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The Emergence of Science: The Standard Model of Cosmology Ubi Wichoski Laurentian University Ubi Wichoski By Anonymous - Camille Flammarion, L'Atmosphre: Mtorologie Populaire (Paris, 1888), pp. 163., Public Domain,

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Ubi Wichoski Laurentian University

By Anonymous - Camille Flammarion, L'Atmosphère: Météorologie Populaire (Paris, 1888),

  • pp. 163., Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=318054

The Emergence of Science: The Standard Model of Cosmology

Ubi Wichoski

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Outlook

  • Philosophy and Cosmology
  • Early studies and discoveries
  • The scientific method and instrumentation
  • Cosmology as Science
  • Standard Model of Cosmology
  • The Standard Model of Particle Physics
  • Summary of the thermal history of the Universe
  • Precision era of Cosmology
  • What we know that we don’t know
  • What we don’t know that we don’t know
  • Conclusions

Lecture Series: Philosophy and Cosmology UW - Oct. 2, 2019

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Philosophy and Cosmology

  • The Universe has been a subject of study for millennia
  • What are the questions that have been asked?
  • Ultimately, what do we want to know?
  • What the means and methods that we have been employing?
  • What is progress?
  • Where do we stand now?
  • How did we get here?
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Early studies and discoveries

  • Aristotle and the Greeks: The Universe
  • Astronomers: Eudoxus, Callippus à Spheres à Aristotle à Physical model of the Universe
  • Aristotle epistemology: based on the study of things that exist or happen in the world à the

knowledge of the universal is achieved by induction from the knowledge of the particular, and the use of deduction

  • Unaided observation of the sky
  • 5 planets known: Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn
  • Moon
  • Sun
  • Star shell

Ptolemy, Hipparchus à Epicycles à explains the retrograde motion of the planets

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Early studies and discoveries

  • Aristotle and the Greeks: The Universe
  • Epicycles à very convoluted model
  • Spherical Earth
  • Antikythera à complexity only matched by devices in the

14th century

  • J. Ferguson (1710-1776), based on diagrams by G. Cassini (1625-1712)

Antikythera: used to predict astronomical positions

Universe: Geocentric, eternal and finite distinction between here and beyond

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Early studies and discoveries

  • Aristotle and the Greeks: Matter
  • Democritus à Atomism

Aristotle's elements Element Hot/Cold Wet/Dry Mo1on Possible associa1on Earth Cold Dry Down Solid Water Cold Wet Down Liquid Air Hot Wet Up Gas Fire Hot Dry Up Plasma Aether (divine substance) — Circular (in heavens) Dark energy??

  • What is matter made of?
  • What is the Universe made of?
  • Content difference between here and beyond

Example of a syllogism In words In terms All men are mortal. M a P All Greeks are men. S a M All Greeks are mortal. S a P

  • Syllogism: Type of proof

Dark ages à Earth is flat again

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Early studies and discoveries

  • Copernicus and Galileo: The Universe
  • Universe: Heliocentric, rebirth of science
  • Experimentation à Knowledge through measurements
  • Instrumentation à Telescope
  • Unaided observations à not accurate data

Heliocentric Universe: easier to explain the retrograde motion of the planets

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Early studies and discoveries

  • Newton and Maxwell: The Universe
  • Universe: Heliocentric, infinite, absolute time
  • Experimentation à Knowledge through measurements
  • Instrumentation à Better instruments, better knowledge of the solar system
  • More and more accurate data
  • New theories

Newton: Theory of Gravitation Maxwell: Electromagnetic theory

Pillars of Classical Physics

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Early studies and discoveries

  • Newton and Maxwell: Matter

Newton: Theory of Gravitation Maxwell: Electromagnetic theory

And beyond…

What are atoms made of? Democritus à Newton/Maxwell à Thomson à Rutherford à Bohr….

… Quantum Mechanics, ParUcle Physics…

* NegaUve electrons orbiUng posiUve nuclei * NegaUve electrons orbiUng nuclei made of protons and neutrons * Protons and neutrons are made of quarks

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Early studies and discoveries

  • Newton and Maxwell: Matter

Newton: Theory of Gravitation Maxwell: Electromagnetic theory

And beyond…

What are atoms made of? Democritus à Newton/Maxwell à Thomson à Rutherford à Bohr….

… Quantum Mechanics, ParUcle Physics…

* NegaUve electrons orbiUng posiUve nuclei * NegaUve electrons orbiUng nuclei made of protons and neutrons * Protons and neutrons are made of quarks

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Early studies and discoveries

ScienUfic Method

DATA HYPOTHESIS PREDICTIONS PATTERNS

  • Observations
  • Controlled experiments
  • Measurement
  • Uncertainty
  • Scientific theories do not represent

the absolute truths

  • Scientific theories are provisional

explanations consistent with the available evidence

  • This also applies to the Scientific

Method itself

Scientific theories

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Cosmology as Science

Reaching beyond the solar system: W. Herschel

  • Milky Way à a separate “Island Universe”
  • Observation of thousands of “Island Universes” à distant galaxies, nebulae, supernova remnants (1783)

Nebula: Island universes

  • Later (1850) à Spiral structure of nearby galaxies
  • Confirmed by Hubble (1924) as extragalactic objects
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Observa1onal basis

§ Expansion of the Universe § Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) § Primordial Nucleosynthesis § Large Scale Structure § AcceleraUon

Standard Model of Cosmology

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14 t R(t1) R(t3) R(t2)

Standard Model of Cosmology Hubble 1920: linear relaUonship between velocity that the galaxies recede from us and their distance

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15 WMAP

2009

PLANCK

Standard Model of Cosmology

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Preferred Referential

Standard Model of Cosmology CMB monopole à T = 2.725 K CMB dipole à T = 3.353 mK Blue = 2.721 K and Red = 2.729 K

NASA / WMAP Science Team

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Primordial Nucleosynthesis

Standard Model of Cosmology

…

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Standard Model of Cosmology

Structure formation

ESA – C. Carreau NASA, ESA, G. Illingworth, D. Magee, and P. Oesch (University of California, Santa Cruz), R. Bouwens (Leiden University), and the HUDF09 Team

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Standard Model of Cosmology

Accelerating expansion

R(t)

RD MD DE

~ 6000 yr ~now NASA/STSci/Ann Feild

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Theore1cal basis

§ Cosmological Principle § General RelaUvity

§ Geometry of the spaceUme § Perfect Fluid descripUon of ma\er

§ Standard Model of ParUcle Physics

Standard Model of Cosmology

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Cosmological Principle To a good approximation on large scales the Universe is homogeneous and isotropic There are no privileged positions or directions Observations Large Scale Structure (LSS) data shows no structure on scales greater than 100 Mpc CMB is homogeneous and isotropic better to 1 part in 10,000

Standard Model of Cosmology

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Standard Model of Cosmology

Geometry of the spatial sections

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The presence of ma\er (energy) makes the spaceUme curved

Le] hand side: “Geometry” Right hand side: “Physics”

µν µν µν µν µν

π g T G R g R G Λ + = − ≡ 8

2 1

General Relativity

Standard Model of Cosmology

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Periodic Table of Elements

1

H

Hydrogen 1766 Atomic Number

Symbol

Name Year Discovered * ** * ** 1

H

Hydrogen 1766 2

He

Helium 1868 3

Li

Lithium 1817 4

Be

Beryllium 1798 5

B

Boron 1808 6

C

Carbon Ancient 7

N

Nitrogen 1772 8

O

Oxygen 1774 9

F

Fluorine 1670 10

Ne

Neon 1898 11

Na

Sodium 1807 12

Mg

Magnesium 1808 13

Al

Aluminum Ancient 14

Si

Silicon 1854 15

P

Phosphorus 1669 16

S

Sulfur Ancient 17

Cl

Chlorine 1774 18

Ar

Argon 1894 19

K

Potassium 1807 20

Ca

Calcium Ancient 21

Sc

Scandium 1879 22

Ti

Titanium 1791 23

V

Vanadium 1801 24

Cr

Chromium 1797 25

Mn

Manganese 1774 26

Fe

Iron Ancient 27

Co

Cobalt 1735 28

Ni

Nickel 1751 29

Cu

Copper Ancient 30

Zn

Zinc 1746 31

Ga

Gallium 1875 32

Ge

Germanium 1886 33

As

Arsenic Ancient 34

Se

Selenium 1817 35

Br

Bromine 1826 36

Kr

Krypton 1898 37

Rb

Rubidium 1861 38

Sr

Strontium 1790 39

Y

Yttrium 1794 40

Zr

Zirconium 1789 41

Nb

Niobium 1801 42

Mo

Molybdenum 1778 43

Tc

Technetium 1937 44

Ru

Ruthenium 1827 45

Rh

Rhodium 1803 46

Pd

Palladium 1803 47

Ag

Silver Ancient 48

Cd

Cadmium 1817 49

In

Indium 1863 50

Sn

Tin Ancient 51

Sb

Antimony Ancient 52

Te

Tellurium 1782 53

I

Iodine 1811 54

Xe

Xenon 1898 55

Cs

Cesium 1860 56

Ba

Barium 1808 72

Hf

Hafnium 1923 73

Ta

Tantalum 1802 74

W

Tungsten 1783 75

Re

Rhenium 1925 76

Os

Osmium 1803 77

Ir

Iridium 1803 78

Pt

Platinum 1735 79

Au

Gold Ancient 80

Hg

Mercury Ancient 81

Tl

Thallium 1861 82

Pb

Lead Ancient 83

Bi

Bismuth 1753 84

Po

Polonium 1898 85

At

Astatine 1940 86

Rn

Radon 1900 87

Fr

Francium 1939 88

Ra

Radium 1898 104

Rf

Rutherfordium 1964 105

Db

Dubnium 1967 106

Sg

Seaborgium 1974 107

Bh

Bohrium 1976 108

Hs

Hassium 1984 109

Mt

Meitnerium 1982 110

Ds

Darmstadtium 1994 111

Rg

Roentgenium 1994 112

Cn

Copernicium 1996 113

Nh

Nihonium 2004 114

Fl

Flerovium 1998 115

Mc

Moscovium 2003 116

Lv

Livermorium 2000 117

Ts

Tennessine 2010 118

Og

Oganesson 2006 57

La

Lanthanum 1839 58

Ce

Cerium 1803 59

Pr

Praseodymium 1885 60

Nd

Neodymium 1885 61

Pm

Promethium 1945 62

Sm

Samarium 1879 63

Eu

Europium 1901 64

Gd

Gadolinium 1880 65

Tb

Terbium 1843 66

Dy

Dysprosium 1886 67

Ho

Holmium 1878 68

Er

Erbium 1843 69

Tm

Thulium 1879 70

Yb

Ytterbium 1878 71

Lu

Lutetium 1907 89

Ac

Actinium 1899 90

Th

Thorium 1828 91

Pa

Protactinium 1913 92

U

Uranium 1789 93

Np

Neptunium 1940 94

Pu

Plutonium 1940 95

Am

Americium 1944 96

Cm

Curium 1944 97

Bk

Berkelium 1949 98

Cf

Californium 1950 99

Es

Einsteinium 1952 100

Fm

Fermium 1952 101

Md

Mendelevium 1955 102

No

Nobelium 1957 103

Lr

Lawrencium 1961

The Standard Model of Particle Physics

The elements Air showers

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25 CDF Detector

Accelerators: Subatomic particles

The Standard Model of Particle Physics

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The Standard Model of Particle Physics

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Summary of the thermal history of the Universe

  • Electroweak phase transi1on

(t ~ 10-12 sec; T~300 GeV ~3×1015 K)

  • GUT phase transi1on

(t ~ 10-34 sec; T~1015 GeV ~1028 K)

  • Infla1on

(t ~10-38 sec; T~1016 GeV ~1029 K )

  • Universe size increases by a factor ≈ e60;
  • Planck era

(t ~ 10-44 sec; T~1019 GeV ~1032 K)

  • Plasma of relaUvisUc parUcles (photons, quarks,

leptons, gauge bosons, Higgs bosons) Time (t) Temperature (T) http://www.ctc.cam.ac.uk/outreach/origins/big_bang

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Summary of the thermal history of the Universe

  • Electron-positron annihila1on

(t ~ 4 sec; T<0.5 MeV ~6×109 K)

  • Neutron freeze-out

(t ~ 2 sec; T~0.7 MeV ~8×109 K)

  • Neutrinos decouple

(t ~ 1 sec; T~1 MeV ~1010 K)

  • Cosmological neutrinos decouple from the

primordial “soup” but keep the same temperature

  • Quark-Hadron phase transi1on

(t ~ 10-10 sec; T~100 GeV ~1015 K)

Time (t) Temperature (T) http://www.ctc.cam.ac.uk/outreach/origins/big_bang

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Summary of the thermal history of the Universe

  • Reioniza1on
  • Start of the structure forma1on
  • Recombina1on

(t ~ 1012 sec; T~1 eV ~104 K )

  • Ma\er and radiaUon decouple. End of the

thermal equilibrium

  • Surface of last sca\ering (CMB)
  • FormaUon of hydrogen atoms
  • Temperature of the surface of the Sun: ~

6×103 K

  • Maber-Radia1on equality

(t ~ 1010 sec; T~10 eV ~105 K )

  • Temperature of the core of the Sun: ~

15×106 K

  • Primordial Nucleosynthesis

(t ~ 102 sec; T~0.1 MeV ~109 K )

  • Cosmological producUon of D, 3He, 4He, 7Li

1me (t) Temperature (T) http://www.ctc.cam.ac.uk/outreach/origins/big_bang

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Precision era of Cosmology

The Supernova Cosmology Project, Amanullah et al., ApJ 2010 (arXiv:1004.1711)

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The cons1tuents of our Universe

Here, there and everywhere

NASA / WMAP Science Team

Precision era of Cosmology

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32 X-ray image (pink) superimposed over a visible light image (galaxies), with matter distribution calculated from gravitational lensing (blue).

Bullet Cluster

What we know that we don’t know: Dark Matter

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Galactic Halo

What we know that we don’t know: Dark Matter

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What we know that we don’t know: Dark Energy

R(t)

RD MD DE

~ 6000 yr ~now

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  • The very early Universe cannot be studied with our present theories
  • The present instruments/equipment do not allow for us to replicate

the conditions found at the very early Universe

  • General Relativity and Quantum Mechanics are incompatible

(minute size, high energy, strong gravitational field regime)

  • At the same time, recent data/observation just reinforce their

predictions

Lecture Series: Philosophy and Cosmology

UW - Oct. 2, 2019 35

What we don’t know that we don’t know: Dark Energy

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Conclusions

  • What is progress?
  • Are we asking the right questions??
  • Philosophy and Cosmology?

Lecture Series: Philosophy and Cosmology

UW - Oct. 2, 2019 36