The Cost of Care Ben Spies-Butcher, Macquarie University Presented - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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The Cost of Care Ben Spies-Butcher, Macquarie University Presented - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Jun 05, 2023 263 likes •491 views

The Cost of Care Ben Spies-Butcher, Macquarie University Presented to Council of the Ageing NSW Forum, Paying the Price: Women, work and care Overview The dilemma of care Breadwinner families: the post-War solution The end of an old

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The Cost of Care

Ben Spies-Butcher, Macquarie University

Presented to Council of the Ageing NSW Forum, Paying the Price: Women, work and care

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Overview

 The dilemma of care  Breadwinner families: the post-War solution  The end of an old model, in search of a new one

 Women and work  Blending families  Changing policy environment  Saving for retirement

 Women, care and the life course

 Current issues: super and pensions  Emerging issues: housing and elder care

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What is care?

Care work

Raising children Caring for old and sick Everyday care

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Paying for care

 Care expresses emotional connections: love, friendship,

devotion

 The nature of that relationship can change if we pay for care as

a service

 Care has been seen as an innate attribute of women, rather

than an economic skill

 There is a trade off between unpaid care work and

engagement in the labour market and leisure time

 How do we place an economic value on care?

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The dilemma of valuing care

We value care as a social relationship We undervalue care as an economic service

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The Post-War Solution

Male Breadwinner Female Housewife

Market income Unpaid care work

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Jobs at the centre

Job

Family wage Fulltime Housewife Permanent Fulltime

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Jobs and Housing: providing over time

Housing

Controlled interest rates Subsidised deposits Public investment Some get housing direct Competing against single incomes Stable fulltime job

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What’s Changed?

 Breadwinner model has broken down

 Women take on more paid work (men don’t reciprocate)  Rise of blended families

 Policy settings change

 Labour market is less secure and hours less standardised  Shift in policy towards private provision and insurance  Changes to housing policy make it harder for young buyers

 Work doesn’t suit carers  Lifetime savings doesn’t suit carers

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Unpaid care

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% >15 hours housework Care for person with disability Childcare Men Women Source: ABS, 2011 Census, 2001.0, Tables 20-22.

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Gender and pay

Women get less

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Women's pay as a % of Men's pay

FT non-management FT + O/T All FT workers All Workers Super @ 55-65yo

Sources: ABS 6302; Wilkins et al. 2009 HILDA Statistical Report

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Proportion living on super in retirement

5 10 15 20 25 2003/4 2005/6 2007/8 2009/10 20011/2 Men Women Sources: ABS 2014, Gender Indicators, 4125.0

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Housing as Private Savings

 Later papers will explore super and labour market

incomes more, now I turn to housing

 Wage earner model sees access to housing as linked to

stable full-time employment

 Deposit savings pre-marriage; higher wages facilitate

mortgage repayments

 Home ownership supports retirement income matched

with low flat pension

 Home ownership appears egalitarian: skewed to those in

retirement who now have low incomes but high savings

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Tenure type by main source of income

10 20 30 40 50 60 Workers Business income All pensions Own outright Mortgage Public renter Private renter Source: ABS 6523.0, Table 9

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Home ownership over time

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 94/5 96/7 99/00 00/1 02/3 05/6 07/8 09/10 11/12

T enure T ype All Households

Own ourtight Buying Public rental Private rental Source: ABS 4130.0, Figure 2.

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Housing Tenure 2000/01 (%) 2011/12 (%) Change (%) Owner 80.7 76.3

  • 4.4

Mortgagee 3.6 7.5 +3.9 Private renter 5.1 7.4 2.3 Public renter 6.0 4.7

  • 1.3

Housing tenure, those over 65

Housing tenure for individuals aged 65+ years, 2001 to 2012 Source: ABS 4130.0, various years.

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Housing tenure, those aged 35-44 years

Housing Tenure 2000/1 (%) 2011/2 (%) Change (%) Owner 17.1 6.8

  • 10.3

Mortgagee 52 55.3 3.3 Private renter 23 31 8.0 Public renter 5.4 3.5

  • 1.9

Source: ABS 4130.0, various years.

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Housing tenure, couples without kids

Housing Tenure 2000/1 (%) 2011/2 (%) Change (%) Owner 54.3 45.9

  • 8.4

Mortgagee 27.7 31.1 3.4 Private renter 13.4 18.4 5.0 Public renter 1.9 1.5

  • 0.4

Source: ABS 4130.0, various years.

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Housing tenure, couples with oldest child 5-14

Housing Tenure 2000/01 (%) 2011/2 (%) Change (%) Owner 20.6 9.4

  • 11.2

Mortgagee 58.8 62.3 3.5 Private renter 15.3 24.2 8.9 Public renter 3 1.5

  • 1.5

Source: ABS 4130.0, various years.

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Housing tenure for single parent households

Housing Tenure 2000/1 (%) 2011/2 (%) Change (%) Owner 13.8 7.3

  • 6.5

Mortgagee 26.5 29.2 2.7 Private renter 40.7 47.8 7.1 Public renter 15.9 11.3

  • 4.6

Source: ABS 4130.0, various years.

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Proportion of people who are primary carers for older person or person with disability

0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 Age25-34 Age35-44 Age45-54 Age55-64 Age65-7 Aged >75 Men Women Source: ABS 2013, Disability, Ageing and Carers Australia 2012, 4430.0, Table 33.

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Looking after each other in later life

Partner aged 45-64 Partner aged 65+ Child aged 25- 44 Child aged 45- 64 Men 56.9 72.8 12.5 30 Women 79.9 82.3 32.1 79.5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Number ‘000

Number of Carers, Relationship to Recipient

Source: ABS 2013, Disability, Ageing and Carers Australia 2012, 4430.0, Table 39.