The Use Phase; Choice and Behavior T. Gutowski, April 2009, 2.83 - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

▶
the use phase choice and behavior
SMART_READER_LITE
LIVE PREVIEW

The Use Phase; Choice and Behavior T. Gutowski, April 2009, 2.83 - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Mar 24, 2023 231 likes •1.03k views

The Use Phase; Choice and Behavior T. Gutowski, April 2009, 2.83 & 2.813 1 The use phase often dominates 87% 87% 79% Results for the automobile 2 Source: Sullivan & Cobas-Flores (2001), Cheah Full Vehicle LCAs: A Review ,

slide-1
SLIDE 1

1

The “Use Phase”; Choice and Behavior

  • T. Gutowski, April 2009, 2.83 & 2.813
slide-2
SLIDE 2

2

The use phase often dominates

Source: Sullivan & Cobas-Flores (2001), Full Vehicle LCAs: A Review, SAE 2001-01-3725

87% 87% 79%

Results for the automobile

Cheah

slide-3
SLIDE 3

3

The Use Phase usually dominates for anything with a gas tank or a power cord From a product point of view-

slide-4
SLIDE 4

4

slide-5
SLIDE 5

5

Energy Impact Intensities

Mean Energy

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 Food, Diet, Alcohol Housing, Furniture, Maintenance Home Utilities, Fuel Apparel, Services Transportation Services, Personal Insurance and Investment Tax, Government Services Category Energy (MJ/$)

From our ELSA study

slide-6
SLIDE 6

6

CO2 Impact Intensities

Mean CO2

0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 Food, Diet, Alcohol Housing, Furniture, Maintenance Home Utilities, Fuel Apparel, Services Transportation Services, Personal Insurance and Investment Tax, Government Services Category CO2 (KG/$)

From our ELSA study

slide-7
SLIDE 7

7

Mean Toxics

  • 0.50

0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 Food, Diet, Alcohol Housing, Furniture, Maintenance Home Utilities, Fuel Apparel, Services Transportation Services, Personal Insurance and Investment Tax, Government Services Category Toxics (G/$)

Toxics Impact Intensity

From our ELSA study

slide-8
SLIDE 8

8

Transportation energy use, US

Fay & Golomb

slide-9
SLIDE 9

9

Modes of Transportation

http://strickland.ca/efficiency.html

slide-10
SLIDE 10

10

http://strickland.ca/efficiency.html

slide-11
SLIDE 11

11

slide-12
SLIDE 12

12

From Smil (Energy p 141-3)

0.4 MJ/p-km French TGV 0.4 MJ/p-km Japanese “Shinkansen” 1.2 MJ/p-km Toyota Prius 1.5 MJ/p-km Boeing 777 2 MJ/p-km Boeing 747-400 3.3 MJ/p-km Chevy Tahoe (2) 3.3 MJ/p-km GMC Yukon (2 people)

slide-13
SLIDE 13

13

Gasoline 43MJ/kg, 31MJ/L 0.71 g/cm3

2.5 8 30 1.9 6 40 0.7 2.4 100 1.0 3.2 75 1.4 4.8 50 2.9 9.5 25 7.4 24 10

MJ/km L/100km mpg

slide-14
SLIDE 14

14

Tata Nano

Advertised Under $2500 4 passenger 47 mpg If it can get 40mpg With 2 people ~ 1 MJ/p-km

slide-15
SLIDE 15

15

Energy Uses for an Automobile

Source: Pinkus and Wilcock, The Role of Tribology in Energy Conservation, Lubrication Engineering, 34 (11),

  • pp. 599-610 via www.chevron.com
slide-16
SLIDE 16

16

Driving Behavior

  • Maintenance
  • Speed
  • Acceleration
  • Stop and Go
  • Warm up
  • Idle time
  • Number of passengers
  • Length of trip

Source: Beaton et al (1995), On-Road vehicle emissions, Science 268, 991-993

slide-17
SLIDE 17

17

Vehicle Size

Vehicle weight-fuel consumption relationship for US vehicles

y = 0.0059x + 1.2346 R2 = 0.7303

0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 Curb weight (kg) Fuel consumption (L/100km)

Cheah

slide-18
SLIDE 18

18

Technology and how you use it

50 Honda Civic 28 55 56 28 MPG Regular Accord Toyota Prius Honda Insight Honda Accord 2006 hybrids

Cheah

slide-19
SLIDE 19

19

The New York Times March 30, 2006

slide-20
SLIDE 20

20 Source: FHWA, US DOT

Average annual miles traveled per car in the US

8,000 8,500 9,000 9,500 10,000 10,500 11,000 11,500 12,000 12,500 13,000 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

slide-21
SLIDE 21

21

Vehicle km & V-km/Liter

1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Year

FIGURE 9: Motor Vehicle Travel ( Q) and the Efficiency

  • f Motor Vehicle Travel (

e) (US) g

Efficiency Quantity

Dahmus

slide-22
SLIDE 22

22

slide-23
SLIDE 23

23

20 40 60 80 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Year

FIGURE A8: Resources Consumed ( R) in Passenger Air Travel (US airlines)

f

Air Travel

Dahmus

slide-24
SLIDE 24

24

From Smil (Energy p 141-3)

0.4 MJ/p-km French TGV 0.4 MJ/p-km Japanese “Shinkansen” 1.2 MJ/p-km Toyota Prius 1.5 MJ/p-km Boeing 777 2 MJ/p-km Boeing 747-400 3.3 MJ/p-km Chevy Tahoe (2) 3.3 MJ/p-km GMC Yukon (2 people)

slide-25
SLIDE 25

25

Lee, Waitz

slide-26
SLIDE 26

26

Babikain, Waitz

slide-27
SLIDE 27

27

Air Travel - Mann, March 2003

slide-28
SLIDE 28

28

Bicycles in Amsterdam

(according to Whitt & Wilson bicycling on the level is about 4 times more energy efficient than walking)

slide-29
SLIDE 29

29

“high tech” bicycle taxi

slide-30
SLIDE 30

30

Bicycle Safety

See Smil’s Table A 14

slide-31
SLIDE 31

31

Residential energy use in US

Fay & Golomb

slide-32
SLIDE 32

32

Energy Cost of Heating and Cooling ~ 9% Total

slide-33
SLIDE 33

33

slide-34
SLIDE 34

34

slide-35
SLIDE 35

35

Thermographic photography shows heat loss Nat’l Geograph 2009

slide-36
SLIDE 36

http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/heat-loss-buildings-d_113.html http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/Hbase/thermo/heatloss.html

Calculating heat loss in buildings: 1) SI units, 2) US/British units

slide-37
SLIDE 37

37

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/Hbase/thermo/heatloss.html

slide-38
SLIDE 38

38

slide-39
SLIDE 39

39

slide-40
SLIDE 40

40

R19 would require Something like 8 inches of Blown fiberglass and No leaks, windows etc…

slide-41
SLIDE 41

41

Heating Degree days in the Northeast, NOAA

~6200

slide-42
SLIDE 42

42

Cooling Cooling Degree Days Southwest, NOAA

slide-43
SLIDE 43

43

Energy Star recommended

Air exchange: Northeast typical 1.5hrs “air tight” 5hrs

slide-44
SLIDE 44

44

Residential energy use in US

Fay & Golomb

slide-45
SLIDE 45

45

Default values for power used in appliances source LBNL

Idle (Watts) In Use (Watts) Lights # of bulbs watts per bulb Fixture 1, 4 x 40 watt bulbs 4 40 160 Fixture 2, 2 x 60 watt bulbs 2 60 120 Fixture 3, 2 x 40 watt bulbs 2 40 80 Fixture 4, 1 x 60 watt bulb 1 60 60 Fixture 5, 1 x 11 watt bulb 1 11 11 Fixture 6, 1 x 25 watt bulb 1 25 25 Fans, etc Portable Air Cleaner Electric 50 Desk Fan 30 Floor Fan 30 Cleaning Clotheswasher 269.2 Clothes dryer 4500 Iron 1100 Vaccuum 650 Hand-Held Electric Vacuum 300 Hygiene Men's Shaver 1.4 15 Women's Shaver 1.4 15 Curling Iron 25 Hair Dryer 710 Hand Held Massager 15 Heating Pads 60 Default Values*

slide-46
SLIDE 46

46

Default values for power used in appliances source LBNL

Kitchen Can Opener 100 Blender 300 Juicer 125 Hand Mixers 150 Stand Mixers 100 Auto Coffee Maker 70 1500 Espresso Maker 360 Hot Plate 1250 Electric Stove Burner 1250 Electric Kettle 1500 Microwave 3.1 1500 Air Corn Popper 1400 Hot Oil Corn Popper 575 Slow Cooker 200 Electric grill 1800 Waffle Iron/Sandwhich Grill 1200 Dishwasher 694 Refrigerator 6.1 571 Entertainment Audio Stand-alone Boom Box 2.2 4.8 Mini-System 9.4 34 Clock Radio 1.7 8.3

slide-47
SLIDE 47

47

Default values for power used in appliances source LBNL

Audio Components (add together as appropriate) Amplifier 1.4 31 Cassette Deck 2.7 2 CD Player 3.1 16 DVD Player 4.5 20 Equalizer 3.1 52 Power Speaker 4.6 5.8 Preamp/Tuner 2.4 18 Rack 3.2 6.2 Receiver 1.8 6.7 Tuner 2 6.2 Video Games 2 20 Color TV 4 77 Projection Color TV 2.2 150 Satellite Earth Station 14.9 15 Cable Boxes 11.6 20 Rechargeable Toy/Game 2.2 Miscellaneous Cell Phone Charger 8.6 8.6 Cordless Phone 1.1 1.1 Cordless Power Tool 0.63 0.63 Multi-Purpose Battery Charger 0.2 0.2 * Values from LBNL

slide-48
SLIDE 48

48

slide-49
SLIDE 49

49

Allwood

slide-50
SLIDE 50

50

Allwood

slide-51
SLIDE 51

51

slide-52
SLIDE 52

52

BBC

slide-53
SLIDE 53

53

Li +

Vs

Can technology substitute for nature?

slide-54
SLIDE 54

54

slide-55
SLIDE 55

55

100 200 300 400 500 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Year

FIGURE A10: Resources Consumed ( R) in Refrigeration h

Time Period Average Annual _e/e Average Annual _Q/Q 1960-2006

  • 0.4%

2.5% 1960-1969

  • 5.9%

3.6% 1970-1979

  • 5.1%

2.9% 1980-1989 1.7% 2.3% 1990-1999 4.6% 1.9% 2000-2006 3.7% 2.5% Activity Refrigeration

1960 -1969 1970 -1979 1980 -1989 1990 -1999

0% 1% 2% 3% 4%
  • 6%
  • 4%
  • 2%
0% 2% 4% 6%

Average Annual _e/e

FIGURE 18: Average Annual _Q/Q versus Average Annual _ e/e for Refrigeration (US data) h

1960 -2006 2000 -2006

Refrigerators

Dahmus

slide-56
SLIDE 56

56

Electronics Appliances

slide-57
SLIDE 57

57

Electronics used in the home

Luckyanova

slide-58
SLIDE 58

58

Electronics used in the home

Luckyanova

slide-59
SLIDE 59

59

Improvements in DVD Power

slide-60
SLIDE 60

60

Increasing size of TV screens

slide-61
SLIDE 61

61

Printing

slide-62
SLIDE 62

Household printing

Luckyanova

7500 sheet/3yrs, 5% active, 95%idle

slide-63
SLIDE 63

63

Office printing

Boustani

6000 sheets/Mo

slide-64
SLIDE 64

64

Boustani

slide-65
SLIDE 65

65

Boustani

From a Xerox Report

slide-66
SLIDE 66

66

slide-67
SLIDE 67

67

Energy of Driving

ISSUES

  • Type of car
  • Number of occupants
  • Driving style
  • Life cycle components
  • Distance
  • Energy consumed by driver?
  • Car warmed up?
slide-68
SLIDE 68

68

Energy used in walking

ISSUES

  • Basic metabolic rate
  • Extra energy expenditure
  • Health
  • Fitness
  • Size
  • Speed
slide-69
SLIDE 69

69

Energy used in food production

ACCORDING TO SMIL (p 297-298)

  • Beef 80-110 MJ/kg
  • Chicken 27-30 MJ/kg
  • Milk 5-7 MJ/kg
slide-70
SLIDE 70

70

Food Calories (kcal)

ACCORDING TO THE JOY OF COOKING

  • Lean beef

140 kcal for 3 oz

  • Rib roast

375 kcal/3 oz

  • Chicken

183 kcal/3.5 oz

  • Milk 160 kcal/cup
slide-71
SLIDE 71

71

Estimates for Energy Cost of Walking

2 miles or 3.2 km Estimate from Smil and Pacific Institute ~ 112kcal/km Hence for 3.2 km = 358.4 kcal (1.5 MJ) This requires 7.7 oz (219g)of lean beef Energy cost to produce beef = 17. 5 to 24 MJ Or 6.9 oz chicken = 5.5 MJ Compare to 25 mpg car 2.9MJ/km x 3.2 km = 9.3 MJ

slide-72
SLIDE 72

72

Estimates for Energy Cost of Walking

2 miles or 3.2 km Comments:

  • Wide range in energy cost of walking
  • Wide range of energy cost of farming
  • Wide range of how auto is used
  • Neglects potential health benefits of walking
  • Comparison looks even worst for walking when the

EIO/LCA method is used

slide-73
SLIDE 73

73

See Smil; Energy in Nature and Society, p 135-137 “running requires between 700 and 1400 Watts”, walking is most efficient around 1.5 m/s kW

x

Apparent error In label

Walking: 0.7 kWx667s/km = 467kJ/km = 112 kcal/km

COT= Cost of transportation

slide-74
SLIDE 74

74

Calculated Exergy and Reported Heating Values

64 21 Methanol Smil 40-41 Crude oil 75 42 Heating Oil US Grid η=1/3 Hydrogen Methane Octane Carbon Chemical (ideal) Per kWh electricity= 114 50 46 33 Calculated Max Exergy MJ/kg* 667g/kWh 56 68 112 CO2 generated gCO2/MJ Per MJ Fuel= Hydrogen Methane Nat Gas Gasoline Anthracite Steam coal Fuel (LHV) 62 gCO2/MJ 120 50 29.3-35.7 41.7-44.1 29-31 19-21 Lower Heat Combustion MJ/kg DOE EIA Smil Smil Smil Smil Ref

slide-75
SLIDE 75

75

Million Btu = 1.055 GJ Quadrillion Btu = 1.055 EJ

  • U. S. Energy Consumption
slide-76
SLIDE 76

76

Smil p258

Per capita energy Region 70GJ (20GJ) World Ave (Median) 15GJ India 40GJ China 185GJ Japan 160GJ Western Europe 350GJ US 450GJ Canada

slide-77
SLIDE 77

77

National per capita energy use distribution for world

slide-78
SLIDE 78

78

Energy Information Administration International Energy Annual 2006 Table Posted: December 19, 2008 Next Update: August 2009 Table Notes and Sources

E.1c World Per Capita Total Primary Energy Consumption,1980-2006

(Million Btu) Region/Country 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 Bermuda 145.0 124.9 131.7 138.8 134.7 131.9 Canada 394.2 385.1 365.3 361.0 380.7 391.3 Greenland 1.1 1.1 0.5 0.5 0.5 NA Mexico 54.5 58.9 60.5 55.4 55.7 57.6 Saint Pierre and Miquelon 366.4 367.0 336.3 363.0 354.2 310.9 United States 343.1 331.2 315.1 311.7 324.6 320.8 North America 285.4 276.6 263.4 259.0 268.9 266.8 Antarctica NA NA NA NA NA NA Antigua and Barbuda 87.3 77.8 104.5 63.4 73.3 72.1 Argentina 57.8 55.3 57.0 56.8 60.8 57.4 Aruba

  • -
  • -
  • -
  • -
  • -
  • -

Bahamas, The 285.3 294.6 246.3 180.9 159.7 141.3 Barbados 57.4 60.6 60.2 63.3 60.7 66.6 Belize 22.8 20.2 18.5 18.0 19.3 18.7 Bolivia 13.7 15.0 13.1 13.2 12.5 11.3 Brazil 32.7 30.9 30.6 29.9 32.1 33.5 Cayman Islands 84.5 86.4 83.5 78.9 77.5 76.4 Chile 38.5 37.2 32.5 32.5 33.0 33.1

slide-79
SLIDE 79

79

Readings

a) Smil pp: 135-137, 257-268 b) Hannon, B., Energy Conservation and the Consumer, Science, 1975, Vol. 189, No. 4197, pp 95 – 102. c) Cohen M., and Heberger, M., Driving

  • vs. Walking: Cows, Climate Change,

and Choice, April 2008, The Pacific Institute.