Topics and questions I should revise/answer: - Endogenous factor - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Topics and questions I should revise/answer: Factors affect the character of a place > Endogenous and endogenous factors > Factors that have affected London’s character. How are we connected to the rest of the world?

• What does globalisation mean?
• How globalisation has made the world smaller.

Why do places change?

• Explain how investment and migration can

change places.

• Explain the positive and negative impacts of

these changes. Can a place be placeless?

• Explain what clone town means.
• Explain how placelesness can occur with

examples

• Explain how localisation can fight against

placelesness. Key terms to revise:

• Endogenous factor
• Exogenous factor
• Globalisation
• Investment
• Migration
• Placelessness
• Clone towns
• Localisation

Sometimes the term ‘character of place’ is used to describe what a place is like and what makes it unique and different to other place. Places are affected by a number of different factors.

A factor that affects character of place from within a place is an endogenous factor. These can also be called internal factors. If it is something from outside a place, then it is external to a place, and it is called an exogenous factor. Endogenous factors can be physical geographical features as well as human

• features. These include what the land is used for (e.g. for shopping, for

residential areas, for farming), what sort of jobs people have, whether the land is flat or hilly, or what the people who live there are like (age, ethnicity) Exogenous factors are generally how one place is linked to other places and the relationships with other places. Examples include migration (people moving to a place), trading relationships between places (people buying and selling goods), investment (people putting money into an area for profit) and the exchange of ideas and culture, for example music and food.

Clue Card 1

As a result of a diverse mix of people in London we are lucky to have a range

• f cuisine (types of food) available to

us across London. An example of a place with such a diverse range of food is Tooting market, where you can try Morrocan, Greek, Japanese and Lebanese food to name just a few!

Good transport links mean that lots of people are able to get around the city much more easily. London has many transport methods such as cycle lanes, the tube,

• ver ground trains

and buses. As a result, lots of people visit and live in London.

Built environment refers to what the buildings look like in a place. In London there are lots of high rise buildings and terraced housing. This reflects the very dense population of 1510 people per square kilometre. (how many people live in a km squared) which means it is very busy

Clue Card 2

Physical features such as rivers have been crucial in the development of some large cities. The River Thames helped London develop into the large city it is today. Some people believe that the Romans may have been influenced by the Thames when they were choosing where to build London and through history it has been an important trade route. Having an ethnically diverse population means that you can experience lots of different cultures within one place and often makes people much more open-minded. London is considered as one of the most diverse cities in the world. Migration plays a role in creating this diversity, and in 2011 37% of people living in London were not born in the UK. London is a city with many employment opportunities in high paid

• jobs. Today 350,000 people in London are employed in the financial

sector which is one of the highest earning industries. In 2014 around 45% of graduate jobs (for people just leaving university) in the UK were based in London. As there are lots of high paid jobs, this means there are more wealthy and middle-class people which can influence certain areas of London. However it also means there are greater inequalities (differences between rich and poor)

There are many ways that places around the world are

• connected. There are

connections on a local, national and international scale.

Local refers to places close to us, for example our school is in the local area of Wandsworth. National refers to the country a place is located in. The government is national as it governs the whole of the UK. International means that it is between countries, for example there is an Aldi in Balham which is a company originally from Germany,

Places can change as a result of processes at a local, national and international scale. Local councils can shape a place, for instance how

• ften they collect recycling or what traffic controls they put in
• place. At a national level, places can be affected by government

decisions such as shutting down factories or investing in certain

• areas. An example of how a place can be affected on an

international scale as a result of trade between different countries.

Some people say that the world is shrinking. This doesn’t mean that the world is actually shrinking in size, but since places are becoming increasingly interconnected it feels like places are much closer together than they used to be. This is the result of a process known as globalisation. This involves the flow of people, goods, ideas and money worldwide. Globalisation is quite a complex web

• f

interdependence, connecting people and places all around the world. We are all touched by this growing

• interconnection. There are a number of reasons why

globalisation is happening faster now than ever before.

STRETCH: IS THE WORLD SHRINKING?

Ships have transported goods around the world for centuries. In the past goods were carried in separate bags and boxes. Loading and unloading of goods was slow and required hard work and spent more time in a port than at sea! This resulted in global trade being very expensive as it was too slow and inefficient. Now we use shipping containers that are easily carried by lorries and loaded directly onto huge ships. Now ships are able to transport goods on a much larger scale, faster and more efficiently. This has resulted in economic globalisation. As well as this the increase in transnational companies, which are companies that operate in more than one country e.g. Nike, Apple and MacDonalds, has resulted in more economic connections. News and events spread around the world quickly, as well as worldwide release of music and films, and this results in cultural globalisation. Increasingly places, particularly cities, are becoming multicultural and diverse. Migration (people moving from one place to another) is one factor that causes this, as well as global tourism playing an important role. Finally there are organisations such as the United Nations that make decisions on a global scale, such as the Human Rights Charter, that are beyond national governments, which contribute to political globalisation. They enforce the same laws or rules to countries all over the world, rather than countries making their own rules and laws. Huge improvements in technology has meant we are much more connected to other people and places through communication such as the internet and mobile phones. Social media and communication media such as Facetime and Skype has made it much easier to contact people on the other side of the world, resulting in social globalisation.

Some people say that the world is shrinking. This doesn’t mean that the world is actually shrinking in size, but since places are becoming increasingly interconnected it feels like places are much closer together than they used to be. This is the result of a process known as globalisation. Globalisation connects people and places all around the world. There are a number of reasons why globalisation is happening faster now than ever before.

CORE: IS THE WORLD SHRINKING?

In the past goods were carried in separate bags and boxes. Loading and unloading of goods was slow and required hard work. This resulted in global trade being very expensive as it was too slow and disorganised. Now we used shipping containers that are easily carried by lorries and loaded directly onto huge

• ships. Now ships are able to transport goods on a much

larger scale, faster and more efficiently. This has resulted in economic globalisation. As well as this the increase in transnational companies, which are companies that operate in more than one country e.g. Nike, Apple and MacDonalds, has resulted in more economic connections. News and events spread around the world quickly, as well as worldwide release of music and films, and this results in cultural globalisation. Increasingly places are becoming multicultural and diverse. Migration (people moving from

• ne place to another) is one factor that causes this, as well as

people going on holiday. Finally there are organisations such as the United Nations that make decisions on a global scale, such as the Human Rights Charter, that are beyond national governments, which contribute to political globalisation. They enforce the same laws or rules to countries all over the world, rather than countries making their own rules and laws. Improvements in technology means that we are more connected to other people and places through communication such as the internet and mobile

• phones. Social media and communication media

such as Facetime and Skype has made it much easier to contact people on the other side of the world, resulting in social globalisation.

All places are dynamic. This means they are ever changing. Years ago Balham was very different to how it is now! Some places have greater links to the rest of the

• world. Often this will result

in them changing at a more rapid rate than those that are more ‘closed off’.

Two major causes of change in a place are investment and migration. Investment refers to money spent in a particular area. Often this is to increase wealth in an area or to improve an area that has become run down. Investment could be made by the government, a company

• r

even

• individuals. Migration refers to the movement of people from one place to
• another. Migration can be hugely beneficial to a place as it increases

diversity and enriches culture. Some disagree and argue that migration can result in conflicts.

STRETCH: MIGRATION

Migration refers to the movement of people from one place to another to live. Although tourists do move from

• ne place to another, they do not move permanently so

this is not considered as migration. National or internal migration is when people move within a country. Some people in the UK move to London from more rural (countryside) areas in search of better paid jobs. Some people have had enough of living in a busy city with lots of pollution and choose to move to rural areas. University students make up a large amount of internal migration in the UK. Leeds is a city in the north of England with three universities. There are over 60,000 students in Leeds, which is about 13% of the total population! As such, lots of the city is geared towards meeting the needs of young people. International migration is when people move from one country to a another. London is an excellent example of a diverse and multicultural city. 37% of London’s population were born in a different country. There are areas in London that reflect it’s diverse population such as Brick Lane, famous for it’s ‘Curry Mile’ as a result of a large Bangladeshi community; Brixton’s music and food has been influenced large numbers of migrants from the Caribbean moving there; and an area around Stockwell is known as ‘Little Portugal’ due to it’s large Portuguese community. Migration can bring many benefits to a place. Cultural enrichment is an important impact

• f

migration. Without migration we would not have different types of food, music, art and lifestyles. It enriches our societies and encourages society to be more open-minded. As well as this migration can bring economic benefits to a

• place. Migrants sometimes take the jobs that people

native to a place do not want to do, such as working in construction or the NHS. Not only does this fill important jobs, but also migrants will contribute to the economy and the government by paying tax. Although there are many benefits to migration, some argue that migration causes problems in areas. If too many people move to an area it can put extra pressure on services such as healthcare, housing and schools. This can cause conflict with the local people. Some people also think that migrants are ‘stealing their jobs’ or move to simply claim benefits, although there are less migrants on benefits than people actually born in the

• UK. Some argue that Brexit was the result of anti-

immigration issues..

CORE: MIGRATION

Migration is the movement of people from one place to another to live. National migration is when people move within a

• country. Some people in the UK move to London

from more rural (countryside) areas in search of better paid jobs. University students make up a large amount of internal migration in the UK. Leeds is a city in the north of England with three universities. 13% of the population in Leeds are students! As such, there are lots of things in the city for young people. International migration is when people move from

• ne

country to a another. 37%

• f

London’s population were born in a different country. There are areas in London that show it’s diverse population such as Brick Lane, famous for it’s ‘Curry Mile’ as a result of a large Bangladeshi community. Brixton’s music and food has been influenced large numbers

• f migrants from the Caribbean moving there, and

an area around Stockwell is known as ‘Little Portugal’ due to it’s large Portuguese community.  Migration can bring many benefits to a place. Without migration we would not have different types

• f

food, music, art and lifestyles. It enhances our societies and helps people to be more

• pen-minded.

As well as this migration can bring economic benefits to a place. Migrants sometimes take the jobs that others do not want to do such as the

• NHS. Not only does this fill important jobs, but also

migrants will pay tax which can be used by the government.  Although there are many benefits to migration, some argue that migration causes problems in

• areas. If too many people move to an area it can

put extra pressure on services such as healthcare, housing and schools. This can cause conflict with the local people. Some people think that this was

• ne reason people voted for Brexit.

STRETCH: INVESTMENT

The word investment means putting money towards something with the intention of making a profit. In terms

• f place, often investment occurs in a place that the

government, businesses or even individuals believe will be able to make them money in the future. In London there are many places that were previously run down and the government and companies have invested in the area to make improvements. For instance, Canary Wharf is now home to many banks and financial companies and 105,000 people work there! But 40 years ago it was a derelict wasteland. A private company bought the land and built many offices there to encourage businesses to locate there. They also invested in the Docklands Light Railway to improve transport links, and it is now considered to be one of the wealthiest places in London. Individuals can also invest in an area. An example of this is in Brixton. Private property developers bought houses in Brixton when it was considered to be an area of London that had gone into decline. These private developers then spent money on improving the housing and renting them/selling them for a profit. As more and more people bought houses for redevelopment, the area changed from being an area in decline and known for crime, to one of the most sought after areas in South

• London. This process is called gentrification.

 Investment tends to increase to price increases in an area. Although this might be good for the people who have invested in the area, it can result in local people being pushed out the area as they are unable to afford the increased prices. It is not

• nly house prices that

see an increase, but also local facilities such as restaurants and

• shops. This can also result in conflicts between local people

who have lived there a long time and newcomers. In Brixton there have been anti-gentrification protests against private

• developers. When Canary Wharf was redeveloped many

people were forced to move.  Despite this, many consider investment to be a positive influence on a place. Investment can often result in a place becoming more desirable. It can also result in crime rates falling and the area being generally more pleasant to be in!

CORE: INVESTMENT

The word investment means putting money towards something with the aim of making a more money. Often investment happens in a place that the government, businesses or people think will make them money in the future. In London there are many places that were previously run down and the government and companies have invested in these areas to make them better. For instance, Canary Wharf is now home to many banks and 105,000 people work there! But 40 years ago it was very run-down. A company bought the land and built offices there to encourage businesses to locate there. They also invested in the Docklands Light Railway to improve transport to the are. It is now one of the richest places in London. People can also invest in an area. An example of this is in

• Brixton. Property developers bought houses in Brixton

when it was thought to be a run-down area of London. These developers spent money on improving the houses and renting them or selling them for more money. As more people bought houses for redevelopment, the area changed from being a run-down area known for crime, to one of the most popular areas in South London. This process is called gentrification.  Investment can increase prices for

• housing. This can result in

local people being pushed out the area as they can’t afford the increased prices. It’s not

• nly house prices that

increase, but also local services such as restaurants and shops. This can also cause conflicts between local people who have lived there a long time and newcomers. In Brixton there have been anti- gentrification protests against private developers. When Canary Wharf was redeveloped many people were forced to move.  Despite this, many consider investment to be a positive influence on a place. Investment can often result in a place becoming more desirable. It can also result in crime rates falling and the area being generally more pleasant to be in!

STRETCH: LOCALISATION AND CLONE STOPPING

Place has become a political symbol for people fighting against

• globalisation. One response has been a greater focus on ‘local’ place

and the promotion of local goods and services. Some places have introduced a local currency to try and encourage people to shop locally and keep money in the local economy. This also prevents somewhere becoming a ‘clone town’. The Bristol pound was launched in 2012 and can be spent in 800 independent local businesses. The idea is that because people are being encouraged to spend locally, less money will leak out of the local area and get lost to big companies. There is also a Brixton pound! In 2012, the coffee chain Costa tried to open an cafe in the South Devon town of Totnes. Within weeks of the proposal, three-quarters

• f the town’s population had signed a petition saying that they

support the independent high street and would boycott (not shop in) any coffee shop chain that came to Totnes. The opposition showed that the community were really proud of its independently

• wned shops and wanted to prevent Totnes from becoming a ‘clone

town’. After an eight-month battle, Costa dropped their plans, announcing: ‘Costa has recognised the strength of feeling in Totnes against national brands and taken into account the specific circumstances of Totnes.’

CORE: LOCALISATION AND CLONE STOPPING

LOCAL CURRENCY: One response to clone towns has been a greater focus on ‘local’ place. Some places have introduced local money to try and make people shop locally. This also helps stop somewhere becoming a ‘clone town’. The Bristol pound can be spent in 800 independent (not a chain store) local businesses. If people spend locally, less money will leak

• ut of the local area and get lost to big companies. There is

also a Brixton pound! CLONESTOPPING CAMPAIGN: In 2012, the coffee chain Costa tried to open an cafe in the South Devon town of

• Totnes. ¾ of the town’s population signed a petition (a

written complaint) saying that they support would not shop in any coffee shop chain that came to Totnes. The disapproval showed that the people who lived there were really proud of the independently owned shops and wanted to prevent Totnes from becoming a ‘clone town’. After eight months battle, Costa decided not to open a café there.

STRETCH: PLACELESSNESS

An American author called James Kunstler used the phrase ‘geography of nowhere’. He says that cities have become community-less and huge areas of countryside are now covered with identical shopping malls, car parks and roads. He argues that ‘every place is like no place in particular’ and the term placelessness has been used to describe such places. Airports are also an example of a placeless place, as they are all so similar and could be anywhere in the world! Some people talk about the ‘McDonalisation’ of the world! There are McDonalds in 119 countries. It is a prime example of a transnational company operating all around the world. However McDonalds uses a strategy

• f ‘glocalisation’. This is where companies try to adapt

their products to fit the local culture where they are

• sold. In India they have adapted by not selling beef

burgers as many people are Hindu and believe cows to be holy. Instead they sell burgers such as the McAloo Tikki made from potatoes, peas and spices. In New Zealand they sell the Kiwiburger and in Turkey the McTurco Kebab!

CORE: PLACELESSNESS

THE GEOGRAPHY OF NOWEHERE: ‘The geography of nowhere’ is a phrase that can be used for places that are ‘placeless’. There are now many place with identical shopping malls, car parks and roads. People argue that ‘every place is like no place in particular’. Airports are also an example of a placeless place, as they are all so similar and could be anywhere in the world! ‘MCDONALDISATION’: There are McDonalds in 119

• countries. It is a global company that you can find in many

places around the world. McDonalds uses a strategy of ‘glocalisation’. This is where companies try to change their products to fit the local culture where they are sold. In India they have adapted by not selling beef burgers as many people are Hindu and believe cows to be holy. Instead they sell burgers such as the McAloo Tikki made from potatoes, peas and spices. In New Zealand they sell the Kiwiburger and in Turkey the McTurco Kebab!