with the Eyes A case study comparing switch based and eye - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

▶
with the eyes
SMART_READER_LITE
LIVE PREVIEW

with the Eyes A case study comparing switch based and eye - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Nov 01, 2023 358 likes •871 views

Typing Quickly and Relaxed with the Eyes A case study comparing switch based and eye controlled input methods Dipl.-Inform. Jrn U. Garbe Torino, September 7 th 2006 Dipl.-Inform. Jrn U. Garbe Typing Quickly and Relaxed with the Eyes A

slide-1
SLIDE 1

Typing Quickly and Relaxed with the Eyes – A Case Study COGAIN Camp 2006 Dipl.-Inform. Jörn U. Garbe

A case study comparing switch based and eye controlled input methods

Typing Quickly and Relaxed with the Eyes

Dipl.-Inform. Jörn U. Garbe Torino, September 7th 2006

slide-2
SLIDE 2

Typing Quickly and Relaxed with the Eyes – A Case Study COGAIN Camp 2006 Dipl.-Inform. Jörn U. Garbe

Overview

 Introduction / Motivation  Kathrin Lemler  ERIC – Efficient Reduced Input Communication  Requirements for Gaze Friendly Applications  Comparison of Switch and Gaze Controlled Input

  • Efficiency
  • Convenience

 Conclusion and Prospects

Introduction Kathrin Gaze Specific Requirements Switch vs. Gaze Interaction Conclusions and Future Research ERIC      

slide-3
SLIDE 3

Typing Quickly and Relaxed with the Eyes – A Case Study COGAIN Camp 2006 Dipl.-Inform. Jörn U. Garbe

Motivation

 Standard input devices are not suitable for people with motor impairments  Computers provide unparalled new

  • pportunities for AAC

 Customized communication aids  Hardware/Software systems to control computer

Introduction Kathrin Gaze Specific Requirements Switch vs. Gaze Interaction Conclusions and Future Research ERIC      

slide-4
SLIDE 4

Typing Quickly and Relaxed with the Eyes – A Case Study COGAIN Camp 2006 Dipl.-Inform. Jörn U. Garbe

Kathrin Lemler

 21 years old  Suffering from Cerebral Pulsy  Severe motor imairments

  • Has to use a wheelchair
  • Cannot produce voice

 No further impairments  Currently finishing her university-entrance diploma (Abitur) in a regular school

Introduction Kathrin Gaze Specific Requirements Switch vs. Gaze Interaction Conclusions and Future Research ERIC      

slide-5
SLIDE 5

Typing Quickly and Relaxed with the Eyes – A Case Study COGAIN Camp 2006 Dipl.-Inform. Jörn U. Garbe

Kathrin‘s communication skills

 Excellent language skills in German and English  Superior written language skills  Modes of communication

  • Basic sounds (yes, no, …)
  • Eye script
  • Virtual letter grid
  • AAC devices

Introduction Kathrin Gaze Specific Requirements Switch vs. Gaze Interaction Conclusions and Future Research ERIC      

slide-6
SLIDE 6

Typing Quickly and Relaxed with the Eyes – A Case Study COGAIN Camp 2006 Dipl.-Inform. Jörn U. Garbe

Basic sounds

 Can be used for some words (yes, no, whatever, …)  She can produce vowels  Standard Repertoire: About 10 words  More words can be infered from the context  Clairity deteriorates „under pressure“  Usually hard to understand for outsiders

Introduction Kathrin Gaze Specific Requirements Switch vs. Gaze Interaction Conclusions and Future Research ERIC      

slide-7
SLIDE 7

Typing Quickly and Relaxed with the Eyes – A Case Study COGAIN Camp 2006 Dipl.-Inform. Jörn U. Garbe

Virtual script

 First „written language“ experience  Used only with her mother  Letters are written with the eyes into the air  Similar letters are augmented with sounds for better distinction  Fast: human predictors are very efficent  A lot of experience is required  Cannot be used with strangers

Introduction Kathrin Gaze Specific Requirements Switch vs. Gaze Interaction Conclusions and Future Research ERIC      

slide-8
SLIDE 8

Typing Quickly and Relaxed with the Eyes – A Case Study COGAIN Camp 2006 Dipl.-Inform. Jörn U. Garbe

Letter grid

 3x2-Grid of 3 columns and 2 rows  Gaze selection (used with humans)  To increase the number of choices sub-cells are introduced  Each cell contains 6 sub-cells (36 cells)  Selection in two steps

  • Select a cell
  • Select a subcell

1 2 3 4 5 6

Introduction Kathrin Gaze Specific Requirements Switch vs. Gaze Interaction Conclusions and Future Research ERIC      

slide-9
SLIDE 9

Typing Quickly and Relaxed with the Eyes – A Case Study COGAIN Camp 2006 Dipl.-Inform. Jörn U. Garbe

Letter grid [2]

 Letters and letter combinations  Hello: 2-2 1-5 2-6 2-6 3-3 World: 4-5 3-3 3-6 2-6 1-4

A B C G H I M N O D E F J K L P Q R S T U Y Z ST EI AU PF V W X/ß CH SCH EU Ä Ö Ü

Introduction Kathrin Gaze Specific Requirements Switch vs. Gaze Interaction Conclusions and Future Research ERIC      

slide-10
SLIDE 10

Typing Quickly and Relaxed with the Eyes – A Case Study COGAIN Camp 2006 Dipl.-Inform. Jörn U. Garbe

Letter Grid [3]

 Pretty fast because humans use a lot of background and context knowledge  Word completion and part of speech prediction  Only used with a limited number of people  Exact wording (accent) is not guaranteed

Introduction Kathrin Gaze Specific Requirements Switch vs. Gaze Interaction Conclusions and Future Research ERIC      

slide-11
SLIDE 11

Typing Quickly and Relaxed with the Eyes – A Case Study COGAIN Camp 2006 Dipl.-Inform. Jörn U. Garbe

AAC devices

 First device in use PRD „Delta Talker“  Symbol based approach  High proficiency with MinSpeak  First uncontestible demonstration of language and cognition skills  Scanning with one switch is very slow (less than 5 words per minute)  Limited vocabilary (inefficient for spelling)

Introduction Kathrin Gaze Specific Requirements Switch vs. Gaze Interaction Conclusions and Future Research ERIC      

slide-12
SLIDE 12

Typing Quickly and Relaxed with the Eyes – A Case Study COGAIN Camp 2006 Dipl.-Inform. Jörn U. Garbe

Higher Expressive Capabilities

 At the age of 15 Kathrin seeked for expressive improvements of her AAC device  The number of word forms readly available is low  Creating and remembering custom made sequences requires time and effort  Written language skills are available

Introduction Kathrin Gaze Specific Requirements Switch vs. Gaze Interaction Conclusions and Future Research ERIC      

slide-13
SLIDE 13

Typing Quickly and Relaxed with the Eyes – A Case Study COGAIN Camp 2006 Dipl.-Inform. Jörn U. Garbe

Higher Expressive Capabilities [2]

 Written language provides full expressive possibilities (also foreign languages)  Kathrin approached the university of Koblenz  The computer scientists were asked for a more efficient way to add new words to the Talker

Introduction Kathrin Gaze Specific Requirements Switch vs. Gaze Interaction Conclusions and Future Research ERIC      

slide-14
SLIDE 14

Typing Quickly and Relaxed with the Eyes – A Case Study COGAIN Camp 2006 Dipl.-Inform. Jörn U. Garbe

Higher Expressive Capabilities [3]

 Soon it became clear that the high number

  • f symbols was inefficient in combination

with scanning  Typing with a reduced set of keys would be a more suitable solution  Goal: Making written language efficiently accessible with a single switch

Introduction Kathrin Gaze Specific Requirements Switch vs. Gaze Interaction Conclusions and Future Research ERIC      

slide-15
SLIDE 15

Typing Quickly and Relaxed with the Eyes – A Case Study COGAIN Camp 2006 Dipl.-Inform. Jörn U. Garbe

Something New (UKO)

 Basic idea  Cyclical scanning of 8 controls

  • Six controls with letters
  • Control for correction
  • Control to complete a word

 Challenge: Writing 26+ letters with 6 keys

1 2 3 6 5 4

E N T E R D E L E T E

Introduction Kathrin Gaze Specific Requirements Switch vs. Gaze Interaction Conclusions and Future Research ERIC      

slide-16
SLIDE 16

Typing Quickly and Relaxed with the Eyes – A Case Study COGAIN Camp 2006 Dipl.-Inform. Jörn U. Garbe

Ambiguous Input

 In German 30 letters have to be distributed on the keys  Selecting a key is ambiguous  Disambiguation can be done on

  • Letter level (cf. letter grid)
  • Word level (select the correct word after

typing)

 Hypothesis: Word level disambiguation is more efficient

Introduction Kathrin Gaze Specific Requirements Switch vs. Gaze Interaction Conclusions and Future Research ERIC      

slide-17
SLIDE 17

Typing Quickly and Relaxed with the Eyes – A Case Study COGAIN Camp 2006 Dipl.-Inform. Jörn U. Garbe

Letter Distribution Problem

 Problem: Typing efficiency crucially depends on the distribution (partition) of the letters on the controls  Simple approaches (e.g. cell phone text input) lack efficiency  Thesis in Computer Linguistics (Meyreis 2000)

  • Rule based approach
  • Based on trigram probabilities

Introduction Kathrin Gaze Specific Requirements Switch vs. Gaze Interaction Conclusions and Future Research ERIC      

slide-18
SLIDE 18

Typing Quickly and Relaxed with the Eyes – A Case Study COGAIN Camp 2006 Dipl.-Inform. Jörn U. Garbe

Computerized Optimization

 Optimization using a genetic algorithm (Garbe 2001)  Can be applied to different layouts and dictionaries  Provides a “near optimal” solution in reasonable time

Introduction Kathrin Gaze Specific Requirements Switch vs. Gaze Interaction Conclusions and Future Research ERIC      

slide-19
SLIDE 19

Typing Quickly and Relaxed with the Eyes – A Case Study COGAIN Camp 2006 Dipl.-Inform. Jörn U. Garbe

Optimization Results

 Compared to the computer linguist’s solution typing speed is increased by 17%  A faster solution using only 3 letter controls increases the speed by 32%  The correction and enter controls can be combined into a single menu  The ERIC system came alive

Introduction Kathrin Gaze Specific Requirements Switch vs. Gaze Interaction Conclusions and Future Research ERIC      

slide-20
SLIDE 20

Typing Quickly and Relaxed with the Eyes – A Case Study COGAIN Camp 2006 Dipl.-Inform. Jörn U. Garbe

ERIC’S Interface

 3 controls for letters  1 control to switch to a menu providing functions  The letter controls are reused for menu items in the menu mode

Introduction Kathrin Gaze Specific Requirements Switch vs. Gaze Interaction Conclusions and Future Research ERIC      

slide-21
SLIDE 21

Typing Quickly and Relaxed with the Eyes – A Case Study COGAIN Camp 2006 Dipl.-Inform. Jörn U. Garbe

Direct Access with 4 Switches

 ERIC still only requires a single key for scanning operation  Kathrin could operate 4 switches

  • 3 in the head rest (left, center, right)
  • 1 knee switch for the menu

 With 4 switches ERIC can be used in direct access mode – further improving typing speed

Introduction Kathrin Gaze Specific Requirements Switch vs. Gaze Interaction Conclusions and Future Research ERIC      

slide-22
SLIDE 22

Typing Quickly and Relaxed with the Eyes – A Case Study COGAIN Camp 2006 Dipl.-Inform. Jörn U. Garbe

Example

Introduction Kathrin Gaze Specific Requirements Switch vs. Gaze Interaction Conclusions and Future Research ERIC      

slide-23
SLIDE 23

Typing Quickly and Relaxed with the Eyes – A Case Study COGAIN Camp 2006 Dipl.-Inform. Jörn U. Garbe

Go for Gaze Control

 Gaze control is the natural next step  Potential to further increase the speed  Few controls limit accuracy requirements  She already uses gaze interaction (with humans) to communicate  A camera system is more flexible than the switch solution  Potential reduction of effort and stress

Introduction Kathrin Gaze Specific Requirements Switch vs. Gaze Interaction Conclusions and Future Research ERIC      

slide-24
SLIDE 24

Typing Quickly and Relaxed with the Eyes – A Case Study COGAIN Camp 2006 Dipl.-Inform. Jörn U. Garbe

Gaze Friendliness

 Special attention to the user interface  Interaction is reduced to point and click  Clear layout, no distracting parts  Customizable controls

  • Size
  • Position

Introduction Kathrin Gaze Specific Requirements Switch vs. Gaze Interaction Conclusions and Future Research ERIC      

slide-25
SLIDE 25

Typing Quickly and Relaxed with the Eyes – A Case Study COGAIN Camp 2006 Dipl.-Inform. Jörn U. Garbe

Considerations for Controls

 As few and as large as possible  Icons must not distract the user  Nice but not too fancy  Facilitate focusing the center  Avoid dynamic controls whenever possible

Introduction Kathrin Gaze Specific Requirements Switch vs. Gaze Interaction Conclusions and Future Research ERIC      

slide-26
SLIDE 26

Typing Quickly and Relaxed with the Eyes – A Case Study COGAIN Camp 2006 Dipl.-Inform. Jörn U. Garbe

Unintended User Attraction

 Humans pay special attention to moving

  • r changing things
  • Dynamic items will attract user attention
  • A pointer that has a little offset to the user’s

actual gaze position will attract the user

 The gaze shifts in the direction of the offset  The pointer will move further in the undesired direction  The cycle starts over

Introduction Kathrin Gaze Specific Requirements Switch vs. Gaze Interaction Conclusions and Future Research ERIC      

slide-27
SLIDE 27

Typing Quickly and Relaxed with the Eyes – A Case Study COGAIN Camp 2006 Dipl.-Inform. Jörn U. Garbe

Avoid Pointer Chasing

 Pointer latency

  • Method: Pointer moves slowly
  • Effective in most situations
  • Not efficient as it slows down selection

Introduction Kathrin Gaze Specific Requirements Switch vs. Gaze Interaction Conclusions and Future Research ERIC      

slide-28
SLIDE 28

Typing Quickly and Relaxed with the Eyes – A Case Study COGAIN Camp 2006 Dipl.-Inform. Jörn U. Garbe

Proximity Filter

 Method: Pointer moves only if the distance of the old and new position is greater than a preselected threshold  Effective in most situations  The pointer may get stuck close to a control the user wants to select  The threshold is application specific

Introduction Kathrin Gaze Specific Requirements Switch vs. Gaze Interaction Conclusions and Future Research ERIC      

slide-29
SLIDE 29

Typing Quickly and Relaxed with the Eyes – A Case Study COGAIN Camp 2006 Dipl.-Inform. Jörn U. Garbe

Control Snap-in Function

 Method: The user can only select controls registered for gaze control, the pointer is always shown in the center  Effective and efficient  Works only for “partner applications” of the gaze tracker  Method of choice for ERIC/Tobii

Introduction Kathrin Gaze Specific Requirements Switch vs. Gaze Interaction Conclusions and Future Research ERIC      

slide-30
SLIDE 30

Typing Quickly and Relaxed with the Eyes – A Case Study COGAIN Camp 2006 Dipl.-Inform. Jörn U. Garbe

Hybrids

 Usually a combination of the different methods has to be employed

  • Snap-in for partner applications
  • Distance, user and application specific latency

for other applications

Introduction Kathrin Gaze Specific Requirements Switch vs. Gaze Interaction Conclusions and Future Research ERIC      

slide-31
SLIDE 31

Typing Quickly and Relaxed with the Eyes – A Case Study COGAIN Camp 2006 Dipl.-Inform. Jörn U. Garbe

Changes in ERIC

 User interface

  • Resizable controls
  • Center oriented controls
  • Customizable layout

 Gaze tracker of choice: Tobii  Gaze control interface to Tobii

  • Register all controls

Introduction Kathrin Gaze Specific Requirements Switch vs. Gaze Interaction Conclusions and Future Research ERIC      

slide-32
SLIDE 32

Typing Quickly and Relaxed with the Eyes – A Case Study COGAIN Camp 2006 Dipl.-Inform. Jörn U. Garbe

Classic Layout (for Switches)

Introduction Kathrin Gaze Specific Requirements Switch vs. Gaze Interaction Conclusions and Future Research ERIC      

slide-33
SLIDE 33

Typing Quickly and Relaxed with the Eyes – A Case Study COGAIN Camp 2006 Dipl.-Inform. Jörn U. Garbe

New Layout (Gaze Control)

Introduction Kathrin Gaze Specific Requirements Switch vs. Gaze Interaction Conclusions and Future Research ERIC      

slide-34
SLIDE 34

Typing Quickly and Relaxed with the Eyes – A Case Study COGAIN Camp 2006 Dipl.-Inform. Jörn U. Garbe

Final Layout

Introduction Kathrin Gaze Specific Requirements Switch vs. Gaze Interaction Conclusions and Future Research ERIC      

slide-35
SLIDE 35

Typing Quickly and Relaxed with the Eyes – A Case Study COGAIN Camp 2006 Dipl.-Inform. Jörn U. Garbe

Switch vs. Gaze Interaction

 Kathrin is working for more than 5 years with Eric controlled with 4 switches  Changing to a new system requires time and effort  The cost for a Gaze Controller is very high  The effort is not worth while if there are no significant benefits

Introduction Kathrin Gaze Specific Requirements Switch vs. Gaze Interaction Conclusions and Future Research ERIC      

slide-36
SLIDE 36

Typing Quickly and Relaxed with the Eyes – A Case Study COGAIN Camp 2006 Dipl.-Inform. Jörn U. Garbe

Possible Benefits

 Improve typing speed (in the long run)  Reduce physically exhaustive head movement and body tension  Improve endurance when writing long texts

Introduction Kathrin Gaze Specific Requirements Switch vs. Gaze Interaction Conclusions and Future Research ERIC      

slide-37
SLIDE 37

Typing Quickly and Relaxed with the Eyes – A Case Study COGAIN Camp 2006 Dipl.-Inform. Jörn U. Garbe

Experiment goals

 Find out how fast Kathrin can type text with switches and gaze control  Find out how much effort is required

  • User’s impression
  • Observer’s impression
  • Objective data (pulse, blood pressure, etc.)

Introduction Kathrin Gaze Specific Requirements Switch vs. Gaze Interaction Conclusions and Future Research ERIC      

slide-38
SLIDE 38

Typing Quickly and Relaxed with the Eyes – A Case Study COGAIN Camp 2006 Dipl.-Inform. Jörn U. Garbe

Experiment Design

 Type several short texts

  • Shortest text: 301 characters
  • Longest text: 1649 characters
  • Six texts with 5032 characters in total

 Additional text to get familiar with the setup

Introduction Kathrin Gaze Specific Requirements Switch vs. Gaze Interaction Conclusions and Future Research ERIC      

slide-39
SLIDE 39

Typing Quickly and Relaxed with the Eyes – A Case Study COGAIN Camp 2006 Dipl.-Inform. Jörn U. Garbe

Experiment Design [2]

 She could read the complete text before typing  Not allowed to test-type or store words not yet contained in the dictionary  The text is written on a “teleprompter” on a second computer  The prompter program only advance if the word is written correctly

Introduction Kathrin Gaze Specific Requirements Switch vs. Gaze Interaction Conclusions and Future Research ERIC      

slide-40
SLIDE 40

Typing Quickly and Relaxed with the Eyes – A Case Study COGAIN Camp 2006 Dipl.-Inform. Jörn U. Garbe

Experiment Design [3]

 Typing errors and misspellings have to be corrected immediately  The prompter program logs the exact time (in milliseconds) required for each token  The texts are written with both input methods on the same day  Half of the texts are written starting with gaze control

Introduction Kathrin Gaze Specific Requirements Switch vs. Gaze Interaction Conclusions and Future Research ERIC      

slide-41
SLIDE 41

Typing Quickly and Relaxed with the Eyes – A Case Study COGAIN Camp 2006 Dipl.-Inform. Jörn U. Garbe

Experiment Design [4]

 The results are presented after all texts are finished  Kathrin is interviewed after each text (qualitative statement about the effort)  Some experiments are filmed

Introduction Kathrin Gaze Specific Requirements Switch vs. Gaze Interaction Conclusions and Future Research ERIC      

slide-42
SLIDE 42

Typing Quickly and Relaxed with the Eyes – A Case Study COGAIN Camp 2006 Dipl.-Inform. Jörn U. Garbe

Component Setup

 Switches

  • 3 letter controls + 1 menu control

 Gaze control

  • 6 letter controls + 1 menu control
  • 6 prediction controls
  • Dwell time of 0.5 seconds
  • Mobile Tobii P10

Introduction Kathrin Gaze Specific Requirements Switch vs. Gaze Interaction Conclusions and Future Research ERIC      

slide-43
SLIDE 43

Typing Quickly and Relaxed with the Eyes – A Case Study COGAIN Camp 2006 Dipl.-Inform. Jörn U. Garbe

Speed comparison

Text Characters Words Average time per character [ms] Median time per character [ms] Gaze Switch Gaze Switch

1 301 53 1559 1554 1299 1440 2 670 99 1381 1403 1106 1241 3 540 87 1492 1443 1334 1189 4 1649 234 1555 1383 1301 1048 5 783 110 1570 1501 1304 1180 6 1088 196 1895 1914 1322 1490 Corpus 5032 779 1514 1530 1251 1218

 No significant difference in speed  On average 1.5 seconds to write a character

Introduction Kathrin Gaze Specific Requirements Switch vs. Gaze Interaction Conclusions and Future Research ERIC      

slide-44
SLIDE 44

Typing Quickly and Relaxed with the Eyes – A Case Study COGAIN Camp 2006 Dipl.-Inform. Jörn U. Garbe

Performance Measures

Text Letters PM Words Syllables Average time per punctuation [ms] Words per minute, actual (W5) Actual syllables per minute Gaze Switch Gaze Switch Gaze Switch

1 285 16 53 83 2451 1868 7.9 (8.4) 7.9 (8.5) 12.3 12.4 2 640 30 99 185 2501 2280 7.4 (9.5) 7.3 (9.4) 13.8 13.6 3 518 22 87 144 2331 2609 7.5 (9.0) 8.0 (9.5) 12.5 13.3 4 1578 69 234 445 2530 2197 6.0 (8,1) 6.9 (9.4) 11.5 13.2 5 753 30 110 223 2384 2024 5.8 (8.0) 6.3 (8.6) 11.8 12.7 6 1006 82 196 257 3723 3014 8.0 (8.2) 7.5 (7.7) 10.5 9.8

Corpus

4780 249 779 1337 2879 2470 6.9 (8.5) 7.2 (8.8) 11,8 12,5 PM: Punctuation marks W5: Normalized to words with 5 characters (including space) Introduction Kathrin Gaze Specific Requirements Switch vs. Gaze Interaction Conclusions and Future Research ERIC      

slide-45
SLIDE 45

Typing Quickly and Relaxed with the Eyes – A Case Study COGAIN Camp 2006 Dipl.-Inform. Jörn U. Garbe

Video

Introduction Kathrin Gaze Specific Requirements Switch vs. Gaze Interaction Conclusions and Future Research ERIC      

slide-46
SLIDE 46

Typing Quickly and Relaxed with the Eyes – A Case Study COGAIN Camp 2006 Dipl.-Inform. Jörn U. Garbe

Effort Comparison

 No hard facts (numbers)  Kathrin reported that the gaze controlled input caused less stress  The analysis of the videos and the

  • bservation during the test came to the

same conclusion  She is clearly more relaxed when using gaze control

Introduction Kathrin Gaze Specific Requirements Switch vs. Gaze Interaction Conclusions and Future Research ERIC      

slide-47
SLIDE 47

Typing Quickly and Relaxed with the Eyes – A Case Study COGAIN Camp 2006 Dipl.-Inform. Jörn U. Garbe

Moving Average of 9 tokens

Introduction Kathrin Gaze Specific Requirements Switch vs. Gaze Interaction Conclusions and Future Research ERIC      

slide-48
SLIDE 48

Typing Quickly and Relaxed with the Eyes – A Case Study COGAIN Camp 2006 Dipl.-Inform. Jörn U. Garbe

Conclusion

 After a few weeks of gaze control usage the efficiency is as high as with switches  High potential for speed improvements

  • Get used to gaze control
  • Get used to the new character distribution
  • Reduce the dwell time on static items from

0.5s to 0.3s or less

Introduction Kathrin Gaze Specific Requirements Switch vs. Gaze Interaction Conclusions and Future Research ERIC      

slide-49
SLIDE 49

Typing Quickly and Relaxed with the Eyes – A Case Study COGAIN Camp 2006 Dipl.-Inform. Jörn U. Garbe

Results [2]

 Writing longer texts Kathrin does not slow down towards the end of the text  She reaches an average speed of 42 cpm (8.5 wpm) with gaze control and 44 cpm (8.8 wpm) with switches  Punctuation marks deteriorate the performance  Gaze control is more convenient for Kathrin and she stays much calmer

Introduction Kathrin Gaze Specific Requirements Switch vs. Gaze Interaction Conclusions and Future Research ERIC      

slide-50
SLIDE 50

Typing Quickly and Relaxed with the Eyes – A Case Study COGAIN Camp 2006 Dipl.-Inform. Jörn U. Garbe

Future Research

 Improve efficiency for punctuation marks  Introduce control specific dwell time  Reduce dwell time on static controls  Try unambiguous input (virtual keyboard)  Conduct further trials after some month of permanent usage

Introduction Kathrin Gaze Specific Requirements Switch vs. Gaze Interaction Conclusions and Future Research ERIC      