Todays Human Federal Aviation Administration Factors Challenges, - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Todays Human Federal Aviation Administration Factors Challenges, - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Jan 31, 2023 255 likes •515 views

Todays Human Federal Aviation Administration Factors Challenges, Tomorrows Vision Optics Workshop: Human Factors in Aviation Safety Kathy H. Abbott, PhD, FRAeS Federal Aviation Administration 3 July 2014 Flightpath 2050 Societal

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Optics Workshop: Human Factors in Aviation Safety Kathy H. Abbott, PhD, FRAeS Federal Aviation Administration 3 July 2014 Federal Aviation Administration

Today’s Human Factors Challenges, Tomorrow’s Vision

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Federal Aviation Administration

Flightpath 2050

  • Societal and market needs
  • Industrial leadership
  • Environment and energy
  • Safety and security
  • Prioritizing research

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Federal Aviation Administration

Characteristics of Civil Aviation

  • Dynamic
  • Complex
  • Market driven
  • Rapidly changing technology
  • Changes in expectations of safety
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Federal Aviation Administration

Challenges for Aviation Safety

  • Societal expectations for safety
  • One size does not fit all

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Federal Aviation Administration

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Amateur-built LSA Personal Business On demand part 135 Scheduled part 135 Corporate Scheduled part 121

Fatal Accidents per 100,000 Flight Hours

U.S. Aviation Fatal Accident Rates

Annual Average from 2005 through 2009

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Federal Aviation Administration

Cessna 140

1946

Lockheed Constellation

1943

Douglas DC-6

1947

Cessna 195

1947

PHOTO: Everts Air Cargo PHOTO: Bidgee PHOTO: Tom Gideon

Society’s Safety Expectations – Circa 1945

Commercial General Aviation

PHOTO: Public Domain

Less Demand More Demand Public Demand for Safety Assurance

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Federal Aviation Administration

Cessna 140

1946

Lockheed Constellation

1943

Douglas DC-6

1947

Cessna 195

1947

PHOTO: Everts Air Cargo PHOTO: Bidgee PHOTO: Tom Gideon

Society’s Safety Expectations – Circa 1945

Commercial General Aviation

Absolute Safety

Zero Risk No Operations

Societally Accepted Risk

(1940s)

PHOTO: Public Domain

Less Demand More Demand Public Demand for Safety Assurance

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Federal Aviation Administration

Less Demand More Demand Public Demand for Safety Assurance

Society’s Safety Expectations – Today

Continuously Advancing…

(2014)

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Federal Aviation Administration

Less Demand More Demand Public Demand for Safety Assurance

Society’s Safety Expectations – 2018

Continuously Advancing…

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Federal Aviation Administration

Applying the Safety Continuum

System Safety

Extent of Safety Effort

Figure Adapted from Figure 3-1 of FAA System Safety Handbook

http://www.faa.gov/library/manuals/aviation/risk_management/ss_handbook/

Risk of accidents due to inadequate safety program Risk of accidents due to lack of safety innovation Total Risk

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Federal Aviation Administration

Extent of Safety Effort

SEEK Too much rigor…

→ innovative safety

enhancements don’t reach the fleet

→ Finite dollars that could be

spent on safety enhancements go elsewhere

→ fatal accidents increase Establish appropriate balance in our regulatory approach

Applying the Safety Continuum

System Safety

Too little rigor…

→ safety escapes → fatal accidents increase Achieve safety

  • bjectives while

imposing the least burden on society.

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  • Risk of accidents

due to lack of safety innovation Total Risk Risk of accidents due to inadequate safety program

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Federal Aviation Administration

Challenges for Aviation Safety

  • Societal expectations for safety
  • One size does not fit all
  • Increasing amounts and types of
  • perational data
  • Pressures: economic, security,

environmental

  • Changing workforce demographics
  • Changes in technology and operations
  • Where to put risk mitigation

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Federal Aviation Administration

New Technologies and Operations

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Federal Aviation Administration

Cumulative Fatal accident rate, end 2013

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

2nd generation: 1st generation: Early jet 2nd jet generation 3rd generation: Glass-cockpit Nav display FMS 4th generation: FBW Flight Envelope Protection

Fatal accident rate per million departure

Courtesy Airbus

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Federal Aviation Administration

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Where to put risk mitigation

Designer Error

Pilot Design Engineer

Envelope Protection TCAS/ ACAS Flight Director

Pilot Error Flexibility/ Adaptability

Cat III Autoland Circling Approaches

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Federal Aviation Administration

…But the biggest challenge to aviation safety is

Complacency

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Federal Aviation Administration

Challenges for Aviation Human Factors

  • Increase in knowledge and skills needed
  • HF is much more than research
  • HF workforce – where will we get them?
  • Integrating HF into every aspect of aviation
  • Changing operator roles
  • Automation/autonomy

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Federal Aviation Administration

Timeframe

2000s

Scope of Operation / Interrelationships

  • Pilot Knowledge and Skills Needed

1960s

Normal

Basic/ Contingency

Normal Advanced Normal Advanced

Crew Coordination, Problem Solving, and Manual Handling Skills

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Federal Aviation Administration

Higher System Performance Achieved by Altering Operator Role

Change in Role

  • Demanding higher

skills and levels of performance

  • Reducing operating

tasks to passive monitoring

  • Automating functions

Potential Result

  • Exceeds human

capability

  • Deskilling, tedium, low

system comprehension, leading to low morale,

  • Reduces ability to

intervene Reduces operator ability to deal with the unexpected Perrow, 1984

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Federal Aviation Administration

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Federal Aviation Administration

22 http://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/avs/offices/afs/afs400/parc/parc_reco/media/2013/1309 08_PARC_FltDAWG_Final_Report_Recommendations.pdf

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Federal Aviation Administration

Old View New View

  • Automation
  • Give the human what

he does best, give the automation what it does best

  • Automation causes

degradation of basic skills

  • Automation should be

another “crewmember”

  • Automation policy
  • Automated systems
  • Human-system

integration to enable the human

  • Lack of practice causes

degradation of basic skills

  • Automated systems are

tools to help the responsible human

  • Flight path management

policy (or equivalent)

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Federal Aviation Administration

Need Effective Synergy of the Human/Automated Systems (from USAF)

  • Main benefits are to extend and complement

human performance, not provide a direct replacement of humans

– Extend human reach: perception, action, speed, persistence, size, scale, fatigue – Permit delegation and reduction of cognitive load – if explicitly designed to do so – Expand the adaptive capacity of the human operator (e.g. more

  • ptions, more flexibility)

– Synchronize activities of UAS, software, and human operator

  • ver wider scopes and ranges

– Provide operations with denied or degraded comms links

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Federal Aviation Administration

Vision

  • Human effectiveness through:

– Human-centered design – Human-systems integration – range of vehicles and

  • perations

– Increasing resilience – Managing complexity

  • Improved risk assessment
  • Just culture
  • Effective data analysis
  • Timely and ongoing sharing of lessons

learned

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