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Validation of an Integrated Network Validation of an Integrated Network System for Real- -time Wireless time Wireless System for Real Monitoring of Civil Structures Monitoring of Civil Structures Yang Wang, Prof. Kincho H. Law Department of

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Validation of an Integrated Network Validation of an Integrated Network System for Real System for Real-

  • time Wireless

time Wireless Monitoring of Civil Structures Monitoring of Civil Structures

Yang Wang, Prof. Kincho H. Law Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University

  • Prof. Jerome P. Lynch

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan IWSHM, Stanford, CA, September 14, 2005

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Outline Outline

Research background Hardware and software design of the latest wireless

SHM system

Real-size laboratory structure tests at NCREE,

Taiwan

Large-scale field validation tests at Geumdang

Bridge, Korea

Future research

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From Wire From Wire-

  • based Sensing to Wireless Sensing

based Sensing to Wireless Sensing

WHY THE CHANGE?

  • E. G. Straser, and A. S. Kiremidjian (1998): Installation of wired system

can take about 75% of testing time for large structures

  • M. Celebi (2002): Each sensor channel and data recording system:

$2,000; Installation (cabling, labor, etc.) per wired channel: $2,000 INDUCED CHALLENGES

Limited power consumption Restricted communication range, bandwidth, and reliability Difficulty for data synchronization

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  • Dr. E. G. Straser, Prof.
  • A. Kiremidjian (1996)
  • Dr. J. P. Lynch, Prof. K.
  • H. Law et al. (2001)
  • Y. Wang, Prof. J. P. Lynch,
  • Prof. K. H. Law (2004)

Wireless SHM Unit Prototypes Wireless SHM Unit Prototypes

  • L. Mastroleon, Prof. A.

Kiremidjian et al (2003)

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ATmega128 Micro-controller Sensor Connector 4 Channel, 16-bit A2D Converter Address Latch for the External Memory 128kB External Memory Power Switch Connector to Wireless Modem

Double Double-

  • layer Circuitry Prototype Board

layer Circuitry Prototype Board

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Final Package of the Latest Prototype Unit Final Package of the Latest Prototype Unit

Total power consumption at 5V power supply 75 – 80mA when active; 0.1mA standby Wireless communication with MaxStream 9XCite modem Communication range: 90m indoor, 300m outdoor Wireless data rate: 40kbps Total unit cost using off-the-shelf components $130 for small quantity assembly

Antenna Length: 5.79” (14.7cm) Container Dimension 4.02” x 2.56” x 1.57” (10.2cm x 6.5cm x 4.0cm)

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Wireless Sensor Network Server Structural Sensors Signal Conditioning Wireless Sensing Unit ...... ...... ...... Online Graphical Access to Sensor Data ...... Wireless Sensing Unit Online Graphical Access to Sensor Data

Internet

Structural Sensors Signal Conditioning

Latest Wireless SHM Prototype System Latest Wireless SHM Prototype System

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Wireless Sensing Network Wireless Sensing Network

  • Simple star topology network
  • Near-synchronized and reliable data collection from all wireless

sensing units Firmware for wireless sensing units Server-side computer software

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Collaboration with Prof. C. H. Loh, National Taiwan University &

National Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering

Laboratory 3 Laboratory 3-

  • Story Structure on a 6

Story Structure on a 6-

  • DOF Shaking Table

DOF Shaking Table

WSU6 A3 A2 A1 WSU5 A5 A4 WSU4 A6 A7 WSU1 A11 A10 A8 A12 A9 WSU2 WSU3 S41 S42 S43 S44

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120 Ohm Strain Gage (S42) Wireless Sensing Unit WSU2 & WSU3 Wireless Sensing Unit WSU5 Crossbow Accelerometer A5

Wireless Sensor Installation Details Wireless Sensor Installation Details

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Structural Response Data Structural Response Data

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  • 4096-point complex valued FFT computation
  • Results for interested frequency spectrum wirelessly transmitted

On On-

  • board FFT Analysis

board FFT Analysis

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Geumdang Geumdang Bridge Test, Korea Bridge Test, Korea

Accelerometer Location

Abutment Pier 5 Pier 6 Pier 4

14 1 13 16 12 18 17 2 19 3 26 4 25 5 24 6 15 7 23 8 22 9 21 10 20 11 36m 36m 46m

N

Collaboration with Prof. Chung Bang Yun, Prof. Jin Hak Yi, and Mr. Chang Geun Lee, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)

Sensor Allocation for Tests at Geumdang Bridge, Dec 2004

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500 µg 50 µg RMS Resolution (Noise Floor) 80 Hz 2000 Hz Bandwidth 0.7 V/g 10 V/g Sensitivity 3 g 1 g Maximum Range

PCB MEMS Capacitive (Wireless System) PCB Piezoelectric (Wire-based System) Sensor Property

Wire Wire-

  • based System vs. Wireless System

based System vs. Wireless System

Sampling Frequency 200Hz 70Hz

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Comparison Between Two Systems Comparison Between Two Systems

155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190

  • 0.04
  • 0.02

0.02 0.04 Wire-based DAQ, Sensor #13 Time(s) Acceleration (g) 155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190

  • 0.04
  • 0.02

0.02 0.04 Wireless DAQ, Sensor #13 Time(s) Acceleration (g) 5 10 15 1 2 FFT - Wire-based DAQ, Sensor #13 Frequency (Hz) Magnitude 5 10 15 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 FFT - Wireless DAQ, Sensor #13 Frequency (Hz) Magnitude

Accelerometer Location

Abutment Pier 5 Pier 6 Pier 4

14 1 13 16 12 18 17 2 19 3 26 4 25 5 24 6 15 7 23 8 22 9 21 10 20 11 36m 36m 46m

N

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Abutment Pier 5 Pier 6 Pier 4

14 1 13 16 12 18 17 2 19 3 4 5 6 15 7 8 22 9 21 10 20 11 36m 36m 46m Accelerometer Location

N

Latest Bridge Tests with Sensor Signal Conditioning Latest Bridge Tests with Sensor Signal Conditioning

Mean shifting: any analog signal to 2.5V mean Amplification: 5, 10 or 20 Anti-alias filtering: band pass 0.02Hz – 25Hz

Sensor Allocation for Tests at Geumdang Bridge, Jul 2005

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5 10 15 2 4 FFT - Wire-based DAQ Frequency (Hz) Magnitude 5 10 15 2 4 FFT - Wireless DAQ Frequency (Hz) Magnitude 15 20 25 30 35

  • 0.04
  • 0.02

0.02 Wire-based DAQ Time (s) Acceleration (g) 15 20 25 30 35

  • 0.02

0.02 Wireless DAQ Time (s) Acceleration (g)

Comparison for Wireless DAQ with Signal Conditioning Comparison for Wireless DAQ with Signal Conditioning

28 29 30 31 32 33

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  • 0.02
  • 0.01

0.01 0.02 Comaprison between Wire-based and Wireless DAQ Time (s) Acceleration (g) Wire-based Wireless 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 1 2 3 4 5 Comparison between FFT to the Acceleration Data Frequency (Hz) Magnitude Wire-based Wireless

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Future Research (1) Future Research (1)

Gi-Lu Cable-Stayed Bridge, Chi-chi, Taiwan Span: 120m (L) + 120m (R)

Collaboration with Prof. C. H. Loh, National Taiwan University &

National Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering

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Future Research (2) Future Research (2)

Collaboration with Prof. C. H. Loh, National Taiwan University &

National Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering

Magneto-Rheological (MR) Damper

Stroke : 300mm or +/- 150 mm Capacity : 20 kN

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Actuation Unit LVDT Table Monitoring unit Sensing Unit Actuation Server Sensing Server MEMS Accelerometer

Presented by: Yang Wang, Prof. Kincho H. Law, Stanford University

  • Prof. Jerome P. Lynch, University
  • f Michigan

Time: 4:30pm, Wednesday, Sep 14th

Rm 106, Bldg. 540, John A. Blume Earthquake Engineering Center

Invitation to a Live Lab Demo Invitation to a Live Lab Demo

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Acknowledgement Acknowledgement

  • Prof. Chin-Hsiung Loh, National Taiwan University (NTU) and National

Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering (NCREE)

  • Prof. Chung Bang Yun, Prof. Jin Hak Yi, and Mr. Chang Geun Lee,

Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)

  • Prof. Anne Kiremidjian from Civil Engineering, and Prof. Ed Carryer

from Mechanical Engineering at Stanford University

National Science Foundation CMS-9988909 and CMS-0421180 The Office of Technology Licensing Stanford Graduate Fellowship

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The End The End