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THE DISCOVERY OF ELEMENTS Dr. K. Guruswamy National Chemical - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Mar 06, 2023 •424 likes •803 views

THE DISCOVERY OF ELEMENTS Dr. K. Guruswamy National Chemical Laboratory (NCL), Pune. http://www.excitingscience.org SUPPORTED BY: What are ELEMENTS? PURE chemical substances having ONE type of ATOM Examples: Hydrogen, Carbon, Iron, Gold,

  1. THE DISCOVERY OF ELEMENTS Dr. K. Guruswamy National Chemical Laboratory (NCL), Pune. http://www.excitingscience.org SUPPORTED BY:

  2. What are ELEMENTS? PURE chemical substances having ONE type of ATOM Examples: Hydrogen, Carbon, Iron, Gold, Oxygen, Calcium, Zinc, Copper, etc. (Which is the lightest?) 118 elements discovered until now, of which 94 occur naturally on our planet. Did we always know all 118? Not really…

  3. 1869 Ca Ni 1875 1886 Fe K Co Li Na http://www.wikipedia.org DMITRI MENDELEEV (1834 – 1907)

  4. But first, some even older history…

  5. Let us start at the very beginning: All elements are born in stars Nucleosynthesis in stars http://planck.cf.ac.uk/files/Timeline_portrait.jpg

  6. Fast forward to a few thousand years ago: The ANCIENT times

  7. “Elements” in the Ancient World India/Greece/.. Prithvi akash Jal vayu agni

  8. The Ancients Knew Some Elements Carbon Gold, Silver, Copper, Carbon, Sulphur, Mercury, Tin, Lead, Iron, Known to Greeks, Romans, Known to Greeks, Romans, Egyptians/Middle East, Chinese, Indians Egyptians/Middle East, Chinese, Indians

  9. CARBON – LIFE IS CARBON-BASED THE CHEMISTRY OF CARBON-CARBON BONDS Chemists want to control making/breaking C-C bonds Many NOBEL PRIZES for learning to make/break C-C bonds Nobel prize – MOST prestigious science prize POLYMERS – from C-C bonds PROTEINS, DNA are polymers SYNTHETIC POLYMERS Polythene Nylon Rubber

  10. C-C BOND FORMATION IN NYLON DEMONSTRATION: Synthesis of NYLON

  11. POLYACRYLIC ACID: Gelation DEMONSTRATION: Gelation

  12. CARBON COMPOUNDS/CO 2 Oil: The starting point for polymers Why I chose to get into science… CO 2 : Problems due to our extreme reliance on carbon based fossil fuels

  13. Fast forward from ancient times to a few hundred years ago: The MEDIEVAL times

  14. Fast Forward to the MEDIEVAL AGE in Europe SEARCH FOR: PHILOSOPHER’S STONE Convert metals into GOLD ELIXIR of LIFE http://www.wikipedia.org

  15. PHOSPHOROUS (P) Henning Brand, Hamburg, Germany 1669 http://www.wikipedia.org White phosphorous is DANGEROUS Volatile, Toxic (Phossy Jaw) Highly inflammable

  16. Chemistry Comes Alive: ACS White P 4 – Video

  17. Red P 4 – Safety Matches http://www.wikipedia.org Potassium chlorate + binder Red phosphorous + powdered glass

  18. RED PHOSPHOROUS: The Match Experiment Demonstration

  19. http://www.youtube.com Discovery of ELEMENTS

  20. Goldwhite and Adams, J. Chem. Edu. (1970) Discovery of ELEMENTS

  21. THE ERA OF ELECTROCHEMISTRY In 1800, Volta invented Humphry Davy, UK the BATTERY 1.5 VOLT battery Humphrey Davy discovered 5 elements (1807 – 1808): Strontium, Magnesium, Boron, Calcium, Barium http://www.wikipedia.org Davy’s father was a woor carver. Davy came from a modest background, but attended school and taught himself philosophy, science and poetry. Became the most famous chemist in UK

  22. Humphry Davy: Demonstrations

  23. DEMONSTRATION Electrolysis

  24. Magnesium FIREWORKS FLARES

  25. DEMONSTRATION Mg burning

  26. THE ERA OF ELECTROCHEMISTRY USED ELECTROLYSIS OF HF (ACID) TO GET FLUORINE http://www.wikipedia.org PRIZE OF 10000 SWISS FRANCS WHEN HE COULD REPRODUCE THIS WORK (POTASSIUM FLUORIDE IMPURITY WAS REQUIRED) 1906 NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY (MENDELEEV WAS NOMINATED BUT DIDN’T GET IT) Henri Moissan, Switzerland

  27. SPECTROSCOPY Kirchhoff: Physicist, Laws for electrical circuits Bunsen: Chemist http://www.wikipedia.org Shine light through intense, hot, nonluminous flame. Analyze the SPECTRUM Identified Cesium and Bunsen burner Rubidium Kirchhoff Bunsen

  28. SPECTROSCOPY – FLAME TEST DEMONSTRATION: Flame Test

  29. SPECTROSCOPY – RARE EARTHS

  30. RARE EARTH Are not really RARE Exist in high concentrations in the earth’s crust Difficult to mine VERY IMPORTANT APPLICATIONS Neodymium; Samarium: POWERFUL MAGNETS (ELECTRONICS, COMPUTERS, MOTORS/GENERATORS), LASERS Yttrium: MICROWAVE RESONATORS PHOSPHORS for TV SCREENS, SUPERCONDUCTORS Today, CHINA produces 95% of all RARE EARTH MINERALS

  31. RARE EARTH MAGNETS

  32. Demonstration Magnetic Braking

  33. NATURAL RADIOACTIVITY Unstable nuclei emit light or particles (like alpha particles, electrons) and rearrange to form a less excited state http://www2.egat.co.th/ned/ http://laplace.physics.ubc.ca Fission/ Fissile break up is the basis of nuclear power/weapons

  34. MARIE CURIE Nobel Prize in Physics – 1903 Becquerel, Pierre and Marie Curie Research on “radiation phenomena” Nobel Prize in Chemistry – 1911 (IYC:2011 in honour of this) http://www.wikipedia.org Discovery of radium and polonium Could not find a position at Krakow University in Poland Did not get elected to the French Academy of Sciences Marie Curie grew up poor, but was well educated. Her father was a teacher of mathematics and physics in Poland.

  35. ARTIFICIALLY-MADE ELEMENTS Discovered /MADE 10 new elements 1951 Nobel Prize in Chemistry http://www.wikipedia.org Glenn T. Seaborg, USA

  36. THE LATEST ELEMENT: 117

  37. RESOURCES http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_chemical_elements_discoveries http://chemistry.about.com/od/elementfacts/a/timeline-element-discovery.htm http:// education.jlab.org/qa/discover_ele.html http://www.rsc.org/education/teachers/learnnet/periodictable/pre16/discover.doc http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/ http://www.webelements.com/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_table http://www.rsc.org/chemsoc/visualelements/pages/pertable_fla.htm http://www.chemheritage.org/ http://www.aip.org/history/curie/periodic.htm VIDEOS from: http://www.youtube.com and http://arvindguptatoys.com 117 video from the Livermore Lab, taken from www.youtube.com ACKOWLEDGEMENTS United Phosphorous (Mr. K. Desai) for the white phosphorous Electroplating trials: Dr. K. Sreekumar and Dr. K. Krishnamoorthy (NCL) Arvind Gupta (for inspiration, and for the rare earth magnets) Dr. Sayam Sengupta, Yogeshree Phadke and Bhakti Dhamdhere for discussions

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