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The iLab Experience

a blended learning hands-on course concept

Smart Space Orchestration (s2o) Part I: Hardware

Nov 29, 2017

Three parts

• DIY HW
• DIY SW
• P2P Measurements

ds2os.org/

Orchestration Distributed Smart 2pace System

ID card-based Reconfiguration of a Smart Room

Profile mop Profile b Profile Standby

The ID cards can be used to configure Smart Environments

Profile Store

Profile mop Profile b Profile Standby

ID card Profile Store Profile mop Profile b Profile Standby

The ID cards can be used to configure Smart Environments

alarm ceiling light PC shutters …

“So what?”

DIY Hardware

13€ 60€ 10€ 40€

<200€

Dave Mellis Tom Igoe Gianluca Martino David Cuartielles Massimo Banzi time 2005 Creating your own hardware is difficult. Creating your own hardware is easy. *HW Maker Culture

Orchestration Distributed Smart 2pace System

TWO DIY Maker Cultures

DIY Hardware

DIY Software

Arduino DS2OS Smart Device Smart Space App time 2016

A computing system that is typically embedded, interfaces its environment via sensors and actuators, and can be remotely managed.

2005

Portable easy-to-program applications that manage smart environments.

Creating your own IoT Software Apps is difficult. Creating your own IoT Software Apps is easy.

Orchestration Distributed Smart 2pace System

DIY Hardware

DIY Hardware

DIY Software Arduino DS2OS Smart Device Smart Space App time 2016

ds2os.org/

Orchestration Distributed Smart 2pace System

s2o - hardware

Marc-Oliver Pahl

Orchestration Distributed Smart 2pace System

What is this about?

Smart Devices

A hardware device that can sense and interact with its environment via sensors and actuators, and that can be managed remotely using software is called Smart Device.

Smart Spaces

A physical space that contains smart devices is called Smart Space.

Smart Space Orchestration

Monitoring and controlling (managing) Smart Devices within a Smart Space with software is called Smart Space Orchestration.

Orchestration Distributed Smart 2pace System

Creating Hardware

time 2005 Creating your own hardware is difficult. Creating your own hardware is easy.

Orchestration Distributed Smart 2pace System

Massimo Banzi - one of the creators of Arduino 2012 TED talk

Orchestration Distributed Smart 2pace System

Arduino Video

• Arduino
• Created 2005 at IVREA for simplifying interaction design class
• Industrie 3.0 (create objects on your own)
• Open Source Hardware => Makers Movement
• “you have unlocked” … “I just feel overwhelmed” … “going into

every field you could imagine”

Orchestration Distributed Smart 2pace System

Do It Yourself (DIY) Hardware

You will experience it in this lab…

Orchestration Distributed Smart 2pace System

Introduction to Electronics

The electrical engineering details will not be part of the exam.

Orchestration Distributed Smart 2pace System

Electrical Engineering Basics / Refreshment with Alexander Güssow

Agenda

• Introduction to Electronics

– Voltage and current – Units and parameters – Resistance: Ohms Law and Kirchhoff's Laws – (Light Emitting) Diodes

• Common Sensor types

2

Voltage in practice

• Voltage 𝒗 𝒖 : ℝ → ℝ
• Always measured between two points
• 𝑣 𝑢 = 𝑑 where 𝑑 ∈ ℝ

DC Voltage

• 𝑣 𝑢 = û sin 2𝜌𝑔𝑢

AC Voltage

• Touching >50V AC or >120V DC can harm you

7

Voltmeters measure static and fluctuating voltages

Source: Fluke 80 Series V User Manual, May 2004 Rev.2, 11/08, page 14 8

Oscilloscopes display time-variant voltage curves

Source: https://www.adafruit.com/products/2145, 18.11.2015

Current

• Voltage sources: Pump analogy
• Closing the circuit

– Charge Flow?

Current is the charge flow rate in a circuit in Coulomb/s.

10

Current in practice

• Current 𝒋 𝒖 : ℝ → ℝ
• Different charged particles
• Actual direction unknown
• Closed electric circuit
• Stopping large currents quickly is dangerous

11

Ammeters measure static and fluctuating currents

Source: Fluke 80 Series V User Manual, May 2004 Rev.2, 11/08, page 25 12

Voltage and Current

Measurements

14 Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Masc henregel.svg, 19.11.15 Source: Adapted from http://www.elektronik-kompendium.de/sites/grd/0201113.htm, 19.11.15

Common units and parameters

15

Name Symbol SI-Unit Formula Voltage U or u(t) or V V Current I or i(t) A Electric Power P W 𝑄 = 𝑉 ⋅ 𝐽 Electric Energy W Ws, J 𝑋 = 𝑄 ⋅ 𝑢 Electrical resistance R Ohm (Ω) 𝑆 = 𝑉/𝐽

Ohms Law

• R is constant
• One free variable remains
• Intrinsic property
• Physical device: Resistor
• Color of the rings encodes

their value

Resistance

𝑆 = 𝑉 𝐽 Resistor (circuit symbol) Resistor (picture)

Source: Adapted from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/FourIVcurves.svg, 19.11.15

𝐽(𝑉) = 𝑉 ⋅ 1 𝑆

Resistor Current-Voltage characteristic

Resistor color codes

Source: http://www.digikey.com/- /media/Images/Marketing/Resources/Calcul ators/resistor-color-chart.jpg, 19.11.15 18

Kirchhoffs 1st Law

„The sum of currents into and out of any single node of a network is always zero.“ Pay attention to the direction of the current-arrows:

• Arrows into a node are positive
• Arrows out of a node are negative

Kirchhoffs 1st law holds for all nodes in a circuit.

𝑗𝑙

𝑜 𝑙=1

= 0

Source: http://www.elektronik-kompendium.de/sites/grd/0608011.htm, 19.11.2015

𝐽 − 𝐽1 − 𝐽2 − 𝐽3 = 0

Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kirchhoff%27s_Current_Law.svg, 19.11.2015

Kirchhoffs 2nd Law

„The sum of Voltages in any closed loop through a cirquit is always zero.“ Source: http://www.elektronik-kompendium.de/sites/grd/0608011.htm, as of 19.11.2015

𝑉2 + 𝑉1 − 𝑉𝑟1 − 𝑉𝑟2 = 0

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kirshhoff-example.svg, as of 19.11.2015

𝜁1 − 𝑆1 ⋅ 𝑗1

𝑃ℎ𝑛𝑡 𝑀𝑏𝑥

− 𝑆2 ⋅ 𝑗2 = 0 𝜁2 − 𝜁1 − 𝑆2 ⋅ 𝑗2 − 𝑆3 ⋅ 𝑗3 = 0

Resistor superposition

Series circuit 𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑢𝑏𝑚 = 𝑆𝑙

𝑜 𝑙=1

Parallel circuit 𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑢𝑏𝑚 = 1 1 𝑆𝑙

𝑜 𝑙=1

Source: http://www.iris.uni-stuttgart.de/lehre/eggenberger/eti/, Chapter 8, as of 19.11.2015

Voltage divider circuit

Known: U Wanted: R1 and R2 such that U1 and U2 are what we want

• Choose two of: I, R1, R2
• Then solve:

𝑉1 = 𝑉 𝑆1 𝑆𝑘

𝑜 𝑘=0

• Loading the output also

changes U1 and U2

Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Einfacher- unbelasteter-Spannungsteiler.svg, as of 19.11.2015

Current divider circuit

Given I, R1 and R2, what are I1 and I2? 𝐽1 = 𝐽 1/ 1/𝑆𝑘

𝑜 𝑘=0

𝑆1

Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Stromteiler.svg, as of 19.11.2015

(Light Emitting) Diodes – I-V Diagram

Source: http://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/76367/accounting-for- led-resistance, as of 19.11.15

LEDs I-V Diagram, Case specs

Source: http://www.electronics.dit.ie/staff/tscarff/DT089_Physical_Computing_1 /LEDS/Leds.htm, as of 19.11.15

How to actually use LEDs

• 𝐽𝐸𝑗𝑝𝑒𝑓 𝑊

𝐸 = 𝐽𝑇 𝑓

𝑊𝐸 𝑜⋅𝑊𝑈 − 1

• Current rises exponentially with voltage
• Diodes will break if the 𝐽𝐺 current is exceeded
• Linearize & shift this using a Resistor in Series
• Kirchhoff‘s 1st gives: 𝐽𝑀𝐹𝐸 = 𝐽𝑆 so let 𝐽 = 𝐽𝐺

𝑛𝑏𝑦

• Choose suitable R such that the LED is only at about

80% 𝐽𝐺

𝑛𝑏𝑦 when the circuit is operating

Resistor-Diode and Diode I-V Diagram

Source: Own work using LTSpice simulation program, IN4148 Diode

Common Sensors

Resistive type

• Used like a resistor
• Resistance will change

with measure

• Correlation can be non-

linear Digital type

• Analog – Digital

conversion on-chip

• Digital signal

– PWM (Automotive) – Manufacturer specific protocol – Bus (I2C, CAN, ...)

Microcontroller interfaces

I2C / TWI GND, TCL, SDA Master-Slave-Bus GPIOs PxN, i.e. PB1

29

UART / Serial TIA-232-F GND, Rx, Tx Point-to-Point SPI SCLK, MOSI, MISO, nSS / nCS Master-Slave-Bus Selected Star or Daisy-Chaining

Using Manufacturer Specific Interfaces

• Read Datasheet

– Voltage levels – Timing requirements – Sample comm diagrams

• Debugging tools (multimeter, oscilloscope

protocol analyzer)

• Real time requirements

(Embedded) Computer Architecture

Bare metal

• Avoid non-determination
• Get maximum run time
• Similar to OS-like solutions

– Preemption – Priorities – Cyclic approach – Event driven approach

Operating system

• Desktop OS are non-

deterministic

• Real time OS (RTOS)

– Priority Scheduling – Preemptive Scheduling

• System libraries run time is

known / bounded

Arduino Mega 2560

• 16 MHz ATmega2560
• 8 kB RAM
• GPIO, max. 1 MHz
• UART, I2C, SPI
• ADC, (PWMDAC)
• Bare Bones

34

Arduino Hardware Architecture

36

ATmegaX: 8-Bit Harvard RISC

USB/Programmer (ATmega16U2)