Technology Needs for the Water Sector Pradeep Mujumdar Indian - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Technology Needs for the Water Sector

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Pradeep Mujumdar Indian Institute of Science Bangalore India

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INTRODUCTION

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• Water sector in the country has been seriously

impacted due to a combination of climate change, population growth, rapid urbanization, and industrial growth.

• Signals of climate change convert into regional scale

hydrologic change in terms of modifications in water availability, agricultural water demand, hydrologic extremes of floods and droughts, deterioration in water quality, salinity intrusion in coastal aquifers, groundwater recharge and other related phenomena.

• Deployment of climate friendly technologies is

essential across the water sector.

Introduction

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Water Stress = f (Quantity, Quality, Uncertainty)

Mil illions at t Risk

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Source : Parry et al. (2001)

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WATER AUGMENTATION

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Technologies to achieve water security, by augmenting available resources and increasing the availability by other feasible means:

• Wastewater recycling (to improve quality of water)

 Wastewater treatment, reuse and recycle: Household, community and city level.  Industrial wastewater treatment and recycling

• Desalination
• Use of renewable energy
• Aquifer recharge and rejuvenation
• New water source : substitutes of fresh water sources for human consumption as well as for

domestic and industrial purposes.

Water Augmentation

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• The treatment can be achieved in centralized locations, communities or at the end of the pipe simple

filtration

8 Sl. No. Technology Environmental Impact/Benefits Remarks

Technology for Urban and Peri Urban areas: Expensive, less space requirement, good treated water quality

1 Membrane bio reactor MBR Same principle as Activated Sludge Process (ASP) or extended aeration Provide highest quality effluent Costly and high power requirement High O&M Cost A few plants are available in India 2 Sequential Batch Rector Alternative to ASP or Extended Aeration (EA) Provide high quality effluent Good nutrient removal Many plants are coming up in India 3 Submerged aerobic Fixed Film Alternative to ASP or EA for small scale systems Provide good quality effluent Many plants are existing in India 4 Moving Bed Biological reactor(MBBR, FAB, MMBR, Compact units) Alternative to ASP or EA for small scale systems Provide good quality effluent Many plants are existing in India

Technologies for wastewater treatment

Wastewater treatment, reuse and recycle

9 Sl. No. Technology Environmental Impact/Benefits Remarks

Technology for Urban and Peri-Urban areas: Expensive, less space requirement

5 *Extended Aeration Systems (EA) Most common Technology; Very good quality effluent; High power consumption Many plants are existing in India 6 Activated Sludge process (ASP) Alternative to EA; Good quality effluent Sludge treatment is needed Many plants are existing in India 7 Onsite Aerobic Packages Alternative to Compact MBBR, FAB etc; Less area requirement Many plants are existing in India 8 Contact Aeration System for Individual Houses (STBF series) Alternative to Compact MBBR, FAB etc for individual houses Less area requirement; High quality effluent A few plants are available in India 9 Trickling Filter/Bio tower (TF, BT) Alternative to EA; Low power requirement Some plants are existing in India 10 Activated Sludge Package plants Alternative to EA for small quantity of wastewater A few plants are available in India 11 Rotating Biological Contactors Alternative to EA; Low power requirement Many plants are existing in India 12 Oxidation Ditch (OD-EA) Extended aeration system for small communities High quality effluent A few plants are available in India

Technologies for wastewater treatment

Technologies for wastewater treatment

10 Sl. No. Technology Environmental Impact/Benefits Remarks

Technologies for Rural and Per-urban Areas, inexpensive and relatively less space requirement

13 Aerated Lagoon Up gradation of waste stabilization pond Needs further treatment for meeting the discharge standards A few plants are available in India 14 Constructed Wetlands and VORTEX Alternative to DEWATS; Good quality effluent A few plants are available in India 15 DEWATS/BORDA Less space requirement; Less capital investment; No energy requirement Large number of installations are done in India 16 DEWATS(ABR and CW) Less space requirement; Less capital investment; No energy requirement Large number of installations are done in India 17 Constructed soil filter, solid immobilized bio filter, Soil Biotechnology (SBR) Promoted as competitive option for DEWATS; Good quality effluent A few plants are available in India 18 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor (UASB) Low power requirement; Energy generation; Low effluent quality A few plants are available in India 19 Anaerobic Filters (AF) Suitable for high strength wastewater; Low power requirement Energy generation; Low effluent quality A few plants are available in India

Technologies for wastewater treatment

11 Sl. No. Technology Environmental Impact/Benefits Remarks

Rural Areas or areas where Cheaper Land is available, Low treated water quality, Natural systems

20 Waste Stabilization Ponds Most simple technology Natural System Low effluent quality Large number of installations are made in India 21 Onsite package: Anaerobic systems for individual houses (SINTEX, PWTs-Am, CCST, THST) Alternative to septic tank Low effluent quality A few plants are available in India 22 Karnal Technology Sewage irrigation for selected plants Risk due to pathogens A few plants are available in India

• Water scarcity can adversely affect the industrial production
• In India, sugar and distillery, tannery, textile, pharmaceutical etc. industries consume large

quantities of water and generate highly polluted wastewater.

• To abate the environmental pollution and to protect the dwindling water resources, these

industries have to practice Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) concepts i.e. no liquid discharge will be happening from the systems.

• The major challenges faced by the ZLD systems are the energy cost, operation and maintenance

and the management of residual mixed salt generated from the treatment systems.

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Industrial wastewater treatment and recycling

Source: https://www.saltworkstech.com/articles/what-is- zero-liquid-discharge-why-is-it-important/

ZLD Concept

• Desalination refers to the process by which potable water

is recovered from sea water/brackish water by removing dissolved solids using different forms of energy.

• Different technologies are used for water desalination

such as Thermal processes Membrane processes

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Desalination

Source: https://www.jewishla.org/israeli-inventions-desalination- and-drought/

Desalination Technologies

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Multi-Stage Flash (MSF) desalination process

Source: http://www.separationprocesses.com/Distillation/DT_Chp0 7b.htm Source: http://www.separationprocesses.com/Distillation/DT_Chp0 7a.htm

Multi Effect Distillation (MED)

Thermal Desalination

LTTD (Low Temperature Thermal Desalination)

Source: http://www.everestblowers.com/vacuum-systems-for- low-temprature-thermal-desalination-lttd.html

Desalination Technologies

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Reverse Osmosis (RO) membrane technology

Source: http://www.htiwater.com /technology/forward_os mosis/index.html

Source: http://www.water- treatment.com.cn/technologies/RO_Reverse- Osmosis/introduction.htm

Forward Osmosis (FO)

Common Membrane Desalination Processes

Membrane distillation (MD)

Source: Alhathal Alanezi, A., et al. (2016). Performance Investigation of O-Ring Vacuum Membrane Distillation Module for Water Desalination. Journal of Chemistry, 2016.

Source: https://www.slideshare.net/laxer_12/edr- 101-introduction-to-electrodialysis-reversal

Electrodialysis (ED)

Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Cap acitive_deionization_-_Adsorption.pdf

Capacitive deionization

Desalination Technologies

Technologies Technology available – domestic/ global level Remarks Multi-Stage Flash MSF Domestic & Global level When steam is available is large quantities, fresh water can be easily generated. Multi Effect Distillation(MED) Domestic & Global level Lowest energy consumption among thermal systems when steam is available. Low Temperature Thermal Desalination (LTTD) Domestic Thermal pollution due to rejection of hot seawater by the coastal power plants can be mitigated. Ocean thermal gradient can be used in suitable locations. Mechanical / Thermal Vapour Compression Global level Yet to become widely acceptable Reverse Osmosis Domestic & Global level High concentrated brine and chemical additives used for pre-treatment are may affect marine life. However the cheapest method today. Forward Osmosis Global level Yet to reach large scales Ion Exchange Global level Commercially expensive Multi Effect Humidification (MEH) Global level Yet to become popular at large scales Bio-desalination Global level Laboratory level Electro Dialysis(ED) Global level Expensive ElectroDialysis reversal (EDR) Global level Expensive Membrane Distillation (MD) Global level Laboratory level CDI (Capacitive Deionization) Plimmer, a CDI based water purifier by Aquasphere, India is approved by Ministry of Drinking water and Sanitation for rural drinking water programs. The CDI unit of 4000 lit/day capacity is being used to treat contaminated well water in Kadur, Karnataka. Yet to be scaled up commercially

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Renewable Energy (RE) Driven Desalination Technologies

Technologies Technology available – domestic/ global level Environmental benefit/Impact Solar PV and RO Global Level GHG emissions can be highly reduced by utilizing renewable energy. Resilience to degradation of water quality. Promising, holds a huge potential to reduce reliance on fossil fuels. Solar Pumps Global and domestic Technology available with the MNRE empaneled manufacturer/suppliers. Since the power is obtained from solar energy, fossil fuel requirement for power generation can be reduced Solar MED Global Level GHG emissions can be highly reduced by utilizing renewable energy. Resilience to degradation of water quality. Promising, holds a huge potential to reduce reliance on fossil fuels. Solar MEH Global Level GHG emissions can be highly reduced by utilizing renewable energy. Resilience to degradation of water quality. Promising and holds a huge potential to reduce reliance on fossil fuels. Solar Still Domestic / Global Level More attractive, especially in remote regions with low population density and poor infrastructure for fresh water and electricity transmission and distribution OTEC and LTTD Global Level GHG emissions can be highly reduced by utilizing renewable energy. Resilience to degradation of water quality. Promising and holds a huge potential to reduce reliance on fossil fuels. Wind powered RO Domestic / Global Level GHG emissions can be highly reduced by utilizing renewable energy. Resilience to degradation of water quality. Promising and holds a huge potential to reduce reliance on fossil fuels. Wave powered RO Domestic / Global Level GHG emissions can be highly reduced by utilizing renewable energy. Resilience to degradation of water quality. Promising and holds a huge potential to reduce reliance on fossil fuels. Tidal energy and RO Domestic / Global Level GHG emissions can be highly reduced by utilizing renewable energy. Resilience to degradation of water quality. Promising and holds a huge potential to reduce reliance on fossil fuels. 17

Desalination are energy intensive, hence use of renewables for desalination is being addressed with vigor around the globe.

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New Water Technologies

Passive Dew Condensers made

• f plastic

Source: http://atozplastics.com/upload/Literature/write- up_for_plastmart.asp

Fog Collectors

Source: https://www.baysidefogcollectors.com/ Source: https://semaquatics.com/atmospheric_water_generation

Atmospheric water generator (AWG)

• S. No.

Technologies Environmental Impacts / Benefits Remarks

• 1. Dew harvesting

Radiative method (passive) Based on the natural phenomenon of formation of dew and then condensation on cooler surface without any external energy input. No external energy sources used, no impact

• n climate.

India's first dew plant is set up at Kothara, Kutch and is running since

• 2013. It has a capacity of producing on

an average 500 litres/day. Cost of this water was Rs 30 per 20 litre container. Active method It uses cooling condensation or regenerative desiccation to bring trapped air to the dew point temperature, thus causing the water vapour to condense for collection. When powered by renewable sources of energy, it is one of the cleanest methods to produce water. Global level-Active dew condensers using solar panels are being developed.

• 2. Mine water

treatment

Zero liquid waste technology Mine water first passes through hollow fibre membranes for particulate separation followed by reverse osmosis to remove the dissolved impurities, thermal evaporation and recrystallisation3. Prevents water contamination by separating the ions from water thus maintaining purity of underground water. Sedimentation tank system Mine water is being treated using different chemicals (coagulants). Before adding coagulants, the pH of the water is restored (as mine water is acidic) using lime, limestone, caustic soda etc. After this the different metals dissolved in water settle down in the sedimentation tank and subsequently removed. Large quantities of water look feasible by this method. Coal India Ltd. (CIL) supplies mine water to communities close to its operative mines. WCL has started producing drinking water from mine water under the name 'coal neer' at Patansawangi underground coal mine with a capacity

• f 10000 lit/hr6.

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New Water Technologies

• S. No.

Technologies Environmental Impacts / Benefits Remarks

• 3. Water from

atmosphere

Fog collectors Fog collectors are used to collect water from fog using a mesh

• material. Studies showed that typical fog collectors can harvest 200-

1000 litres of water per day No critical processes involved, hence no damage to environment In India, Watermaker India has developed the country's first AWG powered by electricity which is commercially available. Atmospheric water generator (AWG) It is a device that extracts water from humid ambient air. Water vapor in the air is condensed by cooling the air below its dew point, exposing the air to desiccants, or pressurizing the air. Unlike a dehumidifier, an AWG is designed to make the water potable. AWGs are based on natural process of water entrapment from air. Hence it does not pollute the environment. Humidification-dehumidification Compared to use of conventional source, it reduces environmental pollution.

• 4. Gas hydrates

Hydrate-based desalination (HBD) It is based on phase change process where water is converted into solid hydrate by separating dissolved solids from the liquid phase (brine). CO2 emissions are much lesser. In global level only-A few research groups in South Korea and USA have conducted experiments to prove that the technology is feasible i.e. water with lesser salt content can be obtained from hydrates.

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New Water Technologies

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New Water Technologies

Gas hydrate based desalination (HBD)

Source: http://gashydrates.chbe.nus.edu.sg/Achievements/2016_05_11_Gas%20hydrate%20based%20de salination%20(HBD)%20technology%20to%20harvest%20LNG%20cold%20energy_Gastech%20 News.htm

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WATER USE MANAGEMENT

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BIG TICKET PROJECTS

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• 1. Development of low energy and low GHG emission technologies for waste/ greywater treatment
• GHG emission needs to be reduced using technologies that are more economically viable and low energy

consuming

• Decentralized wastewater treatment is the need of today

Mission Mode/ Big Ticket Projects

Source: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304705660_Removal_of_T race_Organic_Contaminants_by_Integrated_Membrane_Processes_ for_Water_Reuse_Applications/figures?lo=1

Membrane Bioreactor (MBR)

Source: http://absunpalayesh.com/en/2015/12/30/sequencing- batch-reactor-sbr/ Source: http://www.ethicsinfinity.com/EthicsProduct- moving-bed-biofilm-bioreactor-mbbr

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2. Continuous monitoring of water quality

• Database on the presence and concentrations of

pollutants in various water bodies is lacking

3. Treatment of wastewater from highly polluting industries to achieve ZLD

• The effluent arising out of a ZLD system still needs to

be studied to make cost effective recovery from the mixed salts generated

• Hybrid treatment systems are needed to achieve the

treatment with minimal number of processes and units for easy operation and maintenance

Source: http://www.aquarion-group.com/zld-systems.html

Mission Mode/ Big Ticket Projects

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Source: https://www.cooking-hacks.com/blog/barcelona-park- smart-irrigation-system-project-with-waspmote-agriculture- sensors-kit/

Smart irrigation system

5. Low cost desalination both for coastal and inland regions

• Green technologies for disposal of RO membranes and

rejects.

• Optimization of components for energy reduction in

thermal desalination technologies.

6. Development of low cost smart sensors for increasing agricultural water use efficiencies 7. Development of Computer models

Mission Mode/ Big Ticket Projects

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Technologies Identified

30 Sub areas Technology needs identified Technology available/identified

Water Augmentation/ Availability

1. Cost-effective real-time monitoring and communication 2. Large-scale inter-basin water transfer integrating hydrology, ecology & environment, engineering & technology, socio- economic aspects and long-term climate change impacts. 3. Strengthening system for flood management. 4. Expanding managed aquifer recharge 5. Exploring the scope for water reuse and re-cycling 6. Storm water (Use for irrigation in urban system like horticulture, gardening and ground water recharge) 7. Developing solution for sustainable treatment and resource recovery 8. Sustainable and affordable water treatment for rural environment 9. Water technologies for sustainable recycling and reuse of water, trace elements and nutrients.

• 10. Development of value added products from waste water Sludge

management 1. Membrane based waste water treatment 2. Hydro fracturing during flood to maximize the water recharge 3. Affordable desalination 4. Self healing pipeline 5. Dew harvesting 6. Control of percolation and evaporation from water bodies and canals and arresting leakage from pipes, tanks etc. 7. Non-conventional sources of water (Sea water, Mine water) 8. Inter basin water transfer 9. Biometric, Novel materials (Graphene, CNT, FO) and ultra sound.

• 10. Harnessing atmospheric moisture to meet fresh water

shortage

• 11. Ground penetration radar to detect ground water and water

contamination

• 12. Solar still
• 13. Multistage flash distillation
• 14. Reverse osmosis
• 15. Electro dialysis
• 16. Biological desalination

31 Sub areas Technology needs identified Technology available/identified

Water Augmentation/ Availability

• 11. ‘Trap’ and ‘recover’ at source – containment at

source and recovery of useful elements.

• 12. Low cost technologies for removal of contaminants

in rural areas (including source protection).

• 13. Engineered Natural Systems for Industrial and

Domestic Wastewater in Terrestrial Environment (Domestic and industrial wastewater recycling with similar output quality as electro-mechanical systems, wherever space is not a serious constraint)

• 14. Sewage- treatment requiring equivalent land area

and life-cycle costs comparable to or lower than those for electro-mechanical systems, without compromising on quality of treated water.

• 15. Restoration of Village Ponds and Lakes
• 16. Waste water treatment and Recycling at

Household/Community Level

• 17. Managing dissolved inorganic solids
• 18. Water Pollution Source Map for Industrial and

Municipal Waste Discharge in Water-bodies

• 16. Gas hydrate as source of water
• 17. Sensor and ICT as technology platform
• 18. Rainfall and river flow forecasting models and GIS based mapping for early

warning

• 19. Mechanical treatment including nanotechnologies
• 20. Instrumentation of urban water distribution networks with sensors and

control valve

• 21. Decentralized treatment-system for waste water treatment with resources

recovery (scalable, replicable, affordable, socially acceptable).

• 22. Realtime monitoring and modeling of water quality in catchments

(including assessment of existing system and appropriate calibration)

• 23. Technology for treatment of grey water for recharging water bodies
• 24. Grey water treatment and recycling at household/community level
• 25. Agriculture in the sea to grow plants like seaweeds to yield edible

components which can source micronutrients

• 26. New generation of RO membranes, like Graphene that work on the basis of

chemical engineering and rely loss on energy to push water molecule across them

• 27. Increasing product water recovery in Reverse Osmosis
• 28. Develop novel methods of water purification for the future

Technologies Identified

32 Sub areas Technology needs identified Technology available/identified

Water Conservation

1. Indigenous membrane technology development 2. Modeling and simulation 3. Intra basin water transfer 4. Meteorological information from weather stations 5. Hydrometric data (on the level of rivers and streams and discharge rates) 6. Geological maps 7. Water well log 8. Rain radar for short-medium range rain forecasting and rain density 1. Real time aquifer monitoring including salinity ingress 2. Affordable de-silting of water bodies 3. Technology run-off control 4. New construction technologies for sustainable infrastructure 5. Rejuvenation of old water infrastructure 6. Rain water harvesting and artificial recharge 7. Control of percolation and evaporation from water bodies and canals and arresting leakage from pipes, tanks etc. 8. Recycling 9. Smart monitoring, energy storage and increase efficiency for cooling towers and boilers

• 10. Water purification technology based on in-situ treatment
• 11. Recycling and reuse technologies for zero discharge
• 12. Seismic tomography for investigating rigidity of rock and understanding lithological

characteristics for construction of dams, reservoir and tunnels

• 13. Geo-synthetic and poly fiber for canalling
• 14. Trench less technologies for water infrastructure
• 15. Immersion vibratory roller compactor concrete
• 16. Biotechnological intervention of water conservation

Technologies Identified

33 Sub areas Technology needs identified Technology available/identified

Water Conservation

• 17. Residue management technology
• 18. Sensor and ICT as technology platform
• 19. Rain water harvesting and artificial recharge
• 20. Short term and long term forecasting of extreme event like draught, flood etc.
• 21. Rainfall and river flow forecasting models and GIS based mapping for early warning
• 22. Instrumentation of urban water distribution networks with sensors and control valve
• 23. Develop sensors for water quality and quantity at personal, domestic, community

and higher level

Water use Management

1. Groundwater Budgets (rainfall recharge, estimation from satellite and ground water pumping estimation) 2. Mapping of Public Pumps Accessing Groundwater Resources (water withdrawal, electricity consumption, use of solar energy to for pumping) 3. Development and application of a range of methodologies adopting a tiered approach to monitor the aquatic environment 1. Membrane based waste water treatment 2. Real time aquifer monitoring including salinity ingress 3. Instant potable water quality test 4. Scalable point of use water treatment technology 5. In-situ water purification in pipeline 6. Real time monitoring of effluent discharge 7. Water purification residue treatment 8. Biometric, Novel materials (Graphene, CNT, FO) and ultra sound. 9. Recycling and reuse technologies for zero discharge.

• 10. Geo-synthetic and poly fiber for canalling

Technologies Identified

34 Sub areas Technology needs identified Technology available/identified

Water use Management

4. To show relevance to both human and environmental health. 5. New approaches to monitoring – capturing spatio-temporal variation and challenges for sensors. 6. Devising appropriate and innovative monitoring and modeling strategies. 7. Monitoring and modeling

• f water quality

(conventional and emerging contaminants).

• 11. Sensor and ICT as technology platform
• 12. Rainfall and river flow forecasting models and GIS based mapping for early warning
• 13. In-situ purification technologies for removal of contaminants from ground and surface water including

natural optimizing natural process

• 14. Develop sensors for water quality and quantity at personal, domestic, community and higher level
• 15. Decentralized treatment-system for waste water treatment with resources recovery (scalable,

replicable, affordable, socially acceptable).

• 16. Development of sensors and remote sensing based technologies (e.g. hyper spectral imaging for water

quality monitoring and biological indicators)

• 17. Real time monitoring and modeling of water quality in catchments (including assessment of existing

system and appropriate calibration)

• 18. Sensor based water quality monitoring for river and other water bodies
• 19. Technology for treatment of grey water for recharging water bodies
• 20. Grey water treatment and recycling at household/community level
• 21. Non-contact sensor to measure water level anywhere across the depth and width of river
• 22. Microbial fuel cell that generates electricity through the metabolic activity of electrochemically active

bacteria using waste water as substrate

• 23. New generation of RO membranes, like graphene that work on the basis of chemical engineering and

rely loss on energy to push water molecule across them

• 24. Develop novel methods of water purification for the future

Technologies Identified

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