Time to Care: Gender Inequality, Unpaid Care Work and Time Use Survey
The Case for Care KRI’s Pilot Time Use Study Content Care Policies Khazanah Research Institute 2
Section 1: The Case for Care 3
+ The Case for Care Overview of the Care Economy Boundary of the care economy Work Market Remuneration Children Elderly PWD Sick Adults Characteristics Direct Registered care centres; Market provision of domestic Formal Paid services Indirect Direct Unregistered family day care; Domestic workers in Informal Paid households Indirect Direct Unpaid care and domestic services for household and family Non-Market Unpaid members Indirect Source: KRI’s adaptation of Folbre (2006) • The nature of care affects affordability and dampens market demand for formal care, further driving growth in the informal and non-market Khazanah Research Institute spheres. • However, the size of unpaid care work suggests that there is untapped economic potential. Investing in the care economy will increase employment and consequently expand the national economy. 4
+ The Case for Care #1 Care burden is rising in Malaysia Life expectancy at birth and total fertility rate, Care dependency ratio, 2010 – 2018 1966 – 2017 8.6 y ye 5.7 90.0 6 e 8.34 8.4 8.29 a 77.4 8.24 80.0 8.20 8.20 8.20 r ye 5 8.2 66.0 ar 70.0 y 72.7 Life Expectancy (Years) e 8.0 Total Fertility Rate a 60.0 4 y 7.78 63.1 7.8 e y ar 50.0 7.57 e 7.6 s 3 ar 7.28 40.0 s 7.4 1.9 ye 30.0 2 7.2 ar s 20.0 7.0 1 Khazanah Research Institute 10.0 6.8 6.6 0.0 0 1966 1969 1972 1975 1978 1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008 2011 2014 2017 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Men's Life Expectancy (LHS) Women's Life Expectancy (LHS) TFR (RHS) Source: DOS (various years) and author’s calculations Source: DOS (2017) 5
+ The Case for Care #2 Unpaid care widens gender gaps Women in their childbearing years were participating less in the labour force and working fewer hours but could potentially return to the labour force in the mid-30s with a wage penalty. Labour force participation rate, by sex Gender gap in mean hours worked, and age group, 2018 2010 and 2018 100 % 5 90 4 Men work more 80 3 70 2 60 1 50 0 Men 40 -1 Khazanah Research Institute Women work more 30 -2 2010 2018 20 -3 Women 10 -4 0 -5 15 – 19 20 – 24 25 – 29 30 – 34 35 – 39 40 – 44 45 – 49 50 – 54 55 – 59 60 – 64 15 – 19 20 – 24 25 – 29 30 – 34 35 – 39 40 – 44 45 – 49 50 – 54 55 – 59 60 – 64 Source: DOS (2019) 6
+ The Case for Care #3 Unpaid Time-adjusted income poverty care work impacts M 1 C poverty and inequality HH A D B Poverty and inequality measures rely exclusively on market income and excludes non-market work as measures of household T 2 T 1 T m living standards. Khazanah Research Institute Example of household production and income distribution Income (RM) Food (RM) Household A 5,000 1,000 Household B 4,000 Cooks at home 7
+ The Case for Care Why is unpaid care not measured? The System of National Accounts (SNA) production boundary is a subset of the general production boundary selected to measure a country’s GDP. Unpaid care work is excluded from a country’s national income accounting. Locating unpaid care work within production boundaries General Production Boundary Personal Activities • Learning Market Production Non-Market Production • Socialising and community P1 Formal employment or work in ‘formal P2 Production of goods by households for participation enterprises’ to produce goods and income or for own final use • Attending/visiting cultural, services for pay or profit entertainment and sports P3 Paid construction activities and events/venues construction for own capital formation • Engaging in hobbies, games and SNA Production Boundary P4 Providing services for income, other pastime activities including employment in the informal • Indoor and outdoor sports sector e.g. paid domestic services Khazanah Research Institute participation • P5 Providing unpaid services for own final Use of mass media use e.g. unpaid care and domestic • Personal care and maintenance services within household Source: KRI’s conceptualisation based on Baigorri (2003) and UNDESA (2005) 8
+ The Case for Care Capturing unpaid care with time • “Time -use statistics are quantitative summaries of how individuals “spend” or allocate their time over a specified period — typically over the 24 hours of a day or over the 7 days of a week. ” UNDESA 2015 • Using “time” as a unit of measurement , improvements have been made over the years to harmonize TUS methodology and classifications so that there can be meaningful comparisons across countries. • At least 65 countries have conducted time use surveys , with the total number of surveys captured at 102 as at February 2016. This includes countries from different continents and income levels. • The Ministry of Women, Family and Community Development, together with the Department of Statistics conducted a “Kajian Penggunaan Masa dan Penilaian Kerja Tanpa Bayaran Di Malaysia” in 2003 . The research has not been updated since and the methodology has not been replicated elsewhere in the Khazanah Research Institute country. 9
Section 2: KRI’s Pilot Time Use Study 10
+KRI’s Pilot Time Use Study KRI’s Pilot TUS • Where : Kuala Lumpur • Who : Age 20 – 64 (net care-giver within working-age population) Stratification : • Sampling Class \ Gender Male Female Design – Top 20% households 10% 10% Purposive Sampling Middle 40% households 20% 20% Bottom 40% households 20% 20% TOTAL 50% 50% Capital intensive vs Labour intensive Survey • Stand-alone, ad-hoc survey with 24-hour full diaries Framework • Face-to-face recall interviews Khazanah Research Institute 125 = + 62 63 Respondents 11
+KRI’s Pilot Time Use Study Women suffer from the double burden Average time spent on activities in one day (hours) Men Women 24 24 20 20 9.0 9.1 16 16 2.4 3.1 12 12 2.0 2.5 0.4 3.6 0.4 8 2.2 8 Khazanah Research Institute 3.2 3.2 4 4 3.0 6.9 6.6 3.4 1.3 0.6 1.0 0.7 0 0 Main Activity Secondary Activity Main Activity Secondary Activity Paid Work Unpaid Care Work Socialising and Communication Leisure and Media Self-care and Maintenance 12
+KRI’s Pilot Time Use Study Women of all income classes do more unpaid work Average time spent on activities in one day (hours) Men Women 24 20 8.7 8.8 9.1 9.2 9.1 Self-care 9.7 16 2.9 2.6 2.1 Leisure and 3.0 3.3 2.4 Media 12 1.5 2.3 2.9 2.5 Socialising 2.4 2.6 Khazanah Research Institute 3.9 1.9 1.6 3.8 Unpaid Care 8 2.6 3.0 Work 4 7.7 7.7 7.2 Paid Work 6.4 6.1 5.7 0 B40 M40 T20 B40 M40 T20 13
+KRI’s Pilot Time Use Study Demarcating by life cycle intensifies double burden Average time spent on selected activities, by life stage (hours) 24 Life Stage Definition 20 7.9 8.9 9.5 9.6 Self Care Young individuals (<49) with no 1 16 children in household 1.7 2.9 1.6 Leisure and 3.2 Individuals (of any age) with youngest 2.7 12 2 Media child <7 2.6 4.3 2.0 3.3 Socialising Khazanah Research Institute 1.6 8 Individuals (of any age) with youngest 4.0 3 child between 7 and 20 Unpaid 2.7 Care Work 8.4 4 7.4 Individuals (>49) with no children OR Paid Work 4 5.5 5.1 youngest child > 20 0 Life Stage Life Stage Life Stage Life Stage 1 2 3 4 14
+KRI’s Pilot Time Use Study Excluding travel time, women work more than men Average time spent on formal employment by gender, household income class and life stage, excluding travel time (hours) B40 M40 T20 Men Women Men Women Men Women Men Women Home 0.5 0.8 0.5 1.3 0.7 0.4 0.2 0.4 Workplace 3.8 4.9 2.6 4.1 4.0 5.6 5.7 5.0 Other 1.1 0.2 1.5 0.2 0.9 0.2 0.6 0.0 TOTAL 5.4 5.8 4.6 5.7 5.6 6.2 6.5 5.4 Life Stage 1 Life Stage 2 Life Stage 3 Life Stage 4 Men Women Men Women Men Women Men Women Khazanah Research Institute Home 0.4 0.2 1.1 1.1 0.5 1.4 0.0 0.7 Workplace 3.7 6.8 4.8 5.8 3.9 2.4 2.4 4.0 Other 1.3 0.0 1.5 0.4 0.3 0.3 1.0 0.0 TOTAL 5.4 7.0 7.5 7.2 4.7 4.1 3.4 4.7 15
+KRI’s Pilot Time Use Study Men do more “pleasant” tasks compared to women Average distribution of time in domestic work by Average distribution of time in direct care work gender (minutes) by gender (minutes) 140 100 Other 3.0 Travelling for 14.9 90 domestic services 120 0.5 Shopping for 80 17.1 Other care activities household/family 2.3 Household 100 70 management 27.8 Travelling/accompanying 22.4 Care of for care 60 textiles/footwear 80 Care for adults 1.0 50 38.3 20.4 Other childcare activities Cleaning 9.3 5.8 60 Khazanah Research Institute Playing with children 40 5.4 15.9 Teaching/helping children 4.0 Talking/reading to children 4.4 30 40 4.1 Meeting with schools/child 1.0 10.8 care providers 3.0 3.6 10.2 Minding children 57.6 Meal preparations 20 6.6 5.4 1.9 20 1.0 11.3 3.5 Physical care for 10 17.3 0.1 children 10.2 11.9 0 0 Men Women Men Women 16
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