the minimum dpi (dots per inch) definition required. Editors have to be precise in these definitions because the PSPs, who do the actual printing, have strict limitations to produce optimum results on the high-tech. printers now in use and may refuse to use graphics which do not meet their specifications. If the paper is also to be published on the web, there may be further specifications.

Checklist for Graphics

Correct format? Correct dpi? Graphs clearly defined? Which drawing programme?

  • 5. Provide reliable and strong data.
  • 6. Ensure porpositions are rooted in the literature and flow logically from

previously cited research.

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SLIDE 4

This sheet is intended to inform authors of the work involved in converting a good conference presentation into a good journal paper. It is not such a simple process as it may seem in the exhilaration of the moment of invitation.

WEBSITES:

BEST submission guidelines: http://www.business.ltsn.ac.uk Brief resumé of Harvard style: http://www.csad.coventry.ac.uk/IDN/neopraxis/harvard.html EndNote: software for reference management http://www.endnote.com Guide to Referencing the Harvard Style http://www.usq.edu.au/library/resources/genref/harvardprint.htm

SOURCES BOOKS

Chalker, Sylvia & Weiner, Edmund 1998, (eds), The Oxford Dictionary of English Grammar, Oxford Paperbacks, ISBN: 0192800876 Eastwood, John 1994, Oxford Guide to English Grammar, OUP, ISBN: 0194313514 Geffner, Andrea B. 1998, Business English: a complete guide to developing an effective business writing style, Barron Educational Series, ISBN 0764102788 Gelfand, Harold & Walker, Charles, eds, Mastering APA Style, in progress Gibaldi, Jospeh 1998, MLA Guide to Scholarly Publishing, 2nd ed., MLA, ISBN 0873526996 Hinchliffe, Ernest 1993, The Chicago Manual of Style, 14th ed, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0226103897 Remenyi, Dan 2001, ‘Getting Published for Academics’, International Journal of Management Education, vol. 1, no. 2, Spring 2001 Riley, Michael, Wood Roy & Clark, Mona 2000, Researching and Writing Dissertations in Business and Management, Thomson Learning, ISBN 1861526083 Rozakis, Laurie 1997, The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Grammar and Style, MacMillan, ISBN 0028619560 Trimmer, Joseph, F. 1998, The Essentials of MLA Style: a guide to documentation for writers of research, Houghton Mifflin, ISBN 0395883164 Walker, Jamie & Taylor, Todd 2000, The Columbia Guide to Online Style, Colombia University Press, ISBN 0231107859

BEST produces very specific submission guides for its authors, which we are always happy to supply and which can also be found on our website: www.business.ltsn.ac.uk. Ann Forrester, LTSN BEST, February 2002