Modeling & Simulation, Testing & Validation USE OF CREW AUGMENTATION TECHNIQUES TO REDUCE COMBAT CREW SIZE Erik Anderson Jeremiah Bryant Victor Paul Alexander Reid, Ph.D. Jason Schrader 8/22/2018 DISTRIBUTION A. Approved for public release: distribution unlimited.
Modeling & Simulation, Introduction: Why? Testing & Validation • The Army’s efforts toward the study and feasibility of reduced crew size operations stretches back several decades • Individual & crew task load and their effects on combat operations is the leading concern • Maturing technologies can augment crewmembers in performing traditional crew functions more efficiently • Reduced vehicle crews, augmented by technologies, would have wide ranging positive implications to DOTMLPF DISTRIBUTION A. Approved for public release: distribution unlimited. 8/22/2018
Modeling & Simulation, Previous Studies Testing & Validation Army Research Laboratory (ARL) Maneuver Battle LAB (MBL) • • In support of Future Combat In support of the Future Fighting Systems (FCS) Vehicle (FFV) Phase IIIB Experiment • • Utilized IMPRINT model Utilized Close Combat Tactical Trainer (CCTT) simulator designed to replicate • Focus: actual vs perceived a three crewmember M2A3 Bradley cognitive load on crew Fighting Vehicle (BFV) to fight virtual • Conclusion: without crew tactical scenarios augmentation technologies the • Conclusion: physical design of Bradley crew member performing two IFV does not support reduce crew, sets of tasks (separate and created both physical and functional distinct) quickly became challenges in crew operations overloaded. DISTRIBUTION A. Approved for public release: distribution unlimited. 8/22/2018
Modeling & Simulation, Previous Studies Testing & Validation Driver Station Commander & Gunner Stations (“Basket”) * Due to design, 2 Person Crew operations not feasible on current IFV platform. Physical redesign and augmenting technologies needed to develop concept. DISTRIBUTION A. Approved for public release: distribution unlimited. 8/22/2018
Modeling & Simulation, MET-D Concept Testing & Validation Modified Bradley Infantry Fighting Vehicle (IFV) DISTRIBUTION A. Approved for public release: distribution unlimited. 8/22/2018
Modeling & Simulation, Design Process Testing & Validation DISTRIBUTION A. Approved for public release: distribution unlimited. 8/22/2018
Modeling & Simulation, Mission Engineering Testing & Validation Mission: Serve S&T Projects and PM Partners by: Providing requirements engineering expertise in processes, tools, and language to help them achieve clearly understood, contractually sound requirements for improved systems development and project / program execution. Applying Army institutional and operational knowledge to drive the requirements for technologies that best address gaps in capabilities of the Army now and in the future. Products/Services: • Performance Specifications • Operational Analyses; DOTMLPF-P Impact • Requirements Analyses Assessments • Functional Decomposition • CONOPS Generation and Decomposition • Requirements Engineering Training • OV-1 Generation • Standardized Templates and Processes • User Jury coordination and support • Common Ground Vehicle Functional Hierarchy • • Demonstration planning and support Combat Scenario Development for LVC Simulation • Interface with User Community (MCOE, other COEs) DISTRIBUTION A. Approved for public release: distribution unlimited. 8/22/2018
Modeling & Simulation, Mission Engineering Testing & Validation Functional Decomposition/Task Analysis Initial analysis derived from current Army doctrinal individual/crew/collective tasks which were based on the Bradley platform in the form of Task & Evaluation Outlines (T&EO) from a Mission Essential Tasks List (METL) User Juries – User feedback Excerpt from MET-D Bradley Crew Fully Decomposed Crew functions: Operation Doctrinal Task Analysis Shoot, Move, Communicate, Command and Control. DISTRIBUTION A. Approved for public release: distribution unlimited. 8/22/2018
Modeling & Simulation, Mission Engineering Testing & Validation Scenario Development Missions Selected: Movement to Contact, Deliberate Attack, Hasty Defense Doctrinal Study VBS3 Gaming Scenario Integration in SIL Develop virtual scenarios based on Army doctrine for the user community that align with unit’s Mission Essential Task List (METL) DISTRIBUTION A. Approved for public release: distribution unlimited. 8/22/2018
Modeling & Simulation, Crew Augmentation & Design Testing & Validation CREW AUGMENTATION Manage System Factors Manage User Factors Design for Human Manage Operator Qualifications Factors & Usability • Evaluate Usability Heuristics Manage Operator • Human Engineering Design Criteria Experience & Training Reduce Operator Task Load • Eliminate or Automate Tasks • Reduce Task Burden • Increase Task Resources • Facilitate Transitions Between Tasks Enhance Operator Situational Awareness • Enhance Perception • Enhance Comprehension • Project the Future State DISTRIBUTION A. Approved for public release: distribution unlimited. 8/22/2018
Modeling & Simulation, Manage Crew Augmentation Factors Testing & Validation • Acknowledge that increased performance can be achieved CREW AUGMENTATION thru User factors – Increased required cognitive Manage System Factors Manage User Factors qualifications Design for Human Manage Operator – Additional training/experience Factors & Usability Qualifications • Evaluate Usability Heuristics • Focused on System Factors Manage Operator • Human Engineering Design Criteria Experience & Training – Design for Human Factors and Reduce Operator Task Load • Eliminate or Automate Tasks Usability • Reduce Task Burden • Increase Task Resources – Reduce Operator Task Load • Facilitate Transitions Between Tasks – Enhance Operator Situational Enhance Operator Situational Awareness Awareness • Enhance Perception • Enhance Comprehension • Project the Future State DISTRIBUTION A. Approved for public release: distribution unlimited. 8/22/2018
Modeling & Simulation, Manage System Factors Testing & Validation • Design for Human Factors and Usability – Crew Station designed with Human Engineering Design Criteria (where CREW AUGMENTATION possible) – WMI utilized Nielsen’s Usability Manage System Factors Manage User Factors Heuristics Design for Human Manage Operator Factors & Usability Qualifications • Reduce Operator Task Load • Evaluate Usability Heuristics Manage Operator • Human Engineering Design Criteria – Eliminate or automate tasks Experience & Training Reduce Operator Task Load – Reduce task burden • Eliminate or Automate Tasks • Reduce Task Burden – Increase task resources • Increase Task Resources • Facilitate Transitions Between Tasks – Facilitate transitions between tasks Enhance Operator • Enhance Operator Situational Situational Awareness • Enhance Perception Awareness • Enhance Comprehension • Project the Future State – Enhance perception – Enhance comprehension – Enhance projection DISTRIBUTION A. Approved for public release: distribution unlimited. 8/22/2018
Modeling & Simulation, Development & Testing Testing & Validation • Include soldiers in the design process as early as possible • Developed Crew Station Mockup and Vehicle Simulation – Static representation of MET-D Crew Station Layout • Representative displays/controls • Simulated Environment • 8 weeks of Soldier Juries from Aug 2016 – Aug 2017 – Ft. Benning, Ft. Bliss, Israel Ministry of Defense • Crucial Soldier Input – Design of control handle – Design of Warfighter-Machine Interface DISTRIBUTION A. Approved for public release: distribution unlimited. 8/22/2018
Modeling & Simulation, MET-D Field Experiment Testing & Validation • 30 day experiment at Ft. Stewart, GA • Evaluate reduced crew concept • Evaluate split squad technologies • Shape requirements for future programs • Will compare traditional 3 person crew, modified 3 person crew and 2 person crew activities • Experiment activities include • tactical driving • gunnery tables • situational training exercises (STX) • section, squad level and a full platoon level. • Will collect a plethora of data • Performance metrics • Survey data • After action reviews (AARs) DISTRIBUTION A. Approved for public release: distribution unlimited. 8/22/2018
Modeling & Simulation, Future Crew Station Development Testing & Validation • Increasing vehicle weight restrictions, transport limitations and force structure requirements are causing the Army to re-evaluate the way we fight with combat systems. TARDEC’s is teaming with the Army Research Lab to: - Increase crew operational performance within a smaller crew volume (transportability) - Enable closed hatch operations (survivability) - Optimize management of information, systems and interactions. - Employ: - Augmentation and automation of tasks - Personalization of interfaces (timely information personalized to user) - Use of multi-modalities (tactile, auditory, etc.), - Will be verified by soldier simulations and field experimentation/assessments DISTRIBUTION A. Approved for public release: distribution unlimited. 8/22/2018
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