WHAT IS THE ROLE OF EXERCISE IN PREVENTING FALLS AND FRACTURES IN - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
WHAT IS THE ROLE OF EXERCISE IN PREVENTING FALLS AND FRACTURES IN LONG-TERM CARE? CAITLIN MCARTHUR, PHD, MScPT, BSc(KIN) POST -DOCTORAL FELLOW GERAS CENTRE FOR AGING RESEARCH MCMASTER UNIVERSITY ABOUT ME... Registered physiotherapist
WHAT IS THE ROLE OF EXERCISE IN PREVENTING FALLS AND FRACTURES IN LONG-TERM CARE?
CAITLIN MCARTHUR, PHD, MScPT, BSc(KIN) POST
GERAS CENTRE FOR AGING RESEARCH MCMASTER UNIVERSITY
ABOUT ME...
across the continuum of care
Caitlin McArthur, PhD, MScPT BSc(KIN) mcarthurc@hhsc.ca @McArthurCaitlin
OBJECTIVES:
1) discuss current evidence for the role of exercise to prevent falls and fractures in
LTC
2) present practical solutions for putting evidence about fall and fracture prevention
into practice in long-term care homes
3) examine ways to modify suggestions for different physical and cognitive abilities.
LONG-TERM CARE (LTC)
625 licensed LTC homes in Ontario:
77 477 long-stay beds, 617 convalescent beds, 355 respite beds
7.1% of older adults over the age of 65 live in specialized care facilities, like LTC The Ontario government has plans to add 5000 more LTC beds over 4 years
http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/hamilton/seniors-announcement-1.4390828 https://www.oltca.com/oltca/OLTCA/LongTermCare/OLTCA/Public/LongTermCare/FactsFigures.aspx#Long- term%20care%20home%20provincial%20and%20LHIN%20dashboards%20(October%202016)
RESIDENTS IN LTC OFTEN HAVE:
95% of residents require some assistance with activities of daily living (ADLs)
more than 80% require extensive care
On average spend three quarters of their waking time in sedentary activities
Hirdes et al. Canadian Journal on Aging. 30.3 (2011): 371-390.
FALLS IN LTC
1.5 falls per bed per year – 3x rate in community Significant consequences:
functional disability Fractures Pain reduced quality of life death
25% of residents hospitalized after a fall die within 1 year
Harris et al. ANZ J Surg. 2010;80(6):447-450. Ooms et al. Osteoporos Int. 1994;4(1):6-10 Ayoung-Chee et al. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2014;76(2):498-503. Heinrich S et al. Osteoporos Int. 2010;21(6):891-902. Rubenstein et al. Ann Intern Med. 1994;121(6):442-451 Hartholt et al. J Trauma. 2011;71(3):748-753.
FRACTURES IN LTC
Residents are at risk for fractures because of:
Age-related bone loss
Increased risk of falling
Altered mechanics of falls Hip fractures:
49% of all fractures in LTC
1.6-2.2 times higher for LTC residents
One of the leading causes of hospitalization
Associated with increased mortality, worse mobility and quality of life
~50% of residents who have a hip fracture die or develop total dependence within 6 months
Choi YJ. et al. Endocrinol Metab 2016;31:25–30. Morris JN et al. BMC Geriatr 2016;16:92. Nevitt MC et al. J Am Geriatr Soc 1993;41:1226–34. Talbot LA et al, BMC Public Health 2005;5:86. Papaioannou A, et al. Osteoporos Int 2016;27:887–97. Ronald LA, et al. Can J Aging 2008;27:109–15. Dyer SM, et al. BMC Geriatr 2016;16:158. Neuman MD et al. JAMA Intern Med 2014;174:1273–80.
THE CASE FOR STRENGTH AND BALANCE TRAINING
Common activities that precede falls:
Weight shifting Walking Transferring
LTC residents spend 75% of their waking time in sedentary activities and have a
high prevalence of sarcopenia
Challenging balance training and resistance exercise are well-known intervention
for reducing falls and improving muscle strength for community dwelling older adults
Robinovitch et al. Lancet (London, England). 2013;381(9860):47-54. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61263-X. Rapp K et al... J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2012;13(2):187.e1-187.e6. doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2011.06.011. Büchele G et al.. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2014;15(8):559-563. doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2014.03.015. McArthur C et al. Can J Aging / La Rev Can du Vieil. 2016;35(4):491-498. doi:10.1017/S0714980816000556. Chin A Paw MJM et al. BMC Geriatr. 2006;6(1):9. doi:10.1186/1471-2318-6-9. Ikezoe T et al. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2013;57(2):221-225. doi:10.1016/j.archger.2013.04.004. Senior HE et al. Maturitas. 2015;82(4):418-423. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2015.08.006. Smoliner C et al. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2014;15(4):267-272. doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2013.11.027. Landi F et al. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2012;13(2):121-126. doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2011.07.004. Yalcin A et al. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2016;16(8):903-910. doi:10.1111/ggi.12570. Sherrington C et al. Br J Sports Med. October 2016. doi:bjsports-2016-096547 [pii]. Liu C etal. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002759.pub2.
THE EVIDENCE FOR STRENGTH AND BALANCE TRAINING
2012 Cochrane review:
the evidence surrounding exercise to prevent falls in LTC was inconsistent and did not demonstrate an
exercise programmes may increase the risk of falling for frailer residents, but reduce the risk of falling
for less frail residents.
interventions targeting multiple risk factors may be effective – specifically gait, balance, and functional
training
2013 systematic review by Silva et al.:
combined exercise programs (i.e., multiple types of exercise) that include balance tasks, are completed
frequently (2-3 times per week), and over a long-term (greater than 6 months) were most effective at preventing falls.
Cameron ID etal. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;12. Silva RB et al. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2013;14(9):685-689.e2. doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2013.05.015. Stubbs B et al. Maturitas. 2015;81(3):335-342. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2015.03.026. Papaioannou A et al. Can Med Assoc J. 2015;187(15):1135-1144. doi:10.1503/cmaj.141331. Sherrington C et al. . Br J Sports Med. October 2016. doi:bjsports-2016-096547 [pii].
THE EVIDENCE FOR STRENGTH AND BALANCE TRAINING
2015 umbrella review by Stubbs et al.:
multifactorial interventions were the most effective at preventing falls in LTC
2015 recommendations for fracture prevention in LTC:
balance, strength, and functional training should be included for residents who are not at a high risk of
fracture, while for those at high risk, exercise should be provided as part of a multifactorial falls prevention intervention.
2016 systematic review by Sherrington et al.:
there was no evidence that exercise as a single intervention can prevent falls for residents in LTC.
Cameron ID etal. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;12. Silva RB et al. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2013;14(9):685-689.e2. doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2013.05.015. Stubbs B et al. Maturitas. 2015;81(3):335-342. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2015.03.026. Papaioannou A et al. Can Med Assoc J. 2015;187(15):1135-1144. doi:10.1503/cmaj.141331. Sherrington C et al. . Br J Sports Med. October 2016. doi:bjsports-2016-096547 [pii].
THE EVIDENCE FOR STRENGTH AND BALANCE TRAINING
MOST RECENT
Hewitt, J. et al. 2018). Journal of the American Medical Directors Association.
THE EVIDENCE FOR STRENGTH AND BALANCE TRAINING
MOST RECENT
individually prescribed progressive resistance training plus balance training Group setting 2x/week, 1 hour session for 25 weeks – followed by a maintenance program for 6
months
Results:
Decreased falls (142 vs. 277) and fall rate (1.31 vs. 2.91 falls per person-year) Similar number of fall related fractures between groups (5 vs. 6) Participants who attended more than 30 hours of training saw improvement in falls outcomes
Hewitt, J. et al. 2018). Journal of the American Medical Directors Association.
THE EVIDENCE FOR STRENGTH AND BALANCE TRAINING
MOST RECENT
Hewitt, J. et al. 2018). Journal of the American Medical Directors Association.
THE EVIDENCE FOR STRENGTH AND BALANCE TRAINING
MOST RECENT
Hewitt, J. et al. 2018). Journal of the American Medical Directors Association.
MULTIFACTORIAL FALLS PREVENTION PROGRAMS
staff and resident education environmental modifications supply/repair/provision of assistive devices falls problem-solving conferences urinary incontinence management medication review
Crocker T et al. Cochrane database Syst Rev. 2013;2:CD004294. Papaioannou A etal. Can Med Assoc J. 2015;187(15):1135-1144. doi:10.1503/cmaj.141331. Jensen J, Lundin-Olsson L et al. Ann Intern Med. 2002;136(10):733-741. Becker C et al. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003;51(3):306-313. doi:jgs51103 [pii]. Huang T-T et al. Aging Ment Health. 2016;20(1):2-12. doi:10.1080/13607863.2015.1020411.
TO CHANGE MUSCULAR STRENGTH, EXERCISES NEED TO BE:
Challenging:
one to two sets of 6 to 8 repetitions before being fatigued Residents who are particularly deconditioned may need to begin with lower intensity
strength exercises (e.g., only do one set, with a lower resistance and progress to a higher resistance)
Progressive:
Progression could include increasing the number of sets (e.g., increase from one to two
sets), the resistance (e.g., holding dumbbells while squatting), or the intensity of the exercise (e.g., squat lower or faster)
de Souto Barreto P et al. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2016;17(5):381-392. doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2016.01.021 [doi].
EXAMPLE STRENGTH EXERCISES
1.
External resistance 2. Body weight
BALANCE
“...the efficient transfer of bodyweight from one part of the body to
another or challenges specific aspects of the balance systems (e.g., vestibular system)” (http://www.profane.eu.org/taxonomy.html)
EXAMPLE STATIC BALANCE EXERCISES
1.
reducing the base of support
2.
standing without using arms for support or reducing reliance on the upper limbs for support 3. moving the centre of gravity and control body position
EXAMPLE DYNAMIC BALANCE EXERCISES
https://carehomestoday.co.uk/older-people-arthritis-need-45-minutes-exercise-per-week-maintain-mobility/ http://startmovingstartliving.com/2014/12/how-much-does-physical-activity-help-maintain-mobility-in-older-adults/
HOW OFTEN? GROUP OR INDIVIDUAL?
Most effective at reducing falls:
two to three days per week over a period of more than six months
Consider:
the residents’ preferences the social benefits of group exercise the feasibility of individualizing exercises for the complex needs of residents in large group
settings
Silva RB et al. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2013;14(9):685-689.e2. doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2013.05.015. McArthur C et al. Journal of Clinical Outcomes Management. 25 (1): 28-38.
STANDING OR SITTING??
Standing as often as possible and where appropriate
Facilitates carry over of strength gains into functional tasks
A recent study, comparing standing versus seated exercises for
community dwelling older adults, saw greater functional gains for those who completed the standing exercises
Brach JS et al. JAMA Intern Med. August 2017. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.3609
STANDING OR SITTING? MODIFICATIONS FOR PHYSICAL IMPAIRMENTS
http://www.gerascentre.ca/ltc-series
MODIFICATIONS FOR COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENTS
http://www.gerascentre.ca/ltc-series
SUMMARY
incorporate strength and balance exercises as part of a multifactorial falls prevention
program
Balance exercises should be challenging and dynamic Strength exercises should be of a moderate to high intensity (e.g., can complete one
to sets of 6 to 8 repetitions) and progressive
Two or three days per week, for 30 to 45 minute sessions, for at least 6 months Exercises in standing should be prioritized where appropriate Group or individual - consider the preferences, social benefits, and the feasibility consider and modify for physical and cognitive impairments
McArthur C et al. Journal of Clinical Outcomes Management. 25 (1): 28-38.
QUESTIONS? mcarthurc@hhsc.ca @McArthurCaitlin