Times of Troubles Ukraine on the Threshold of Independence - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Mar 26, 2024 297 likes •556 views

Times of Troubles Ukraine on the Threshold of Independence Independence Attempts March 1917 Kiev forms Rada Historian Hrushevsky elected President July 1917 recognized by Russia, UK, France Pro-Bolshevick troops seize Kiev December

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Times of Troubles

Ukraine on the Threshold of Independence

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Independence Attempts

March 1917 Kiev forms Rada
Historian Hrushevsky elected President
July 1917 recognized by Russia, UK, France
Pro-Bolshevick troops seize Kiev December 1917
Germans occupy March 1918, bring back Rada
Failed

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Chaotic Years

Skoropadsky “Hetman
f All Ukraine
December 1918

Germans Abandon Kiev, take Hetman with them

Petlyura Back
1920 Petlyura deal with

Pilsudski

Governments change

12-20 times

SLIDE 4

Lviv Variant

October 1918 West Ukrainian People’s Republic

(ZUNR)

Claimed sovereignty over E. Galicia, Bukovyna,

Transcarpathia and Eastern Poland

Quickly lost to Poles

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Treaty of Versaille

Ukrainians Out-gunned
Little interest, support, understanding of West
Ukraine split into 4
Galicia and W. Volhynia to Poland
Bukovyna to Romania
Uzhorod and Mrkachevo to Czechoslovakia
E. Ukraine to Russia (formalized in Treaty of Riga February

1921)

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“Korenizatsiya” Soviet Nationalities Policy

Encouraging non-Russian Language and Culture,

not intellectual freedom

To Broaden Communism’s Appeal
Administrative Structures without authority
Ends in 1933
Original capital Kharkiv, moved to Kiev in 1934

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Purges- Deportations

Two Waves of Purges 1932-4 and 1937-8
Up to 80% of Ukrainian intelligentsia killed or

disappeared

1940s 100s of 1,000s deported or killed from

Western Ukraine

Ukrainian Institutions in Western Ukraine

suppressed

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Collectivization and de- Kulakization

Small land holders (“rich peasants”)
Destroyed Social and Cultural identity in

countryside

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44 % increase in Ukrainian grain procurement

requirement

Up to 7 million dead 1932-1933

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The Polish Experience

5 mil. Ukrainians in Poland, largest minority
Ukrainian National-Democratic Union in Parliament
Rising hostilities and tensions
Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN)
Terrorism and Counter reprisals
Collapse of Polish Democracy

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Holocaust and WWII

Molotov Ribbentrop Pact August 1939
1939 Poland Disappears Again
Germans invade W. Poland;
Red Army E. Poland
Galicia under Russian Rule
Soviet Style Elections confirm incorporation
1939-1941 - 800,000-1.6 m. deported from W. Ukraine
60% Jews of Soviet Ukraine killed; 90% in Galicia

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Holocaust and WW II

June 1941 Germany Attacked Soviet Union
Late June 1941 Lviv and Kharkiv fall; August

Dnipropetrovsk; Kiev mid-September

Ukrainian Hopes for German support dashed
Nazi trained OUN units joined in invasion
Leadership arrested; goes underground
1943 Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA)

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Dissent and Repression

Khrushchev Thaw and children of the 1960s
Largest national Movement
Legalistic
Human rights movement
3 waves
1965-1966
1972-73
1976-80.

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Chernobyl April 1986

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Glasnost and Perestroyka

Gorbachev GenSec of CPSU in 1985
Shcherbytsky Ukraine head until 1989
Repression continues despite more openness
Opposition groups
Informals --- Ukrainian Helsinki Union
Rukh -- Popular Movement in Support of Perestroika
Democratic Platform in Ukraine Communist Party
Trade unions

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Rukh

Leadership -- intellectuals, nationalists
March 1990 elections to Supreme Soviet
Win 25%, compared to Baltic Equivalent of 90%
Geographic divisions
Out of touch with people's concerns

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To Be or Not to Be

Not clear path to Independence as in Baltics
Evolved toward independence from more limited

sovereignty

Kravchuk, communist, elected chair of parliament

1991

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Moscow failed coup August 19 1991

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Independence Realized

August 24 Parliament votes for independence
December 1 Ukrainian referendum
December 7-8 Belavezha Accord

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November 30 Reading Links

http://carnegieendowment.org/2016/07/26/between-victory-and-betrayal- how-to-move-ukraine-s-anticorruption-reforms-forward-pub-64180 http://carnegieeurope.eu/strategiceurope/?fa=64847 http://carnegieendowment.org/2016/09/19/consolidation-of-power-in- ukraine-what-it-means-for-west-pub-64623 http://carnegieeurope.eu/2016/04/29/ukraine-s-indispensable-economic- reforms-pub-63490 https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33460.pdf