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The deployment of Wireless Networks in The deployment of Wireless Networks in High Voltage Substations: A feasibility High Voltage Substations: A feasibility Study Study Basile L. AGBA *, S. Riendeau, H. Bertrand, J. Bland Basile L. AGBA *,

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The deployment of Wireless Networks in The deployment of Wireless Networks in High Voltage Substations: A feasibility High Voltage Substations: A feasibility Study Study

Basile L. AGBA *, S. Riendeau, H. Bertrand, J. Béland Basile L. AGBA *, S. Riendeau, H. Bertrand, J. Béland

Scientist at IREQ and Associate Prof. at ETS (University of Québec, Canada)

Electrical Power & Energy Conference, EPEC 2012 – London, Canada, 10 – 12 october 2012

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2 - Basile L. Agba EPEC 2012, London, Canada

Agenda Agenda

  • Introduction & study context

Introduction & study context

  • Channel model and simulation parameters

Channel model and simulation parameters

− Substation modeling Substation modeling − Target technologies and simulation parameters Target technologies and simulation parameters

  • Simulations results and Discussions

Simulations results and Discussions

− Coverage results Coverage results − Throughput results Throughput results − Results discussions and recommendations Results discussions and recommendations

  • Impact of impulsive noise

Impact of impulsive noise

  • Conclusion & perspectives

Conclusion & perspectives

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3 - Basile L. Agba EPEC 2012, London, Canada

Introduction & study context Introduction & study context

  • Hydro

Hydro-Québec is the most important hydro Québec is the most important hydro-electricity electricity provider in North America provider in North America

− 39 39 hydro hydro-electric power stations electric power stations − 33 000 33 000 km transportation lines ( km transportation lines (10 000 10 000 km @ km @ 735 735 kV) kV) − 505 505 substations and substations and 18 18 interconnections with USA and others interconnections with USA and others provinces of Canada provinces of Canada − 110 000 110 000 km of distribution lines km of distribution lines

  • HQ works actively to improve the interaction within the

HQ works actively to improve the interaction within the grid with Smart Grid applications grid with Smart Grid applications

  • The research institute, IREQ

The research institute, IREQ is dedicated for R&D activities is dedicated for R&D activities

Brief presentation of Hydro-Québec

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4 - Basile L. Agba EPEC 2012, London, Canada

Introduction & study context Introduction & study context What is particular for wireless in a substation ?

  • The wireless systems are affected by metallic

The wireless systems are affected by metallic structures structures

− Multiple reflexions Multiple reflexions − Diffractions and scattering Diffractions and scattering

  • In addition, impulsive noise need to be take into

In addition, impulsive noise need to be take into account account

− Partial discharges, corona effects and breaker operations are Partial discharges, corona effects and breaker operations are some potential noise sources. some potential noise sources.

We proposed to study the feasibility of We proposed to study the feasibility of deploying WiFi, WiMAX and deploying WiFi, WiMAX and 900 900 MHz MHz systems in these specific conditions systems in these specific conditions

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5 - Basile L. Agba EPEC 2012, London, Canada

Agenda Agenda

  • Introduction & study context

Introduction & study context

  • Channel model and simulation parameters

Channel model and simulation parameters

− Global architecture and channel modeling Global architecture and channel modeling − Target technologies and simulation parameters Target technologies and simulation parameters

  • Simulations results and Discussions

Simulations results and Discussions

− Coverage results Coverage results − Throughput results Throughput results − Results discussions and recommendations Results discussions and recommendations

  • Impact of impulsive noise

Impact of impulsive noise

  • Conclusion & perspectives

Conclusion & perspectives

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6 - Basile L. Agba EPEC 2012, London, Canada

Channel model & Simulation parameters Channel model & Simulation parameters

Global architecture

HV device Intranet IP phone

High voltage (HV) device

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7 - Basile L. Agba EPEC 2012, London, Canada

Channel model & Simulation parameters Channel model & Simulation parameters

Substation modeling

Concrete walls Lamps Microwave tower Transformers Buildings Concrete walls Lamps Microwave tower Transformers Buildings Concrete walls Lamps Microwave tower Transformers Buildings

To reduce the computation time, only main structures are included

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8 - Basile L. Agba EPEC 2012, London, Canada

Channel model & Simulation parameters Channel model & Simulation parameters

WiFi (IEEE WiFi (IEEE 802 802.11 11b/g/a) simulation b/g/a) simulation

  • BS parameters:

BS parameters:

− EIRP allowed in each frequency band is used: EIRP allowed in each frequency band is used:

  • 36

36 dBm in dBm in 2.4 4 GHz for GHz for 802 802.11 11 b/g (Belair ARM b/g (Belair ARM3)

  • 30

30 dBm in dBm in 5 5 GHz for GHz for 802 802.11 11a (Belair AP radio ERM a (Belair AP radio ERM 2)

  • CPE parameters:

CPE parameters:

− A fixed CPE ( A fixed CPE ( 20 20 dBm of transmit power, dBm of transmit power, 6 6 dBi of antenna gain and dBi of antenna gain and 1 1 dB loss) dB loss) − A mobile CPE (Cisco A mobile CPE (Cisco Unified IP Phone Unified IP Phone 7921 7921 G, G, with with 17 17 dBm of transmit power) dBm of transmit power)

WiMAX (IEEE WiMAX (IEEE 802 802.16 16e) simulation e) simulation

  • BS parameters:

BS parameters:

− Airspan Airspan - MicroMAX ( MicroMAX (36 36 dBm of EIRP at dBm of EIRP at 5.8 8 GHz and GHz and 10 10 MHz bandwidth) MHz bandwidth)

  • CPE parameters:

CPE parameters:

− Airspan Airspan-ProST ProST-2 2 (20 20 dBm of transmit power, dBm of transmit power, 9 9 dBi antenna gain and dBi antenna gain and 1 1 db loss) db loss)

900 900 MHz Mesh simulation MHz Mesh simulation

  • BS and CPE parameters:

BS and CPE parameters:

− 36 36 dBm of maximum EIRP: dBm of maximum EIRP: − 900 900 MHz MHz – FHSS: GE FHSS: GE-MDS radio, iNET MDS radio, iNET-II II 900 900 − 900 900 MHz MHz – OFDM: GE OFDM: GE-MDS radio, Mercury MDS radio, Mercury

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9 - Basile L. Agba EPEC 2012, London, Canada

Agenda Agenda

  • Introduction & study context

Introduction & study context

  • Channel model and simulation parameters

Channel model and simulation parameters

− Global architecture and channel modeling Global architecture and channel modeling − Target technologies and simulation parameters Target technologies and simulation parameters

  • Simulations results and Discussions

Simulations results and Discussions

− Coverage results Coverage results − Throughput results Throughput results − Results discussions and recommendations Results discussions and recommendations

  • Impact of impulsive noise

Impact of impulsive noise

  • Conclusion & perspectives

Conclusion & perspectives

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10 - Basile L. Agba EPEC 2012, London, Canada

Simulation results: Coverage Simulation results: Coverage

WiFi – 802.11 g (mobile CPE at 1.5 m AGL)

Client 802.11b 1 Mbps 802.11g 6 Mbps 802,11a 6 Mbps Fixe (m) 1556 998 484 Mobile (m) 764 490 238

  • Max. range corresponding to minimum data rate
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11 - Basile L. Agba EPEC 2012, London, Canada

Simulation results: Coverage Simulation results: Coverage

WiMAX – 802.16e (CPE with 9 dBi gain, 20 dBm power)

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12 - Basile L. Agba EPEC 2012, London, Canada

Simulation results: Coverage Simulation results: Coverage

900 MHz (GE-MDS CPE with OFDM)

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13 - Basile L. Agba EPEC 2012, London, Canada

Simulation results: Throughput Simulation results: Throughput

WiFi – 802.11 g (mobile CPE at 1.5 m AGL)

  • 9 AP are used with

independent channels (1, 6 and 11)

  • The substation area

is completely covered with 75 % above 18 Mbps and 25 % between 6 Mbps and 18 Mbps

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14 - Basile L. Agba EPEC 2012, London, Canada

Simulation results: Throughput Simulation results: Throughput

WiMAX – 802.16e (CPE with 9 dBi gain, 20 dBm power)

  • 2 BS are used for
  • ptimization
  • 40 % of the coverage

area is above 12.7 Mbps and the minimum achievable rate is 3.2 Mbps.

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15 - Basile L. Agba EPEC 2012, London, Canada

Simulation results: Throughput Simulation results: Throughput

900 MHz (GE-MDS CPE with OFDM)

  • 1 BS is used for 900

MHz system under OFDM modulation

  • About 99 % of the

coverage area is achieved with 7.2 Mbps using one BS

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16 - Basile L. Agba EPEC 2012, London, Canada

Simulation results: Discussions Simulation results: Discussions

GOOD INSUFFICIENT Global evaluation

SATISFACTORY SATISFACTORY UNSATISFACTORY

GOOD N / A

Cybernetic security

GOOD GOOD PASSABLE EXCELLENT INSUFFICIENT

Data rate

EXCELLENT EXCELLENT PASSABLE

WiMax 900 MHz

Propagation

GOOD GOOD EXCELLENT

WiFi

Clients' number

GOOD

Paquets' number

GOOD

Other requirements

GOOD

We make analysis based on the six criteria and we propose a synthesis with a qualitative assessment of each criterion:

  • “Excellent” when the test is very good
  • “Good” when it is satisfactory
  • “Passable” when it is acceptable
  • “Insufficient” when it is unsatisfactory.
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17 - Basile L. Agba EPEC 2012, London, Canada

Agenda Agenda

  • Introduction & study context

Introduction & study context

  • Channel model and simulation parameters

Channel model and simulation parameters

− Global architecture and channel modeling Global architecture and channel modeling − Target technologies and simulation parameters Target technologies and simulation parameters

  • Simulations results and Discussions

Simulations results and Discussions

− Coverage results Coverage results − Throughput results Throughput results − Results discussions and recommendations Results discussions and recommendations

  • Impact of impulsive noise

Impact of impulsive noise

  • Conclusion & perspectives

Conclusion & perspectives

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18 - Basile L. Agba EPEC 2012, London, Canada

0.0104 0.0104 0.0104 0.0104 0.0105 0.0105 0.0105 0.0105 0.0105 0.0105

  • 0.025
  • 0.02
  • 0.015
  • 0.01
  • 0.005

0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 Time (s) Amplitude Measured Noise over 100 µs TIAT Amax Td Sampling frequency: Sampling frequency: 1 1 GHz GHz Frequency band: Frequency band: 200 200-400 400 MHz MHz

Impact of impulsive noise (on Impact of impulsive noise (on-going work) going work)

Many measurements are carried out in a substation in

  • rder to derive an analytical model of HV environment
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19 - Basile L. Agba EPEC 2012, London, Canada 10-1 10-2 10-3 10-4 10-5 20 4 8 12 16 Eb/N0 (dB) BER

Normal AWGN receiver “Impulsive” receiver

  • Impact of impulsive noise (on

Impact of impulsive noise (on-going work) going work)

Knowing the channel characteristics in HV environment, we can design an optimised receiver

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20 - Basile L. Agba EPEC 2012, London, Canada

Agenda Agenda

  • Introduction & study context

Introduction & study context

  • Channel model and simulation parameters

Channel model and simulation parameters

− Global architecture and channel modeling Global architecture and channel modeling − Target technologies and simulation parameters Target technologies and simulation parameters

  • Simulations results and Discussions

Simulations results and Discussions

− Coverage results Coverage results − Throughput results Throughput results − Results discussions and recommendations Results discussions and recommendations

  • Impact of impulsive noise

Impact of impulsive noise

  • Conclusion & perspectives

Conclusion & perspectives

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21 - Basile L. Agba EPEC 2012, London, Canada

Conclusions Conclusions

  • The

The 900 900 MHz technology stands out when considering MHz technology stands out when considering

  • nly the propagation aspect but the analysis has
  • nly the propagation aspect but the analysis has

highlighted its inadequacy with some requirements such highlighted its inadequacy with some requirements such as the simultaneous number of customers, the as the simultaneous number of customers, the bandwidth limitation and the lack of interoperability bandwidth limitation and the lack of interoperability

  • The WiFi and WiMAX technologies are sufficient for

The WiFi and WiMAX technologies are sufficient for these requirements these requirements

  • WiMAX seems to be the most cost

WiMAX seems to be the most cost-effective wireless effective wireless solution that meets the bandwidth need of HQ solution that meets the bandwidth need of HQ applications (In practice, a combination of technologies applications (In practice, a combination of technologies will be more relevant) will be more relevant)

  • The economic analysis showed that the number of AP or

The economic analysis showed that the number of AP or BS required in a substation is the determining factor of BS required in a substation is the determining factor of the overall deployment cost the overall deployment cost

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22 - Basile L. Agba EPEC 2012, London, Canada

The deployment of Wireless Networks in The deployment of Wireless Networks in High Voltage Substations: A feasibility High Voltage Substations: A feasibility Study Study

Basile L. AGBA *, S. Riendeau, H. Bertrand, J. Béland Basile L. AGBA *, S. Riendeau, H. Bertrand, J. Béland

Contact : agba.basile@ireq.ca or basile.agba@etsmtl.ca