When? Quantitative history Max Kemman University of Luxembourg - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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When? Quantitative history Max Kemman University of Luxembourg - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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When? Quantitative history Max Kemman University of Luxembourg November 23, 2015 Online slides optimised for Full-HD screens in full-screen mode Download PDF here Doing Digital History: Introduction to Tools and Technology Today CSS

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When? Quantitative history

Max Kemman

University of Luxembourg November 23, 2015 Online slides optimised for Full-HD screens in full-screen mode Download PDF here

Doing Digital History: Introduction to Tools and Technology

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Today

CSS

  • Quantitative data
  • Quantitative history
  • Next time
  • Assignment
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CSS

Last week we changed the background Let's look a bit more at what CSS does

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Remember: what is a web page?

Many web pages consist of: Moreover, there is PHP which generates web pages on request

HTML - the content

  • CSS - the styling
  • Javascript - additional functionality
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HTML elements

Remember we added all kinds of HTML elements to the body, such as These elements are key for styling with CSS

Headers: <h1>

  • Paragraphs: <p>
  • Some text-transformations: <b> and <i>
  • Links: <a>
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Selecting HTML elements to style

(Source)

  • 1. The CSS begins by selecting the HTML element
  • 2. Then a property of the element is selected
  • 3. Finally, the property is given a value
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Last week

We selected the element <body> and the property background-color

body background-color #425e5f

The largest header, useful for chapter titles

A paragraph where you can write all you want, in italic or bold.

A subsection's header

Another paragraph where you can write This is the text people click to a new tab

The largest header, useful for chapter titles

A paragraph where you can write all you want, in italic or bold.

A subsection's header

Another paragraph where you can write This is the text people click to a new tab

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Other elements

We can add more elements to the CSS file, such as the headers

body background-color #425e5f h1 font-size 45px h2 font-size 30px h3 font-size 30px

The largest header, useful for chapter titles

A paragraph where you can write all you want, in italic or bold.

A subsection's header

Another paragraph where you can write This is the text people click to a new tab

The largest header, useful for chapter titles

A paragraph where you can write all you want, in italic or bold.

A subsection's header

Another paragraph where you can write This is the text people click to a new tab

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Combining elements

When two elements' properties get the same values, these can be combined

h2 font-size 30px h3 font-size 30px

Can be written as:

h2, h3 font-size 30px

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Overruling

We can change the colour for all text as property of the <body> element

body background-color #425e5f color #ffffff

We can overrule with more specific text-elements such as <h1>

body background-color #425e5f color #ffffff h1 color #FF0000

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The two files HTML

<!doctype html> html head title This document now has a title title link rel stylesheet type text/css href css overruling.css head body h1 The largest header, useful for chapter titles h1 p A paragraph where you can write all you want, in i italicAnother paragraph where you can write br a href http://isitfridayyet.net/ target _blank This is the text people click to a new tab a p body html

CSS

body background-color #425e5f color #ffffff h1 color #FF0000

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Result

body background-color #425e5f color #ffffff h1 color #FF0000

The largest header, useful for chapter titles

A paragraph where you can write all you want, in italic or bold.

A subsection's header

Another paragraph where you can write This is the text people click to a new tab

The largest header, useful for chapter titles

A paragraph where you can write all you want, in italic or bold.

A subsection's header

Another paragraph where you can write This is the text people click to a new tab

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One more thing on HTML: special characters

http://www.ascii.cl/htmlcodes.htm Find the symbol and the HTML number é & ü -> & &#233; & &#252; -> é & ü In your HTML, write longue dur&#233;e to write longue durée

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Quantitative data

For your next assignment you will download quantitative data to analyze http://data.worldbank.org We will browse the data by country, let's look up Luxembourg

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Data formats

There are three data formats: We will be using the CSV file lux_Country_en_csv_v2.csv But also download the Excel file just in case

  • 1. Excel
  • 2. XML
  • 3. CSV
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CSV

Comma Separated Values, is an open standard Last week we represented data in a table

1960 1970 1980 Luxembourg property 1.2 1.4 2.0

In CSV: "","1960","1970","1980" "Luxembourg property","1.2","1.4","2.0"

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Why make it so difficult?

Because CSV is a standard:

Many programs can read it

  • Not dependent on any one commercial program
  • It will still be readable in many years
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Entering the data into Google Drive

Go to http://drive.google.com, log in, and click the big red "NEW" button and select "File upload"

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Find the file on your hard drive, select, and click "Open" to upload it to Google Drive When your Google Drive is in English you can select the CSV, otherwise the Excel-file will work better

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Find the file in your Google Drive, right-click, select "Open with" and select Google Sheets

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Google Sheets should now open a nicely ordered sheet as shown

  • here. To clean it up, select the

first 4 rows, right-click, and select delete

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Select the first 2 columns, right- click, and select delete

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Select the 2nd column with Indicator Codes, right-click, and select delete

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Select the 1st row with the years and copy using ctrl+c (Windows)

  • r cmd+c (Apple)
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Click the + in the lower-left corner (encircled) to create a new sheet, and paste the row here using ctrl+v (Windows) or cmd+v (Apple)

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To search in the first sheet, select it at the bottom, and use ctrl+f (Windows) or cmd+f (Apple) to search for gdp (current US$). Select and copy it

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After copying the row with gdp (current US$), go to your new sheet and paste

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Creating a timeline in Google Sheets

Select the two rows by dragging your mouse from the 1 in row 1 to the 2 in row 2

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Select "Insert" in the menu bar and select "Chart..."

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Google Sheets will suggest several charts. Choose the second line-chart and select "Insert" When your chart looks completely different even though you use the same property, and you have tried with the CSV, go back and upload the Excel file instead

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Go back to your first sheet and search for "electric power" to find the row electric power consumption (kWh per capita). Select this row and copy

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Paste the row in the new sheet under the rows you have. The chart should be updated automatically

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The 2 properties have very different values. Hold mouse on the second line until you see "Edit series", and select the _l symbol (encircled) to create a second y- axis

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You should now see 2 lines that you can compare. Change the x- axis title by clicking it and enter "Year"

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Press enter to apply

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To edit the chart further, select the chart and click the triangle in the upper-right corner and select "Advanced edit..."

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In this window you can further customize the chart

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One interesting visual change is to select "Smooth". Click "Update"

  • nce you're done
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Sharing the Google Sheet

To share the Google Sheet, click the big blue "Share" button in the top-right corner and click "Get shareable link"

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The sharing window will now show a URL you can copy-paste into your report.

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When you click the dropdown "Anyone with the link can view" you are provided other options

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To share only the chart, you can click the triangle in the upper- right corner and select "Save image"

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Quantitative history

Why would we want to analyse history by the numbers?

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Longue Durée

Last week you analysed a period of 4 years What if you want to analyse: Cannot focus on all the stories, need for something else

40 years?

  • 400 years?
  • 4,000 years?
  • 40,000 years?
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Cliometrics

[T]he study of History through the history of things that can be quantitatively measured – wealth, goods, and services that were taxed and recorded, and population.

Guldi & Armitage, p97

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Historical variables

Patrick Manning in "Big Data in History"

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The story of a long period

Represent a long period by its numbers [F]ew have used the two together, applying tools designed to analyse large troves of resources to questions about our long-term past and long-term future.

Guldi & Armitage, p95

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Causality?

Big data enhance our ability to grapple with historical information. They may help us to decide the hierarchy of causality – which events mark watershed moments in their history, and which are merely part

  • f a larger pattern.

Guldi & Armitage, p89

But from our discussion of Big Data, we focused on correlation

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Comparisons and correlations

It could be interesting to see:

How two properties evolve over time: are they correlated?

  • Compare between two or more different countries for the same property
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Quantitative vs Qualitative

Time on the Cross tried this approach [T]he authors argued that each slave was only whipped something like 7.2 times per year and so slavery wasn’t as brutal as its conventional image. As if one severe whipping in an entire lifetime wouldn’t be bad enough.

(Source)

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For next time

30 November

Who? Investigating the social entities in a corpus

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Assignment

Show when Luxembourg became rich, and show at least 2 other properties that correlate with this (3 properties in total) Compare these values with another country Discuss in your report whether these 2 other properties can be thought of as causes or consequences of Lux's wealth, and how the other country compares

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Assignment

Work in pairs of two or three Link to the original data and include your own CSV (not the original complete one) Hand in the assignment in HTML, include your name and a decent profile photo

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Assignment

500-1000 words, in English Grading Email to max.kemman@uni.lu before the start of the lecture on 7 December

1pt for free

  • 1pts for HTML
  • 3pts for discussing Lux's wealth
  • 2pts for documentation of your process
  • 3pts for critical reflection on your charts