Virtual Actors Machine emulation of character gesture behaviour as portrayed by human actors - By Sri Sri Perangur Supervised by Dr. Suresh Manandhar
Project aims Objective : To produce automated human gesturing behaviour for personification of humanoids. 1. Develop a structure to identify the semantics expressed in a gesture Example: OK That way 2. Identify a set of stimuli that influences a Person’s gesture style the most : Psychological study + Social psychological study + Social psychology study + Video analysis 3. System development model : Role theory + Film production 4. Machine Learning of gestures : - Annotation - Machine learning methods : C.45 , Naïve Bayes & S.V.M – 5 & 10 Fold
Why Gestures? Definition, use, importance • Gestures are a person’s memories and thoughts rendered visible. Hand & Mind [McNeil,2009] Gesture & Thought [McNeil,2006] The face [Ekman,2003] Human- Human nonverbal communication [Ekman & Frisch, 1991]
Gesture interpretation Influencing factors: Overlapping gestures Long term factors: Cultural use, regional use, … Immediate gestures : Recent history of events, relationship between speaker and audience, environment, … Classification difficulties rise due to : Multiple classification of gestures , Overlapping of gestures , … Thus gesture interpretation can be very ambiguous without context and history of context
Why Virtual ‘Actors’? • Emulation of human emotion and thought not replication • Emulation of natural environmental stimuli = Film set • Expression emulation: No feeling - Just acting = Films acting Role theory: Humans hold social positions + Humans play ‘ role ’
Annotation: Dialogue annotation
Annotation: Dialogue annotation Sentence Self conscious S_Positive S_Negative Public Private Friend Colleague Acquaintance Stranger Is it all gone Kit? N N Y Y N N Y N N Hey, let's go. N N N Y N N Y N N Dialogue F_Gesture F_Gesture Head Head Eyebrow Eye Eye Lip Lip B_Gesture B_Gesture Body Body Act Emotion type Binary Movement Binary Movement Movement Binary Mmt Binary type Binary Gesture Part Question Annoyed Emblem Y None N AU3 Y None N None N None N None None State Annoyed None N Forward Y None N None N None N None N None None
Annotation: Dialogue annotation Sentence Self conscious S_Positive S_Negative Public Private Friend Colleague Acquaintance Stranger Is it all gone Kit? N N Y Y N N Y N N Hey, let's go. N N N Y N N Y N N Dialogue F_Gesture F_Gesture Head Head Eyebrow Eye Eye Lip Lip B_Gesture B_Gesture Body Body Act Emotion type Binary Movement Binary Movement Movement Binary Mmt Binary type Binary Gesture Part Question Annoyed Emblem Y None N AU3 Y None N None N None N None None State Annoyed None N Forward Y None N None N None N None N None None
Annotation: Gesture semantics model
Annotation: Overview Basic setup : Environmental influencing factors + Emotion + Dialogue Act Movements : Facial gesture type + Facial movements + Body gesture type + Body movements None (21.37%) Embaressed (0.28%) Impressed (0.28%) Instruct (0.28%) Secretive (0.28%) Amused (0.57%) Disappointment (0.57%) Sympathy (0.57%) Excitement (1.71%) Please (1.71%) Vengeful (1.99%) Confused (2.28%) Surprised (2.56%) Angry (2.85%) Arrogant (2.85%) Thinking (3.13%) Joke (3.42%) Concern (4.56%) Annoyed (6.27%) Sad (9.12%) Interest (11.68%) Happy (21.08%) None (21.37%)
Machine learning stage Face gesture (Y/N)
Machine learning stage Face gesture Type (Classes)
Machine learning stage Head Movement(Y/N)…
Machine learning stage Machine Learning methods implemented: • Naïve Bayes • Support Vector Machine (S.V.M.) - 5 Fold method i.e. Training: 80% data Testing: 20% data - 10 Fold method i.e. Training: 90% data Testing: 10% data • C.45 Algorithm ( known as J48 for java implementation) Head Movement (Classes)…
Predicting gesture
Prediction accuracy: Facial expressions Facial gesture prediction accuracy 100.00% 89.24% 88.67% 90.08% 90.00% 85.55% 85.55% 75.92% 80.00% 70.00% 60.00% 49.01% 49.01% 50.99% 50.00% 39.38% 39.38% 39.66% 40.00% 30.00% 20.00% 10.00% 0.00%
Body gesture predictions Distribution of values between None and Non-none classes Accuracy of Body movement predictions 70.80% 400 70.60% 70.54% 353 350 350 70.40% 315 300 70.20% 247 250 69.97% 70.00% 200 69.80% 69.69% 150 106 69.60% 100 69.40% 38 50 3 0 69.20% 0 Body Gesture- Body Gesture- Body Gesture- Initial Body-J48 Body - Naïve Body - SVM J48 Naïve SVM None Non-None
Conclusion & Future work Machine learning of human gesture behaviour is possible! Future Work: Machine mapping gestures and to word semantic in a sentence. Prediction of accurate time gesture expression period compared speech rate. Gesture science + Machine learning + Kinect + Stanford Parser Step closer to humanoid personification
Any Questions? Contact: Sri Sri Perangur at srisri.perangur@gmail.com or sp574@york.ac.uk or sp574@cs.york.ac.uk Few of the research material used: [1] D. McNeil, Hand and Mind: What Gestures reveal about thought . The University of Chi-cago Press, 2009, p. 11. [2] K. R. Gibson and T. Ingold, Tools, Language and Cognition in Human Evolution . Cam-bridge University Press, 1993, p. 483. [6] Dr. S. Manandhar , “AMEDEUS: Slide1.” [Online]. Available: http://www.cs.york.ac.uk/amadeus/projects/uda/slide01.html. [7]K. M. Knutson, E. M. McClellan, and J. Grafman , “Observing social gestures: an fMRI study.” Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale , vol. 188, no. 2, pp. 187-98, Jun. 2008. [8] R. B. Zajonc , “Feeling and thinking: Preferences need no inferences.” [9] R. W. Picard, “AFFECTIVE COMPUTING FOR HCI,” in Proceedings of HCI International , 1999. [10] Xadhoom , “Facial expressions.” [Online]. Available: http://xadhoom.deviantart.com/art/3D -course-facial-expressions-3011857. [11] M. Montaner, B. López , and J. L. de la Rosa, “Developing trust in recommender agents,” in Proceedings of the first international joint conference on Autonomous agents and multia-gent systems part 1 - AAMAS ’02 , 2002, p. 304. [13] V. Trehan and T. Y. Project, “Gesture Mark -up and an Analysis of Spontaneous Gestures,” Artificial Intelligence , vol. 802, 2003. [14] J. M. Pim , “Modelling and prediction of spontaneous gestures,” 2006. [15] S. K. Richmond, V. P., McCroskey , J. C., & Payne, “Nonverbal Behaviour in Interpersonal Relations.,” Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1987. [16] M. L. Knapp, “Nonverbal Communication in Human Interaction,” Holt, New York: Rinehart and Winston., 1972. [17 ] L. A. at el. Malandro, Nonverbal Communication . Reading, U.K.: Addison-Wesley., 1983. [18] D. McNeil, “Gesture and Thought,” Continuum , 2006.
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