W. Indralal De Silva Senior Professor of Demography (Chair) & - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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• W. Indralal De Silva

Senior Professor of Demography (Chair) & Head Department of Demography University of Colombo Colombo 03 Sri Lanka

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« “A group of persons (2 or more) related through blood, adoption or marriage” « “A person or group of persons that usually living and eating together”

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«

Censuses and surveys usually cover households, not merely family households

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« Family is undergoing substantial change and that change has important implications

• Size
• Structure
• Functions (responsibilities)

« Family solidarity weakening

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• Increasing age at marriage: late family formation
• Change in structure: families are getting smaller
• Increase of female headed households
• Pressure for working age parents to support family

(children & elderly)

• Increase of female labour force participation

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Average age at marriage (SMAM*)

Male Female 1980s Around 2000 1980s Around 2000 South Asia South Asia Bangladesh India Sri Lanka 23.9 23.4 27.9 24.9 23.9 27.9 16.7 18.7 24.4 18.1 19.3 25.3 South East Asia South East Asia Indonesia Malaysia Thailand 24.8 26.6 24.7 25.2 27.9 25.8 21.1 23.5 22.7 21.6 24.6 23.5 Region and country

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1970s 1980s Around 2000 South Asia South Asia Bangladesh India Sri Lanka

• 5.2

5.7 5.5 4.9 5.0 5.4 4.5 South East Asia South East Asia Indonesia Malaysia Thailand

• 4.9

5.0 4.8 4.3 4.5 3.9

Average household size

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Percent of households headed by women

Headed by women (%) 1990s Around 2000 South Asia South Asia Bangladesh India Sri Lanka 8.7 9.2 19.2 10.1 10.3 20.4 South East Asia South East Asia Indonesia Malaysia Thailand

• 24.3

12.3 18.5 25.0

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« Fertility decline « Marriage dissolution « Women’s participation in LF « Migration and urbanization « Displaced & refugees « HIV/AIDS « Attitudes

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1950-55 1975-80 2005- 2010 South Asia South Asia Bangladesh India Sri Lanka 6.7 6.0 5.7 5.6 4.8 3.8 3.0 2.8 1.9 South East Asia South East Asia Indonesia Malaysia Thailand 5.5 6.8 6.4 4.7 4.2 4.0 2.2 2.6 1.9

Decline of total fertility rate

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Marital unions are disrupted by

• Desertion
• Separation
• Divorce
• Death

Desertion, Separation & divorce all show increasing trend

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« Growing proportion of separations/divorces involve couples with young children « Such trend would lead to a single parenthood as in the West

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Fertility continues even in advanced ages of reproductive span, widows are

• ften left with dependent children to

support

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Impact of Migration on family

« Majority of migrants for contract employment abroad are females (married) « Leave spouse & children « Adverse incidents to family members « Costly price

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Ageing & related issues

« Social insecurity « After retirement majority have no definite income « Economic insecurity (bulk worked in Agri.) « Living arrangements & family care « Increased disability « Health care « Hardship for the family

Ageing & related issues

« Social insecurity « After retirement majority have no definite income « Economic insecurity (bulk worked in Agri.) « Living arrangements & family care « Increased disability « Health care « Hardship for the family

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Why Family Solidarity Weakening

. Changing family size, structure & functions

. High cost of living (edu., health, food etc.) - Poverty . HIV/AIDS . Weakening mutual support: individualism . Culture . Content of formal schooling . Media etc.

Families are in crisis thus demanding social services/s.w.

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« However due to many reasons social

services /s.w had become a burden on many governments in the region

« Alternatively community based

services are promoted « Welfare state is in a crisis « Severe cuts on social services

« Could social protection strengthen families & functions

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Social indicators in selected Asian countries - 2004

Indicator

Sri Lanka

India Singapore Thailand

Human Development Index

(Max.:1. Min.:0)

0.74 0.62 0.92 0.78 Literacy Rate % 92.5 61.0 92.5 92.6 Labour Force % Male % Female 67 32 87 45 78 57 90 78 Physician (per 1000 people) 55 60 140 37 International Poverty Line %

(<$1 per day)

5.6 34.7 n.a. <2 Population below the Poverty Line % 25 29 n.a. 18 Television Sets per 1000 Persons 117 83 303 300 Moblie Phones per 1000 Persons 114 44 910 430

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What is Social Protection ?

SOCIAL PROTECTION is the set of all initiatives, both formal and informal that provide:

social assistance to extremely poor individuals and households; social services to groups who need special care or would otherwise be denied access to basic services; social insurance to protect people against the risk and consequences of livelihood shocks; and social equity to protect people against social risks such as discrimination or abuse.

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Social Protection

Social Security Social Insurance Social Service Social Assistance Employees of

• Government
• Semi-Govt.
• Private - formal
• etc

Services in

• Health
• Education
• Housing

Assistance to Specific groups

• Elderly
• Orphan
• Disability
• Poor

Social Safety Nets Assistance in Crisis

• Flood
• Fire
• Tsunami
• Financial

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Main elements of S.P. framework

Protective measures Preventive measures Promotive measures Transformative measures

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Definitions

Terms “Social Services”, “Social Welfare”, “Social Security”, “Social Protection” were interchangeably used by different Governments Social welfare is a condition of human wellbeing Management of social problems Maintenance of social order

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Gradual Evolution of Social Welfare

Emerged as a survival strategy of human beings Traditional societies still prefer to depend on family and community services Family invariably became the social security provider to her own members Governments intervened on social security services Governments intervention originated the concept of “Welfare State” Outcome – “Universal Social Welfare Policies”

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Social services/welfare components for human wellbeing

Health Education Housing Income security programs Relief services

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Social service provision in the region

S.S. providers’ main concern is the individual, but their services indirectly influence the well being of the family. Beneficiaries are: Mothers Children Elderly Disabled Sick etc.

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Mothers in public and private sector: Maternity Benefits

Limited to working mothers with some disparities between public & private sector Benefits take the form of leave with pay, financial help, continuity of service, reduction in working hours etc. Delivery systems cannot be generalized

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Maternity benefits (cont..)

Vietnam: 120 days of leave. (Gov.& Pri.) Also 180 additional days of unpaid leave Philippins: 60 days of leave. (Normal) 7 days paternity leave 78 days of leave. (Caesarian) Singapore: 84 days of leave China: 90 days of leave India: 84 days of leave Sri Lanka: 84 days of leave; 3 days paternity leave

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Children: Development & protection

Every country adopts child development programs revolving on health, education, welfare and protection

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Child development

• Primary education is compulsory
• Health and nutrition (Well baby clinics, spcialised hospitals for children,

wards in General Hospitals )

• Legal provision on

Rights of Child Forced labour Child labour Sexual abuse Trafficking Juvenile delinquents Rehabilitation Camps and Institutions

• Child Development Centres - “Crèches”
• Day Care Centres for easing the burden of child rearing

by working mothers

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Children: Formal education

• Thailand:

7-16 yrs. Compulsory (free)

• India:

6-14 yrs. Compulsory (free)

• Sri Lanka:

6-14 yrs. Compulsory (free)

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Elders’ Care Responsibility

• By traditional extended families
• State managed homes for the aged
• Voluntary organization managed homes
• State hospitals
• Legal provision on compulsion of parental

care

Care for the disabled

• The first institution is the family
• State managed homes
• Voluntary organization managed homes

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Nature of Social Welfare Services

Personal Social Services

• Allowances for special diseases – TB , Leprosy etc
• Relief allowances for natural disasters – floods etc

Family Allowances

• Poverty alleviation progammes – “Samurdhi” etc.

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Towards a Family Policy

Purpose

• To strengthen the family and to influence the

structure and family functions

• Development of children, enhance family well being

Originators

• Governments’ National Policies
• Non-Governmental organizations
• Private sector

Inducement concessions

• Grant monetary benefits – Tax concessions etc for

bearing and rearing children

• Extra maternity benefits etc.
• Allowances for caring children, sick and elders

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Employment related benefits

• Pension
• Provident Funds & ETF
• Termination benefits

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Recommendations

• Evaluation of existing social welfare services
• Restructuring of existing social welfare

services

• Social service policies and programmes

should be user-driven initiatives

• National Policy Component
• Policy Makers and Service Providers
• Formulation of family policy
• Means test
• Social Welfare Fund
• “Mind Set” is necessary at all levels
• Political patronage
• Conducive environment for family Policy

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Procedure for Implementing recommendations

• Planning
• Implementing
• Monitoring
• Reviewing
• Feedback for revising the system

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