[PDF] - What levels of linguistic rep resentation determine o r PDF Document

SLIDE 1 Do w e need a linguistic rep resentation

f

semantic info rmation?

Y

es, fo r purp

ses
f

talking ab

ut

semantics.

Is

the rep resentation \disp ensible"? P erhaps { dep ends

n

choice

f

semantic theo ry . Semantic structures can b e related to a level

f

rep resentation

f

meaning (Discourse Rep- resentation Structures, Situation-Theo retic Infons, fo rmulas

f

intensional logic)

r

directly to a mo del. 20 What levels

f

linguistic rep resentation determine

r

constrain the semantic level?

W

e b elieve that the f-structure is the p rima ry level that constrains semantic interp retation. Of course, info rmation from

ther

levels, such as c-structure, ma y also b e relevant. The relation b et w een the semantic structure and these

ther

levels ma y b e enco ded directly b y a p rojection function,

r

indirectly as a comp

sition
f

p rojection functions b et w een

ther

levels.

Even

if

ther

levels (e.g. c-structure) constrain scop e, w e needn't have a level

f

rep resentation at which info rmation from b

th

levels is enco ded. W e can talk ab

ut

the relation b et w een t w

levels

in addition to relations within a level. 19

SLIDE 2 What kind

f

info rmation needs to b e rep resented in a gramma r?

F-structure:

rep resents syntactic a rgument structure

Semantic

structure: rep resents semantic t yp e structure with no syntactic a rgument structure reex

Glue

language: constrains ho w linguistic structures determine the assembly

f

meanings (issues ab

ut

relative scop e, scop e islands, t yp e raising, . . . ) { \grammatical semantics"

Meaning

language: Meanings 18 Building up a quantier: \Every p erson" g : 2 4 SPEC `every' PRED `p erson' 3 5

g
:

" V AR [ ] RESTR [ ] # every : 8R ; P ; S: [8Y :(g

V

AR) ; Y

(g
RESTR

) ; R (Y )] [8X :g

;

X

S

; P (X )]

S

; ev er y (per son; P ) p erson : 8X :(g

V

AR) ; X

(g
RESTR

) ; per son(X ) every p erson : 8P ; S:[8X :g

;

X

S

; P (X )]

S

; ev er y (per son; P ) 17

SLIDE 3 Quantication: \Every

ne

w alks." f

:[

]

f

: 2 6 4 PRED `w alk<(" SUBJ)>' SUBJ g : h PRED `every

ne'

i 3 7 5

g
:[

] every

ne

: 8P ; S:[8X :g

;

X

S

; P (X )]

S

; ev er y (per son; P ) w alks : 8X :(f SUBJ)

;

X

f
;

w al k (X ) every

ne

w alks : f

;

ev er y (per son; w al k ) 16 \John w alks." f

:[

]

f

: 2 4 PRED `w alk<(" SUBJ)>' SUBJ g :

PRED

`John'

3

5

g
:[

] g

;

j

hn

8X :(f SUBJ )

;

X

f
;

w al k (X ) f

;

w al k (j

hn)

15

SLIDE 4 \John" g :

PRED

`John'

g
:[

] ; j

hn

14 An a rchitecture fo r the syntax-semantics interface: Assemble meanings with instructions in a logical language

Use

\glue language", linea r logic, to sp ecify ho w to put meanings together

Meaning

language: y

ur

choice; w e use higher-o rder intensional logic 13

SLIDE 5 Problems with function application: 2 6 6 6 6 6 4 REL

V

AR [ ] RESTR " REL P ARG [ ] # 3 7 7 7 7 7 5 h ARG [ ] i ) " REL P ARG [ ] # X :P (X ) (Y ) ) P (Y ) 12 Problems with va riable binding: 2 6 4 [ ] h [ ] i 3 7 5 2 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 2 6 6 6 6 6 4 REL 8 V AR [ ] RESTR " REL P ARG [ ] # 3 7 7 7 7 7 5 3 7 7 7 7 7 7 5 2 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 [ ] 2 6 6 6 6 6 4 REL 8 V AR [ ] RESTR " REL P ARG [ ] # 3 7 7 7 7 7 5 3 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 5 11

SLIDE 6 Commonalities:

Sepa

rate rep resentation

f

syntactic and semantic info rmation

F
rm
f

meaning: attribute-value structure; gives (mo re

r

less) undersp ecied rep resentation

f

semantic info rmation

Meaning

related directly to c-structure

r

f-structure

Meaning

assembly b y analysis

f

f-structure

r

accumulation

f

constraints 10 Halvo rsen and Kaplan (1988), Projections and semantic description in LF G:

F
rm
f

meaning: attribute-value structure

Meaning

determined b y p rojection from c-structure, indirectly related to f-structure

Meaning

assembled b y accumulation

f

constraints

n

attribute- value pairs 9

SLIDE 7 Halvo rsen and Kaplan (1988), Projections and semantic description in LF G:

2

4 PRED `w alk<(" SUBJ)>' SUBJ

PRED

`John'

3

5 S NP VP N V John w alks " PRED

REL

w alk

ARG1

John # 8 F enstad et al. (1987), Situations, Language, and Logic:

F
rm
f

meaning: attribute-value structure, the sitschema, rep resenting a fo rmula in Situation Semantics

Meaning

determined (in p rinciple) b y phonology , mo rphology , syntax, context

Meaning

assembled b y accumulation

f

constraints

n

attribute- value pairs 7

SLIDE 8 F enstad et al. (1987), Situations, Language, and Logic: 2 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 FSTRUCT 2 4 PRED `w alk<(" SUBJ)>' SUBJ

PRED

`John'

3

5 SITSCHEMA 2 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 REL w al k ARG1 h IND j

hn

i LOC 2 6 6 6 6 6 4 IND I N D :1 COND 2 6 4 REL

ARG.1

[ ] 1 ARG.2 l d 3 7 5 3 7 7 7 7 7 5 3 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 5 3 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 5 6 Halvo rsen (1983), Semantics fo r LF G:

F
rm
f

meaning rep resentation: attribute-value structure { F-structure and fo rmula

f

intensional logic a re disp ensible { Dierent meaning language is p

ssible
Meaning

determined b y f-structure

Meaning

assembled b y analysis

f

f-structure 5

SLIDE 9 \John w alks." f k = 2 4 PRED `w alk<(" SUBJ)>' SUBJ

PRED

`John'

3

5 M k = 2 6 6 6 6 6 4 PREDICA TE w al k ARG1 2 6 6 4 CM P :P (j

hn)

MODE CM PM P :P (j

hn)

3 7 7 5 3 7 7 7 7 7 5 F

rmula
f

intensional logic: w al k

(j
hn)

4 Halvo rsen (1983), Semantics fo r LF G: PRED-ARG conguration If f k is an f-structure

f

the fo rm 2 4 s 1 v 1 . . . s n v n 3 5 containing some v i that has an a rgument list, then (M k PREDICA TE) = M s i and fo r < j

m,

(M k ARGj ) = M l where m is the numb er

f

thematic a rguments

f

the semantic fo rm in s i , and M l is the semantic structure asso ciated with the f-structure designato r in the jth a rgument p

sition.

3

SLIDE 10

What

is the fo rm

f

the meaning rep resentation?

What

is the relation

f

the meaning rep resentation to

ther

levels?

Ho

w a re meanings put together? 2 Levels

f

semantic rep resentation in LF G Ma ry Dalrymple, John Lamping, and Vija y Sa rasw at Semantics W

rkshop

at the LF G Collo quium and W

rkshops

Grenoble, F rance August 26, 1996 1