USE OF BY-PRODUCTS IN CONSTRUCTION IN NIGERIA By Olonade, Kolawole - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

▶
use of by products in
SMART_READER_LITE
LIVE PREVIEW

USE OF BY-PRODUCTS IN CONSTRUCTION IN NIGERIA By Olonade, Kolawole - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Aug 28, 2022 1.16k likes •1.65k views

USE OF BY-PRODUCTS IN CONSTRUCTION IN NIGERIA By Olonade, Kolawole Adisa (PhD, Engr.) Department of Civil Engineering Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria Presented at a Public Symposium on Cement and Concrete - related Issues for the

slide-1
SLIDE 1

USE OF BY-PRODUCTS IN CONSTRUCTION IN NIGERIA

By

Olonade, Kolawole Adisa (PhD, Engr.)

Department of Civil Engineering Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria

Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete-related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sands Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania

slide-2
SLIDE 2

1. NIGERIA AT A GLANCE 2. OVERVIEW OF CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES IN NIGERIA 3. USE OF CONVENTIONAL CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS IN NIGERIA 4. USE OF BY-PRODUCTS IN CONSTRUCTION 5. CHALLENGES AND PANACEA 6. CONCLUSION

OUTLINE

Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete-related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sands Hotel, Dar-as Salaam, Tanzania

slide-3
SLIDE 3
  • Most Populous Black Nation:

170 million; 130 persons per

  • sq. km (2014 World Bank);
  • 1 Nigerian in 4 Africans (1:4)
  • 6 Geopolitical Zones; 36

States and a FCT

  • 123 Universities and Research

Institutions related to Construction

  • Abundant Natural and Human

Resources

NIGERIA AT A GLANCE

Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete-related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sands Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania

Fig 1: Geopolitical Zones in Nigeria

slide-4
SLIDE 4

OVERVIEW OF CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES IN NIGERIA

  • Civil engineering projects, real estates and their

maintenance.

  • Organised construction began in the early 1940’s.
  • Construction Industries:

 is a multi-billion dollars business.  contributes about 3.2% of the Nation’s GDP  Grows rapidly: Growth rate of 18.08%. May meet up with China by 2020

  • It is dominated by foreigners
  • More than 40% of Nation’s budget.

Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete-related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sands Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania

slide-5
SLIDE 5

REASONS FOR RAPID GROWTH OF CONSTRUCTION IN NIGERIA

  • Discovery of oil about 10 years after

Independence

  • Migration and urbanization
  • Rise in middle class
  • Societal needs for social infrastructure
  • Need to foster inter-state and inter-regional

trade and movement.

  • Emergency of democracy

Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete-related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sands Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania

slide-6
SLIDE 6

Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete-related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sands Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania

SOME OF CONSTRUCTION WORKS IN NIGERIA

National railway revival Bridge construction, Ogun State Housing units, Bayelsa Township stadium, Jos

slide-7
SLIDE 7

Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete-related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sands Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania

SOME OF CONSTRUCTION WORKS IN NIGERIA CONTD.

Hotel & Convention Centre, Onitsha Ado Bayero Mall, Kano World Trade Centre, Abuja Law School, Yenegoa

slide-8
SLIDE 8

USE OF CONVENTIONAL CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS IN NIGERIA

Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete-related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sands Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania

Construction Materials 2010 2011 2012 Cement 154,411.70 (919.12) 178,458.12 (1,062.25) 231,398.41 (1,377.37) Blocks 65,801.33 (391.67) 61,347.73 (365.17) 53,266.71 (317.06) Steel 596,312.79 (3,549.48) 706,411.87 (4,204.83) 778,632.24 (4,634.72) Sand 519,012.35 (3,089.36) 651,362.34 (3,877.16) 700,294.15 (4,168.42) Timber 308,416.40 (1,835.81) 368,658.76 (2,194.40) 416,315.5 (2,478.07) Stone 94,522.12 (562.63) 194,503.86 (1,157.76) 244,647.96 (1,456.24) Granite/Gravel 192,980.67 (1,148.69) 66,153.2 (393.77) 311,333.3 (1,853.17)

Table 1: Construction Materials Input in Construction in million Naira ($m)

slide-9
SLIDE 9

CONCRETE AS A MAJOR MATERIAL CONSUMED

Concrete = Water + Cement + Aggregate (Fine and Coarse) + Admixtures

  • The most widely consumed material
  • Steel: Concrete = 1:4
  • World consumption:11 billion tonnes/year
  • 1 tonne for every human being on earth
  • Cement is essential to concrete production

Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete-related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sands Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania

slide-10
SLIDE 10

CEMENT PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION: WHERE LIES NIGERIA?

  • Global cement demand in 2013: 3.9bmt (6.6%

growth rate).

  • Africa represented only 5% of world cement

consumption

  • Nigeria ranked amongst the world’s top 10

importers of cement in 2011

  • Now, Nigeria’s production capacity was 29.2mmtpa

in 2013 and was expected 38.2mmtpa in 2014

  • It is now top 19 largest cement producing countries

in the world) (Table 2)

  • Demand > Supply

Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete-related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sands Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania

slide-11
SLIDE 11

Table 3:Major Players in Cement Production in Nigeria

Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete-related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sands Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania

Company Date Present mmtpa (2013) Future mmtpa (2015) Ranking Dangote Cement Plc 2007 20.25 29.25 Largest Producer; 27th in the World Lafarge Cement WAPCO Nig. Plc 1960 8.5 17 Second Producer Ashaka Cement Plc. 1979 0.9 3.9 Third Cement Company of Northern Nigeria Plc 1967 0.1 0.5 Fourth Total 29.75 50.65

slide-12
SLIDE 12

Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete-related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sands Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania

  • Fig. 1: Distribution of Cement Products in Nigeria
slide-13
SLIDE 13

Cement is still Expensive in Nigeria

  • Hence, low per capita consumption

Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete-related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sands Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania

USD178 in Nigeria USD158 other African Countries USD65 World Average

slide-14
SLIDE 14

Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete-related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sands Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania

125 kg World average: 560kg South Africa: 233kg Egypt: 554kg

  • Fig. 2: Per Capital Consumption of Cement (kg)
slide-15
SLIDE 15

AGGREGATE USED IN CONCRETE IN NIGERIA: SOURCES & CONSUMPTION

Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete-related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sands Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania

slide-16
SLIDE 16

NIGERIA OFFERS THE HIGHEST GROWTH OPPORTUNITY IN CONSTRUCTION SECTOR

Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete-related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sands Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania

slide-17
SLIDE 17

Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete-related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sands Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania

Figure 3: Projected Cement Consumption Growth Rate and GDP

slide-18
SLIDE 18

USE OF CONVENTIONAL MATERIALS IS NOT SUSTAINABLE

  • Challenges of CH in concrete. (Fig.4)
  • Next to automobile. (Fig. 5).
  • Depletion of natural resources (Fig 6).
  • High cost of materials: Cement, Sand and

Aggregate.

  • High energy consumption

18

slide-19
SLIDE 19

USE OF BY-PRODUCTS IN CONSTRUCTION By-Products include :

  • Agricultural By-Products
  • Industrial By-Products

By-Products are used as:

  • Pozzolan
  • Aggregates
  • Reinforcement

Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete-related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sands Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania

slide-20
SLIDE 20

BENEFITS USING OF BY-PRODUCTS IN CONSTRUCTION

  • Improve concrete performance
  • Reduce cost of construction
  • Conserve energy
  • Conserve natural resources
  • Sustainable ‘Green’ construction
  • Ensuring conversion of waste to wealth
  • Local content development
  • Sustainable environment

Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete-related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sands Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania

slide-21
SLIDE 21

USE OF CASSAVA PEEL ASH AS POZZOLAN

Figure 1: (a). Cassava production distribution (b). cassava tubers (c). Heap of cassava peels and (d). Cassava peel ash.

(a) (b) (c) (d)

60mmtpa

slide-22
SLIDE 22

PERFORMANCE OF CPA IN CONCRETE

  • Combined Silica and Alumina > 70% (Table 4)
  • Suitable replacement for cement = up to 15%
  • Strength Activity Index > 75% (Table 5)
  • Delay setting times = about 60%
  • Limit drying shrinkage = about 10% (Figure 10)
  • Heat resistance up to 200⁰C for 2 hours.

(Salau and Olonade, 2011; Salau et al., 2012; Salau et al., 2013; Olonade et al. 2013 and Salau et al. 2014)

Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete-related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sands Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania

slide-23
SLIDE 23

USE OF STEEL SLAG AS AGGREGATE

Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete-related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sands Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania

c.145 mmtpa (Akinwumi et. al, 2012).

slide-24
SLIDE 24

Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete-related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sands Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania

Steel Slag Content (%) Water-Cement Ratio at Constant Slump of 60 mm Density (kg/m

3)

Curing Ages (Days) 7 14 28 56 0.62 2385 2388 2378 2389 25 0.57 2391 2396 2395 2397 50 0.53 2398 2401 2398 2404 75 0.52 2411 2408 2412 2413 100 0.50 2420 2424 2422 2423

Table 6: Water Demand and Density of SS Concrete

slide-25
SLIDE 25

Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete-related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sands Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania

Steel Slag Content (%) Compressive Strength (N/mm

2)

Flexural Strength (N/mm

2)

Curing Ages (Days) Curing Ages (Days) 7 14 28 56 7 14 28 56 9.85 14.70 21.48 21.61 2.27 2.54 2.74 3.03 25 10.42 15.56 23.59 24.14 2.24 2.52 2.72 3.16 50 10.67 15.93 23.95 24.28 2.25 2.45 2.42 3.23 75 10.76 14.14 21.16 21.59 2.21 2.34 2.38 3.23 100 10.96 14.37 21.06 21.46 2.25 2.37 2.34 3.30

Table 7: Compressive and Flexural Strength of SS Concrete

slide-26
SLIDE 26

Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete-related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sands Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania

Figure 11: Compressive strength of SS Concrete

slide-27
SLIDE 27

COCONUT COIR AS FIBRE REINFORCEMENT OF CONCRETE

(Olonade et al. 2013)

Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete-related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sands Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania

slide-28
SLIDE 28

Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete-related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sands Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania

Coconut Fibre (CF) Content (%)

Flexural Strength (𝑂 𝑛𝑛2 ) Strength Ratio (SR) Curing Age (Days) Curing Age (Days)

3 7 28 56 3 7 28 56 1.52 1.96 2.54 2.73 0.173 0.136 0.132 0.131 1 2.1 2.44 2.73 2.92 0.222 0.149 0.133 0.133 2 2.31 2.72 2.79 3.01 0.256 0.206 0.154 0.157 3 2.41 2.84 2.88 3.09 0.311 0.239 0.183 0.184 4 2.51 2.85 3.01 3.23 0.367 0.253 0.213 0.212

Table 8: Flexural Strength of and Strength Ratio of CFRC

slide-29
SLIDE 29

Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete-related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sands Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania

0% CC 1% CC 3% CC 3% CC 4% CC

Figure 12: Crack Pattern of Concrete with Various Content of CF

slide-30
SLIDE 30

Table 8: Some other By-Products used as Construction

Materials

Material Researcher Year % Replacement Rice Husk Ash Tashima et al. 2004 20 Oyekan and Kamiyo 2008 15 Oyetola and Abdullahi 2006 15 Bambara Groundnut Shell Ash Alabadan et al. 2005 10 Groundnut Husk Ash Ketkukah and Ndububa 2006 10 Corn Cob Ash Adesanya and Raheem 2008 8 Steel suave and steel-file particles Salau et al 2014 25

Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete-related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sands Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania

slide-31
SLIDE 31

CHALLENGES AND PANACEA Challenges:

  • Lackadaisical attitude to R & D
  • Lack of policy
  • Low participation of private sector
  • Lack of adequate and modern testing material

equipment

  • Dormancy nature of most research institutes

Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete-related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sands Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania

slide-32
SLIDE 32

CHALLENGES AND PANACEA

Panacea

  • Government should create an appropriate means

for delineation and implementation of research results.

  • A realistic National Policy for Scientific Research
  • Promote science-based industries for commercial

exploitation of inventions.

  • Offshore Collaboration
  • Government should evolve policy that will mandate

private sector participation

Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete-related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sands Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania

slide-33
SLIDE 33

CONCLUSION

  • Nigeria offers the largest construction
  • pportunities in Africa
  • Conventional construction materials are

available in adequate quantity but the use is not sustainable

  • Large quantity of various by-products are

available to utilize in Construction in Nigeria

  • There is need to evolve policy to develop

these by-products for use in life projects.

Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete-related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sands Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania

slide-34
SLIDE 34

Thank you

Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete-related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sands Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania

slide-35
SLIDE 35

Figure 5: Depletion of natural resources (Back)

35

slide-36
SLIDE 36

Figure 4: Air pollution from a cement plant (Back)

36

slide-37
SLIDE 37

Figure 3: Effect of alkali-silica reaction (Back)

37

slide-38
SLIDE 38

Table 4: Comparison of Chemical Specifications of Produced CPA with

  • ther pozzolanic materials and ASTM Standard C618-03 (Back)

Chemical Requirement

ASTM RHAa SCSAb BLAc BGSAd GHAe CPA Si2O + Al2O3 + Fe2O3, min., % 70 91.18 75.32 81.25 37.32 76.35 72.22 SO3, max. % 4 0.25 4.35 1.06 6.40 0.94 2.18 Loss on Ignition (LOI),

  • max. %

6 2.49 0.52 na na na 4.18 Alkali content (Na2O),

  • max. %

1.5 1.00 3.10 0.21 9.30 na 0.03

38 a Rice Husk Ash [Tashima et al., 2004] b Sugar Cane Straw Ash [ Moises et al., 2006] c Bamboo Leaf Ash [Dwivedi et al., 2006] d Bambara Groundnut Shell Ash [Alabadan et al. 2005] e Grounut Husk Ash [Ketkukah and Ndububa, 2006]

slide-39
SLIDE 39

Table 5: Comparison between Strengths of normal mortar/concrete and the strengths of 15% CPA mortar/concrete (Back)

39

Properties Mortar Concrete Normal 15% CPA Normal 15% CPA Compressive Strength (28- day), 𝑶 𝒏𝒏𝟑 41.1 37.1 18.7 14.7 Compressive Strength (90- day), 𝑶 𝒏𝒏𝟑 51.2 49.7 21.9 18.7

a28-day SAI (%)

90.3 78.6 Flexural Strength (28- day), 𝑶 𝒏𝒏𝟑 6.4 5.8 1.56 1.21 Flexural Strength (90- day), 𝑶 𝒏𝒏𝟑 7.1 6.7 2.2 1.95 SR (28-day)

  • 0.083

0.082

a Minimum of 75% is recommended for 28-day strength (ASTM C 618-08). b Strength Ratio is the ratio of flexural strength to compressive strength. (Shetty, 2006)

slide-40
SLIDE 40

Figure 10: Shrinkage strain vs. time for CPAC specimen. (Back)

40

200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 50 100 150 200 250

Shrinkage Strain (×10-6) Time (Days)

0% CPA 5% CPA 10% CPA 15% CPA 20% CPA 25% CPA

slide-41
SLIDE 41

Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete-related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sands Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania

Coconut Fibre (CF) Content (%)

Flexural Strength (𝑶 𝒏𝒏𝟑 ) Strength Ratio (SR) Curing Age (Days) Curing Age (Days)

3 7 28 56 3 7 28 56 1.52 1.96 2.54 2.73 0.173 0.136 0.132 0.131 1 2.1 2.44 2.73 2.92 0.222 0.149 0.133 0.133 2 2.31 2.72 2.79 3.01 0.256 0.206 0.154 0.157 3 2.41 2.84 2.88 3.09 0.311 0.239 0.183 0.184 4 2.51 2.85 3.01 3.23 0.367 0.253 0.213 0.212

slide-42
SLIDE 42

Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete-related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sands Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania

Figure 7: Tuber Crops Production Distribution in Nigeria

slide-43
SLIDE 43

Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete-related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sands Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania

Figure 8: Heap of Cassava Peels in a Processing Centre in Ogun State, Nigeria

slide-44
SLIDE 44

Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete-related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sands Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania

Figure 9: Sample of Cassava Peel Ash

slide-45
SLIDE 45

Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete-related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sands Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania

Fig 1: Geopolitical Zones in Nigeria

slide-46
SLIDE 46

Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete-related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sands Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania

  • Source: Global Cement Directory 2013, USGS Mineral Program Cement Report (February 2014)

Table 2: World Cement Production in 2013 (Back)