The morphological variability of the Polish carmine scale, - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

The morphological variability of the Polish carmine scale, Porphyrophora polonica (L.) (Coccinea, Margarodidae) Roman Jashenko Institute of Zoology, 93 al-Farabi Ave, Almaty, Kazakhstan, 050060, Tethys Scientific Society e-mail:romajashenko@yahoo.com

Systematic position of Polish carmine scale INSECTA • Order Homoptera • Suborder Coccinea • Family Margarodidae • Subfamily Margarodinae • Tribe Margarodini • Genus Porphyrophora • Species polonica (L), 1758 Picture by V.Timokhanov Photos by I.Foldi from Kozstarab, Kozar, 1985

Ancient map of collecting sites for Porhorophora polonica (L.) First published pictures of Porphyrophora polonica (L.) by J.P. Breyn (1731)

Some textile tissues colored by carmine; it was produced from Porphyrophora insects: A – XI century in Spain, B – ancient Iranian carmine; background – ancient carmine tissue ( by Dominique Cardon (1990))

The Polish carmine scale ( Porphyrophora polonica ) inhabits the steppe and forest- steppe zones of Eurasia, from Central Europe to Eastern Mongolia, and it also penetrates through steppe biotopes of North and West Tien-Shan to the Hissar Ridge in Tajikistan. The wide distribution and polyphagy of P. polonica allows us to assess morphological variability within P. polonica , and compare it to its close relative, P. ussuriensis . Because external morphology of females is of prime importance, females from different populations throughout the species range were examined. Patterns in morphological diversity allowed us to predict the form of populations of P. polonica thought to be present in West China (Xinjang), and to assess Distribution of Poprhyrophora polonica (L.) similarity between some populations of P. polonica and P. ussuriensis .

According to our research Polish carmine scale lives on more than 60 host-plants from 20 genera 15 families in European part of distribution (there are not Fabaceae and Rubiaceae). In Kazakhstan it lives on 13 species from 9 genera 5 families (Caryophyllaceae, Rosaceae, Fabaceae, Asteraceae, and Rubiaceae). In Mongolia - 5 species of the genus Caragana (Fabaceae) and Cleistogenes squ- arosa (Poaceae). The common host-plants: for Europe and Kazakhstan - Dianthus , Fragaria , Potentilla as well as representatives of Caryophyllaceae , Rosaceae and Asteraceae . for Kazakhstan and Mongolia – representatives of Fabaceae for Mongolia and Europe – representatives of Poaceae The composition of host-plants in Europe is richer than in Potentilla bifurca eastern part of distribution. in Dzhungarian Alatau Mts. (Kazakhstan)

The list of determined host-plants of Porphyrophora polonica (L.) Caragana microphylla, C. bungei, C. pygmeae, Spergularia campestris, S.sp., C. leucophloea, Herniaria glabra, Festuca valesiaca, Scleranthus perennis, S. annus, Secale sp., Cerastium semidecanorum, C. dentatum, Cleistogenes squarosa, Myosoton aquaticum, Seseli annuum, Melandryum album, Pimpinella sp., Silene wolgensis, Galatella haupti, Dianthus sp., Hieracium pilosella, Gypsophila sp., Origanum vulgare, Potentilla erecta, P. argentea, Polygonum alpinum, P. anserina, P. bifurca, P. recta, Melampyrum sp., P. conferta, P. orientalis, Galium ruthenicum, Fragaria vesca, Fragaria sp., Alkanna tinctoria, Siballdianthe adpressa, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Female of Porphyrophora polonica Astragalus sp., Parietaria sp.,

Copulation Male Female Male’s nymph Cysts or second Male’s instar larvae mobile larva Cysts or second instar larvae First First instar instar larvae larva eggs Life circle of Porphyrophora species (pictures by V.Timokhanov & R. Jashenko )

The wide distribution and polyphagy of P. polonica allows us to assess morphological variability within P. polonica , and compare it to its close relative, P. ussuriensis . P. polonica P. ussuriensis Because of external morphology of females is of prime importance, females from different populations throughout the species range were examined. Patterns in morphological diversity allowed us to predict the form of populations of P. polonica thought to be present in West China (Xianjiang), and to assess similarity between some populations of P. polonica and P. ussuriensis . Distribution of P. polonica and P. ussuriensis

Region # Region and collecting site Host-plants A total of 298 females Poland 1 Warsaw Province, Skolimov, 17-27.June.1906 (A.Mordvilko) Scleranthus sp . POLAND were studied from 29 2 Polska,okolice Kolisza,Pomorskiego, 16.07.1965 (H.Werner) unknown Ukraine populations in the 3 Kherson area, Big Alexandrovka Aug.1929 (A.Kirichenko) Dianthus sp. UKRAINE 4 Belgorod, 21-24.August.1985 (A.Prisniy) unknown forest-steppe and 5 Donetsk area, Svyatogorsk,5.July.1962, (E.Tereznikova). Potentilla impolita West Siberia steppe biotopes from 6 Baraba steppe,1961 (I. Stebaev) unknown Kazakhstan: 7 Kalbinskiy Rdg., Tavricheskoe Vlg., dry steppe, 27.July.1961 (G.Matesova) Potentilla bifurca 8 Slopes Kalbinskiy Rdg., Leninka Vlg., steppe, 1.July.1961 (G.Matesova) Potentilla recta ALTAI 9 Kalbinskiy Rdg., Shebundy Vlg., 19.July.1961, steppe, (G.Matesova) Potentilla bifurca Poland , 10 Azutau Rdg., 20 km N-E Alekseevka, h=1300 m, steppe, Potentilla bifurca 24. July.1986 (R.Jashenko) Ukraine , 11 Slopes Saur Rdg., Zaisan Town, steppe, 1.July. 1962 (G.Matesova) Potentilla bifurca SAUR 12 Saur Rdg, Przhevalskoe, Kenderlik River-bed, 21.July.1986 (R.Jashenko) Potentilla bifurca Kazakhstan , 13 Saur Rdg., 20 km S. Zaisan, steppe slope, h-1100 m, 18.July.1986 (R.Jashenko) Potentilla bifurca 14 30 km W. Ayaguz, steppe, 21.July.1986 (R.Jashenko) Potentilla bifurca Russia (southeastern Siberia, EAST KAZAKH 15 Semipalatinsk City, 9 km S Big Vladimirovka, pinus forest in river-bed, 5.July.1978 Melandryum album TABLE LAND Tuva), (G.Matesova) TARBAGATAY North slopes of Tarbagatay Rdg. Mongolia 16 31 km S. Kyzylkesek, dry steppe, 9.July.1986 (R.Jashenko) Potentilla bifurca North slopes: 17 40 km S. Tarbagatay Vlg., steppe site among subalpine meadow, h-1800 m, Potentilla bifurca 5.July.1986 (R. Jashenko) 18 40 km S. Tarbagatay Vlg., stony dry steppe site, Potentilla bifurca as well as steppe biotopes, h-1300 m, 5.July.1986 (R.Jashenko) South slopes of Tarbagatay Rdg.: slopes and mountains of 19 33 km E.Tarbagatay, steppe, 8.July.1986 (R.Jashenko) Gallium ruthenicum South slopes: 20 Blagodarnoe Vlg., Keldemurat river-bed, steppe, h-900m, 6.August.1986 Potentilla bifurca (R.Jashenko) 21 North slopes of Dzhungarian Alatau Mts., Topolevka, steppe, h-1000m, Potentilla bifurca Altai , 27.July.1985 (R.Jashenko) DZHUNGARIA 22 Koyandytau Rdg., 10 km E. Araltobe, steppe, 13.July.1985 (R.Jashenko) Potentilla bifurca N ALATAU Saur , 23 South slopes of Dzhungarian Alatau Mts., 6 km NN-E. Sarybel, steppe, 9.July.1987 Potentilla bifurca (R.Jashenko) Tarbagatay , Central Tien-Shan 24 South slopes of Terskey Alatau Rdg., Sary-Zhas Valley, h-2900 m, 20.July.1989 (I. Potentilla sp. Dzhungarian Alatau , Kabak) South Kazakhstan Terskey Alatau TALASSKIY 25 Kuyuk Pass, 11.July.1958 (G.Matesova) Dianthus sp. ALATAU Mts. 26 N-W slopes of Aksay Valley, 28.June.1966 (G.Matesova) Dianthus sp. Hissar . Tajikistan TAJIKISTAN 27 Hissar Rdg., Ziddy Vlg., 18-20.July.1944 (N.Borchsenius) Medicago sp. Tuva 28 Sayany, Agar Rdg., Urzin, steppe above the Tes-Khem river-bed, 21.July.1961 unknown TUVA (D.Berman) Mongolia 29 South coast Kerulen River, Tumentsogt, 7. August. 1982, (Ulykpan) Caragana MONGOLIA microphilla

Eighteen females of # Collecting site Host-plants P. ussuriensis from . Buryatia (Russia), Russian Far east, Primrskiy Kray: Mongolia 1. Mikhaylovskiy district, Grigorievka Vlg., 1.Sept.1939 Russian Far East (Suleymanov, Shutova). Potentilla sp. were studied. LECTOTYPE and 6 PARALECTOTYPES 2. Ussuriysk City, 18.July.1961 (V. Tryapitsyn) Fabaceae Estimation of 3. Vladivistok City, Shamora Bay, 29.June.1937 (A. Kirichenko), morphological similarity Potentilla sp. and 10.July.1963 (E.Danzig) was done according to Buryatia: indices of intrapopulation diversity, frequency of 4. Tunkin Valley, 30 km E. Arshan, 30.July.1970 (E.Danzig) Potentilla bifurca the rare morphs, and Mongolia: similarity among 5. East-Gobi Aimak, 30 km E-SE Dzavsar-Bulak, 25.July.1971 Potentilla acaulis populations, (I.Kerzhner) 6. Sukhote-Batyr Aimak, Tumentsogt, 25.July.1983 (Ulykpan) Koeleria cristata as suggested by Zhivotovskiy (1981).

For analysis, specimens were compared from 7 geographic areas: Poland , Ukraine, Altai, Saur, East Kazakh Table Land, Tarbagatay, Dzhungarian. Similarly, specimens were compared from three different hosts: Dianthus from Ukraine and South Kazakhstan, Potentilla from Ukraine and Kazakhstan, Potentilla bifurca from Kazakhstan. Eighteen females of P. ussuriensis from Buryatia (Russia), Mongolia and Russian Far East were studied. Estimation of morphological similarity was done according to indices of intrapopulation diversity, frequency of the rare morphs, and similarity among populations, as suggested by Zhivotovskiy (1981). Potentilla bifurca with P. polonica cyst on the ruts.

D A B C Morphology of P . polonica (female): A – scheme picture, used in publication; E B,C,D,E – photo of microscopic slides, Tuva population (env. Urzin Town); B- antennae, legs and thoracic spiracle; C - thoracic spiracle; D – left antenna; E- abdominal sternites

A total of 15 morphological characters were analyzed: Character I – number of antenna segments, 3 morphs: 1) 7-segmented, 2) 8-segmented, 3) 7th and 8th segments are joined on half.