SLIDE 1
t t r - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
t t r - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
t t r r s rst
SLIDE 2
SLIDE 3
❉❡♠♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝s
❋❡♠❛❧❡ ✸✵✳✹✪ ▼❛❧❡ ✻✾✳✻✪
SLIDE 4
✷✻ ❈♦✉♥tr✐❡s
- ❡r♠❛♥②
✾✼ ❆✉str✐❛ ✺ ❯♥✐t❡❞ ❙t❛t❡s ✺✽ ❏❛♣❛♥ ✺ ❙✇✐t③❡r❧❛♥❞ ✸✸ ❙✇❡❞❡♥ ✸ ❯♥✐t❡❞ ❑✐♥❣❞♦♠ ✷✾
- ✉❛t❡♠❛❧❛
✷ ◆❡t❤❡r❧❛♥❞s ✷✻ ◆♦r✇❛② ✷ ■t❛❧② ✶✼ ❙♦✉t❤ ❆❢r✐❝❛ ✷ ❋r❛♥❝❡ ✶✻ ❚✉♥✐s✐❛ ✷ ❆✉str❛❧✐❛ ✶✷ ❇❡❧❣✐✉♠ ✶ ❈❤✐♥❛ ✶✶ ❇r❛③✐❧ ✶ ❙♣❛✐♥ ✶✵ ▼❡①✐❝♦ ✶ ■sr❛❡❧ ✼ ◆❡✇ ❩❡❛❧❛♥❞ ✶ ❈③❡❝❤ ❘❡♣✉❜❧✐❝ ✻ P♦❧❛♥❞ ✶ ❙✐♥❣❛♣♦r❡ ✻ ❚❛✐✇❛♥ ✶
SLIDE 5
❘❡❣✐♦♥s
❊✉r♦♣❡ ✷✹✻ ✻✾✳✸✪ ◆♦rt❤ ❆♠❡r✐❝❛ ✺✾ ✶✻✳✻✷✪ ❆s✐❛ ✷✸ ✻✳✹✽✪ ❆✉str❛❧✐❛ ❛♥❞ ❖❝❡❛♥✐❛ ✶✸ ✸✳✻✻✪ ▼✐❞❞❧❡ ❊❛st✱ ◆♦rt❤ ❆❢r✐❝❛✱ ❛♥❞ ●r❡❛t❡r ✾ ✷✳✺✹✪ ❈❡♥tr❛❧ ❆♠❡r✐❝❛ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❈❛r✐❜❜❡❛♥ ✷ ✵✳✺✻✪ ❙✉❜✲❙❛❤❛r❛♥ ❆❢r✐❝❛ ✷ ✵✳✺✻✪ ❙♦✉t❤ ❆♠❡r✐❝❛ ✶ ✵✳✷✽✪
SLIDE 6
P❤❉
❍❛s P❤❉ ★ P❡r❝❡♥t ◆♦ ✽✵ ✸✻✳✺✸ ❨❡s ✶✸✾ ✻✸✳✹✼
SLIDE 7
❙t❛❣❡ ✐♥ P❤❉
5 10 15 20 25 Frequency 1 2 3 4 5 Year in PhD Program
SLIDE 8
❙t❛❣❡ ✐♥ ❈❛r❡❡r
20 40 60 Frequency 10 20 30 Years since PhD
SLIDE 9
▼♦t✐✈❛t✐♦♥
◮ ✸✷✻ t❛❧❦s ✐♥ ✸✻ t✐♠❡ s❧♦ts ✲❃ ❛t ♠♦st ❝❛♥ ❛tt❡♥❞ ✶✶✪ ♦❢ t❛❧❦s ◮ ♣❧❛✉s✐❜❧❡ ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ ✈❛❧✉❡ ♦❢ ❤❛✈✐♥❣ r❡❧❛t❡❞ t❛❧❦s ✐♥ t❤❡ s❛♠❡
s❡ss✐♦♥
◮ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥ts ❦♥♦✇ ❜❡tt❡r t❤❛♥ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❡rs ❤♦✇ t❤❡✐r t❛❧❦ r❡❧❛t❡s
t♦ ♦t❤❡r t❛❧❦s
◮ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❡rs ❞♦ ♥♦t ❦♥♦✇ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥ts✬ ♣r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s
SLIDE 10
❖✈❡r✈✐❡✇ ♦❢ Pr♦❝❡❞✉r❡
✶✳ P❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥ts s✉❜♠✐t ❛❜str❛❝ts ❛♥❞ s♣❡❝✐❢② ✷ t♦♣✐❝s ❢♦r t❤❡✐r t❛❧❦✳ ✷✳ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❡rs ♠❛♥✉❛❧❧② ❛ss✐❣♥ t❛❧❦s t♦ str❡❛♠s ♦❢ ✶✷✲✷✽ t❛❧❦s ✸✳ P❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥ts ❜✐❞ ✉s✐♥❣ ♠♦♥❡② ❛♥❞ t♦❦❡♥s
✸✳✶ ❲❤♦ t❤❡② ✇♦✉❧❞ ❧✐❦❡ ✐♥ t❤❡✐r s❡ss✐♦♥ ✸✳✷ ❲❤✐❝❤ t❛❧❦s t❤❡② ✇♦✉❧❞ ❧✐❦❡ t♦ ❛tt❡♥❞
✹✳ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❡rs ❝♦♥str✉❝t t✇♦ ❝♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠s ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❜✐❞s ✺✳ P❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥ts ✈♦t❡ t♦ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♣r♦❣r❛♠ ✐s ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❡❞
SLIDE 11
❆❧❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥ t♦ ❙tr❡❛♠s
❆♣♣❧✐❡❞ ❊❝♦♥♦♠✐❝s ✭✷✵✮ ❆✉❝t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ▼❛r❦❡t ❉❡s✐❣♥ ✭✷✻✮ ❈♦♥t❡sts ✭✷✵✮ ❉❡❝✐s✐♦♥ ❚❤❡♦r② ✭✷✹✮ ❋✐❡❧❞ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥ts ✭✶✻✮
- ❛♠❡s ✭✷✸✮
- r♦✉♣ ❇❡❤❛✈✐♦r ✭✶✾✮
▲❛❜♦r ▼❛r❦❡t ✭✶✾✮ ▼❛r❦❡ts ✭✷✽✮ ▼❡t❤♦❞♦❧♦❣② ✭✶✷✮ ◆♦r♠s ❛♥❞ ❊t❤✐❝s ✭✷✷✮ Ps②❝❤♦❧♦❣② ❛♥❞ ❇✐♦❧♦❣② ✭✶✷✮ P✉❜❧✐❝ ❈❤♦✐❝❡ ✭✷✹✮ ❘❡♣❡❛t❡❞ ●❛♠❡s ✭✶✺✮ ❘✐s❦ ❛♥❞ ❆♠❜✐❣✉✐t② ✭✷✹✮ ❙♦❝✐❛❧ ❇❡❤❛✈✐♦r ✭✷✹✮
SLIDE 12
❆ss✐❣♥✐♥❣ ❚❛❧❦s t♦ ❙❡ss✐♦♥s
◮ ▲❡t ❜✐❥ ❞❡♥♦t❡ ✐✬s ❜✐❞ ❢♦r ❜❡✐♥❣ ✐♥ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ s❡ss✐♦♥ ❛s ❥✳ ◮ ▲❡t ①✐❥ = ✶ ✐❢ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡r ✐ ✐s ✐♥ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ s❡ss✐♦♥ ❛s ❥ ❛♥❞ ①✐❥ = ✵
♦t❤❡r✇✐s❡✳
◮ ❛r❣♠❛① ①
∑✐ ∑❥ ①✐❥❜✐✈ ❙✉❜❥❡❝t t♦
◮ ❊❛❝❤ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡r ♣r❡s❡♥ts ♦♥❝❡ ◮ ✹ t❛❧❦s ✐♥ ❡❛❝❤ s❡ss✐♦♥
SLIDE 13
❆ss✐❣♥✐♥❣ ❙❡ss✐♦♥s t♦ ❚✐♠❡✲s❧♦ts
◮ ▲❡t ❙ ❞❡♥♦t❡ t❤❡ s❡t ♦❢ ❛❧❧ s❡ss✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ P ❞❡♥♦t❡ ❛ ♣❛rt✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢
❙✳
◮ ❆t t✐♠❡ t✱ ♣❡rs♦♥ ✐ ✇✐❧❧ ❛tt❡♥❞ t❤❡ s❡ss✐♦♥ t❤❡② ✈❛❧✉❡ ♠♦st
❢r♦♠ t❤❡ s❡t ♦❢ s❡ss✐♦♥s ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ❇ ∈ P✳
◮ ❉❡♥♦t❡ t❤❡ ✈❛❧✉❡ ♦❢ ✐✬s ❜❡st s❡ss✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❇ ❛s ✈✐(❇)✳ ◮ ❛r❣♠❛① P
∑❇∈P ∑✐✈✐(❇) ❙✉❜❥❡❝t t♦
◮ ❛ |P| ≤ ♥❚✐♠❡❙❧♦ts ◮ ❋♦r ❛❧❧ ❇ ∈ P, |❇| ≤ ♥❘♦♦♠s ◮ ❙❡ss✐♦♥s ❢r♦♠ s❛♠❡ str❡❛♠ ❞♦ ♥♦t ❝❧❛s❤✳
SLIDE 14
❈♦♠♣❛r✐♥❣ ❚♦❦❡♥s ✫ ▼♦♥❡②
◮ ❇♦t❤ ✉s❡ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ♦♣t✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♣r♦❝❡❞✉r❡✳ ◮ ❲✐t❤ t♦❦❡♥s✱ t❤❡ ♣r♦❝❡❞✉r❡ ✐s r✉♥ ❛♥❞ t❤❡r❡ ❛r❡ ♥♦ tr❛♥s❢❡rs✳ ◮ ❲✐t❤ ♠♦♥❡②✱ t❤❡r❡ ❛r❡ tr❛♥s❢❡rs✳
SLIDE 15
❚r❛♥s❢❡rs ✐♥ t❤❡ ▼♦♥❡② ▼❡❝❤❛♥✐s♠
◮ ❆ ❱✐❝❦r❡②✕❈❧❛r❦❡✕●r♦✈❡s ❧✐❦❡ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐s♠ ✐s ✉s❡❞ t♦ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡
♣❛②♠❡♥ts✳
◮ ▲❡t ♣❡rs♦♥ ✐✬s ✈❛❧✉❡ ♦❢ ♣r♦❣r❛♠ ❛ ∈ ❆ ❜❡ ❞❡♥♦t❡❞ ✈✐(❛). ◮ ▲❡t ❛∗ = ❛r❣♠❛① ❛∈❆
∑✐ ✈✐(❛)
◮ P❡rs♦♥ ✐✬s ♣❛②♠❡♥t ♣✐ =
- ♠❛①
❛∈❆ ∑❥=✐ ✈❥(❛)
- −∑❥=✐ ✈❥(❛∗)
◮ P❡rs♦♥ ✐✬s r❡❢✉♥❞ r✐ = ∑❥=■ ♣❥ ♥−✶
SLIDE 16
❇✐❞❞✐♥❣
❚♦❦❡♥s ▼♦♥❡② s❡ss✐♦♥ ❛tt❡♥❞ s❡ss✐♦♥ ❛tt❡♥❞ ★ ❜✐❞❞❡rs ✷✶✺ ✽✺ ★ ❜✐❞❞❡rs ✶✽✷ ✶✼✼ ✻✾ ✼✷ ♠❡❛♥ ✽✳✾✽ ✸✳✸✼ ✷✳✵✼ ✸✳✺✸ ♠❛① ✺✵ ✺✵ ✷✵ ✸✵ ❜✐❞s ♣❡r ❜✐❞❞❡r ✷✳✻✷ ✼✳✸✼ ✻✳✻✾ ✷✳✹✹ s✉♠ ❜✐❞ ♣❡r ❜✐❞❞❡r ✷✸✳✺✷ ✷✹✳✽✹ ✶✸✳✽✺ ✽✳✺✾
SLIDE 17
❱♦t✐♥❣
❚♦❦❡♥s ▼♦♥❡② ❇❡❢♦r❡ s❡❡✐♥❣ ♣r♦❣r❛♠s ✷✸✺ ✭✽✻✳✼✷✪✮ ✸✻ ✭✶✸✳✷✽✪✮ ❆❢t❡r s❡❡✐♥❣ ♣r♦❣r❛♠s ✶✺✾ ✭✻✹✳✾✪✮ ✽✻ ✭✸✺✳✶✪✮
SLIDE 18
❈♦♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ ❘❡♠❛r❦s
◮ P❡♦♣❧❡ ❝❛r❡ ❛❜♦✉t ✇❤♦ ✐s ✐♥ t❤❡✐r s❡ss✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ✇❤✐❝❤ t❛❧❦s t❤❡②
❛r❡ ❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❛tt❡♥❞
◮ ❆ ♠❛❥♦r✐t② ❜✉t ♥♦t ❡✈❡r②♦♥❡ s✉❜♠✐tt❡❞ ♣r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s✱ s✉❣❣❡st✐♥❣
♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ❝♦st❧②
◮ ❙tr♦♥❣ ♣r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ❢♦r t♦❦❡♥s r❛t❤❡r t❤❛♥ ♠♦♥❡② ◮ ❋♦r ❢✉t✉r❡
◮ ✉s❡ t♦❦❡♥s ◮ ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦st ◮ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❡s t♦ ♠❛♥✉❛❧ ❛❧❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥ t♦ str❡❛♠s ◮ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r ❡❧✐❝✐t✐♥❣ t✐♠❡ s❧♦t ♣r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s
SLIDE 19
❈♦♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ ❘❡♠❛r❦s
◮ P❡♦♣❧❡ ❝❛r❡ ❛❜♦✉t ✇❤♦ ✐s ✐♥ t❤❡✐r s❡ss✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ✇❤✐❝❤ t❛❧❦s t❤❡②
❛r❡ ❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❛tt❡♥❞
◮ ❆ ♠❛❥♦r✐t② ❜✉t ♥♦t ❡✈❡r②♦♥❡ s✉❜♠✐tt❡❞ ♣r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s✱ s✉❣❣❡st✐♥❣
♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ❝♦st❧②
◮ ❙tr♦♥❣ ♣r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ❢♦r t♦❦❡♥s r❛t❤❡r t❤❛♥ ♠♦♥❡② ◮ ❋♦r ❢✉t✉r❡
◮ ✉s❡ t♦❦❡♥s ◮ ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦st ◮ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❡s t♦ ♠❛♥✉❛❧ ❛❧❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥ t♦ str❡❛♠s ◮ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r ❡❧✐❝✐t✐♥❣ t✐♠❡ s❧♦t ♣r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s