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❍♦✇ ✭◆♦t✮ t♦ ❙❝❤❡❞✉❧❡ ❛ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡

❏❛❝♦❜ ●♦❡r❡❡✱ ▲✉❦❡ ▲✐♥❞s❛②✱ ❏✐♥❣❥✐♥❣ ❩❤❛♥❣

❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ♦❢ ❩✉r✐❝❤

❏✉❧② ✷✵✶✸

❖✉t❧✐♥❡

❉❡♠♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝s ❚❛❦✐♥❣ ❆❝❝♦✉♥t ♦❢ P❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥ts✬ Pr❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s ❈♦♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ ❘❡♠❛r❦s

❉❡♠♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝s

❋❡♠❛❧❡ ✸✵✳✹✪ ▼❛❧❡ ✻✾✳✻✪

✷✻ ❈♦✉♥tr✐❡s

• ❡r♠❛♥②

✾✼ ❆✉str✐❛ ✺ ❯♥✐t❡❞ ❙t❛t❡s ✺✽ ❏❛♣❛♥ ✺ ❙✇✐t③❡r❧❛♥❞ ✸✸ ❙✇❡❞❡♥ ✸ ❯♥✐t❡❞ ❑✐♥❣❞♦♠ ✷✾

• ✉❛t❡♠❛❧❛

✷ ◆❡t❤❡r❧❛♥❞s ✷✻ ◆♦r✇❛② ✷ ■t❛❧② ✶✼ ❙♦✉t❤ ❆❢r✐❝❛ ✷ ❋r❛♥❝❡ ✶✻ ❚✉♥✐s✐❛ ✷ ❆✉str❛❧✐❛ ✶✷ ❇❡❧❣✐✉♠ ✶ ❈❤✐♥❛ ✶✶ ❇r❛③✐❧ ✶ ❙♣❛✐♥ ✶✵ ▼❡①✐❝♦ ✶ ■sr❛❡❧ ✼ ◆❡✇ ❩❡❛❧❛♥❞ ✶ ❈③❡❝❤ ❘❡♣✉❜❧✐❝ ✻ P♦❧❛♥❞ ✶ ❙✐♥❣❛♣♦r❡ ✻ ❚❛✐✇❛♥ ✶

❘❡❣✐♦♥s

❊✉r♦♣❡ ✷✹✻ ✻✾✳✸✪ ◆♦rt❤ ❆♠❡r✐❝❛ ✺✾ ✶✻✳✻✷✪ ❆s✐❛ ✷✸ ✻✳✹✽✪ ❆✉str❛❧✐❛ ❛♥❞ ❖❝❡❛♥✐❛ ✶✸ ✸✳✻✻✪ ▼✐❞❞❧❡ ❊❛st✱ ◆♦rt❤ ❆❢r✐❝❛✱ ❛♥❞ ●r❡❛t❡r ✾ ✷✳✺✹✪ ❈❡♥tr❛❧ ❆♠❡r✐❝❛ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❈❛r✐❜❜❡❛♥ ✷ ✵✳✺✻✪ ❙✉❜✲❙❛❤❛r❛♥ ❆❢r✐❝❛ ✷ ✵✳✺✻✪ ❙♦✉t❤ ❆♠❡r✐❝❛ ✶ ✵✳✷✽✪

P❤❉

❍❛s P❤❉ ★ P❡r❝❡♥t ◆♦ ✽✵ ✸✻✳✺✸ ❨❡s ✶✸✾ ✻✸✳✹✼

❙t❛❣❡ ✐♥ P❤❉

5 10 15 20 25 Frequency 1 2 3 4 5 Year in PhD Program

❙t❛❣❡ ✐♥ ❈❛r❡❡r

20 40 60 Frequency 10 20 30 Years since PhD

▼♦t✐✈❛t✐♦♥

◮ ✸✷✻ t❛❧❦s ✐♥ ✸✻ t✐♠❡ s❧♦ts ✲❃ ❛t ♠♦st ❝❛♥ ❛tt❡♥❞ ✶✶✪ ♦❢ t❛❧❦s ◮ ♣❧❛✉s✐❜❧❡ ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ ✈❛❧✉❡ ♦❢ ❤❛✈✐♥❣ r❡❧❛t❡❞ t❛❧❦s ✐♥ t❤❡ s❛♠❡

s❡ss✐♦♥

◮ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥ts ❦♥♦✇ ❜❡tt❡r t❤❛♥ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❡rs ❤♦✇ t❤❡✐r t❛❧❦ r❡❧❛t❡s

t♦ ♦t❤❡r t❛❧❦s

◮ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❡rs ❞♦ ♥♦t ❦♥♦✇ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥ts✬ ♣r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s

❖✈❡r✈✐❡✇ ♦❢ Pr♦❝❡❞✉r❡

✶✳ P❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥ts s✉❜♠✐t ❛❜str❛❝ts ❛♥❞ s♣❡❝✐❢② ✷ t♦♣✐❝s ❢♦r t❤❡✐r t❛❧❦✳ ✷✳ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❡rs ♠❛♥✉❛❧❧② ❛ss✐❣♥ t❛❧❦s t♦ str❡❛♠s ♦❢ ✶✷✲✷✽ t❛❧❦s ✸✳ P❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥ts ❜✐❞ ✉s✐♥❣ ♠♦♥❡② ❛♥❞ t♦❦❡♥s

✸✳✶ ❲❤♦ t❤❡② ✇♦✉❧❞ ❧✐❦❡ ✐♥ t❤❡✐r s❡ss✐♦♥ ✸✳✷ ❲❤✐❝❤ t❛❧❦s t❤❡② ✇♦✉❧❞ ❧✐❦❡ t♦ ❛tt❡♥❞

✹✳ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❡rs ❝♦♥str✉❝t t✇♦ ❝♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠s ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❜✐❞s ✺✳ P❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥ts ✈♦t❡ t♦ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♣r♦❣r❛♠ ✐s ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❡❞

❆❧❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥ t♦ ❙tr❡❛♠s

❆♣♣❧✐❡❞ ❊❝♦♥♦♠✐❝s ✭✷✵✮ ❆✉❝t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ▼❛r❦❡t ❉❡s✐❣♥ ✭✷✻✮ ❈♦♥t❡sts ✭✷✵✮ ❉❡❝✐s✐♦♥ ❚❤❡♦r② ✭✷✹✮ ❋✐❡❧❞ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥ts ✭✶✻✮

• ❛♠❡s ✭✷✸✮
• r♦✉♣ ❇❡❤❛✈✐♦r ✭✶✾✮

▲❛❜♦r ▼❛r❦❡t ✭✶✾✮ ▼❛r❦❡ts ✭✷✽✮ ▼❡t❤♦❞♦❧♦❣② ✭✶✷✮ ◆♦r♠s ❛♥❞ ❊t❤✐❝s ✭✷✷✮ Ps②❝❤♦❧♦❣② ❛♥❞ ❇✐♦❧♦❣② ✭✶✷✮ P✉❜❧✐❝ ❈❤♦✐❝❡ ✭✷✹✮ ❘❡♣❡❛t❡❞ ●❛♠❡s ✭✶✺✮ ❘✐s❦ ❛♥❞ ❆♠❜✐❣✉✐t② ✭✷✹✮ ❙♦❝✐❛❧ ❇❡❤❛✈✐♦r ✭✷✹✮

❆ss✐❣♥✐♥❣ ❚❛❧❦s t♦ ❙❡ss✐♦♥s

◮ ▲❡t ❜✐❥ ❞❡♥♦t❡ ✐✬s ❜✐❞ ❢♦r ❜❡✐♥❣ ✐♥ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ s❡ss✐♦♥ ❛s ❥✳ ◮ ▲❡t ①✐❥ = ✶ ✐❢ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡r ✐ ✐s ✐♥ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ s❡ss✐♦♥ ❛s ❥ ❛♥❞ ①✐❥ = ✵

♦t❤❡r✇✐s❡✳

◮ ❛r❣♠❛① ①

∑✐ ∑❥ ①✐❥❜✐✈ ❙✉❜❥❡❝t t♦

◮ ❊❛❝❤ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡r ♣r❡s❡♥ts ♦♥❝❡ ◮ ✹ t❛❧❦s ✐♥ ❡❛❝❤ s❡ss✐♦♥

❆ss✐❣♥✐♥❣ ❙❡ss✐♦♥s t♦ ❚✐♠❡✲s❧♦ts

◮ ▲❡t ❙ ❞❡♥♦t❡ t❤❡ s❡t ♦❢ ❛❧❧ s❡ss✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ P ❞❡♥♦t❡ ❛ ♣❛rt✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢

❙✳

◮ ❆t t✐♠❡ t✱ ♣❡rs♦♥ ✐ ✇✐❧❧ ❛tt❡♥❞ t❤❡ s❡ss✐♦♥ t❤❡② ✈❛❧✉❡ ♠♦st

❢r♦♠ t❤❡ s❡t ♦❢ s❡ss✐♦♥s ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ❇ ∈ P✳

◮ ❉❡♥♦t❡ t❤❡ ✈❛❧✉❡ ♦❢ ✐✬s ❜❡st s❡ss✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❇ ❛s ✈✐(❇)✳ ◮ ❛r❣♠❛① P

∑❇∈P ∑✐✈✐(❇) ❙✉❜❥❡❝t t♦

◮ ❛ |P| ≤ ♥❚✐♠❡❙❧♦ts ◮ ❋♦r ❛❧❧ ❇ ∈ P, |❇| ≤ ♥❘♦♦♠s ◮ ❙❡ss✐♦♥s ❢r♦♠ s❛♠❡ str❡❛♠ ❞♦ ♥♦t ❝❧❛s❤✳

❈♦♠♣❛r✐♥❣ ❚♦❦❡♥s ✫ ▼♦♥❡②

◮ ❇♦t❤ ✉s❡ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ♦♣t✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♣r♦❝❡❞✉r❡✳ ◮ ❲✐t❤ t♦❦❡♥s✱ t❤❡ ♣r♦❝❡❞✉r❡ ✐s r✉♥ ❛♥❞ t❤❡r❡ ❛r❡ ♥♦ tr❛♥s❢❡rs✳ ◮ ❲✐t❤ ♠♦♥❡②✱ t❤❡r❡ ❛r❡ tr❛♥s❢❡rs✳

❚r❛♥s❢❡rs ✐♥ t❤❡ ▼♦♥❡② ▼❡❝❤❛♥✐s♠

◮ ❆ ❱✐❝❦r❡②✕❈❧❛r❦❡✕●r♦✈❡s ❧✐❦❡ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐s♠ ✐s ✉s❡❞ t♦ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡

♣❛②♠❡♥ts✳

◮ ▲❡t ♣❡rs♦♥ ✐✬s ✈❛❧✉❡ ♦❢ ♣r♦❣r❛♠ ❛ ∈ ❆ ❜❡ ❞❡♥♦t❡❞ ✈✐(❛). ◮ ▲❡t ❛∗ = ❛r❣♠❛① ❛∈❆

∑✐ ✈✐(❛)

◮ P❡rs♦♥ ✐✬s ♣❛②♠❡♥t ♣✐ =

• ♠❛①

❛∈❆ ∑❥=✐ ✈❥(❛)

• −∑❥=✐ ✈❥(❛∗)

◮ P❡rs♦♥ ✐✬s r❡❢✉♥❞ r✐ = ∑❥=■ ♣❥ ♥−✶

❇✐❞❞✐♥❣

❚♦❦❡♥s ▼♦♥❡② s❡ss✐♦♥ ❛tt❡♥❞ s❡ss✐♦♥ ❛tt❡♥❞ ★ ❜✐❞❞❡rs ✷✶✺ ✽✺ ★ ❜✐❞❞❡rs ✶✽✷ ✶✼✼ ✻✾ ✼✷ ♠❡❛♥ ✽✳✾✽ ✸✳✸✼ ✷✳✵✼ ✸✳✺✸ ♠❛① ✺✵ ✺✵ ✷✵ ✸✵ ❜✐❞s ♣❡r ❜✐❞❞❡r ✷✳✻✷ ✼✳✸✼ ✻✳✻✾ ✷✳✹✹ s✉♠ ❜✐❞ ♣❡r ❜✐❞❞❡r ✷✸✳✺✷ ✷✹✳✽✹ ✶✸✳✽✺ ✽✳✺✾

❱♦t✐♥❣

❚♦❦❡♥s ▼♦♥❡② ❇❡❢♦r❡ s❡❡✐♥❣ ♣r♦❣r❛♠s ✷✸✺ ✭✽✻✳✼✷✪✮ ✸✻ ✭✶✸✳✷✽✪✮ ❆❢t❡r s❡❡✐♥❣ ♣r♦❣r❛♠s ✶✺✾ ✭✻✹✳✾✪✮ ✽✻ ✭✸✺✳✶✪✮

❈♦♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ ❘❡♠❛r❦s

◮ P❡♦♣❧❡ ❝❛r❡ ❛❜♦✉t ✇❤♦ ✐s ✐♥ t❤❡✐r s❡ss✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ✇❤✐❝❤ t❛❧❦s t❤❡②

❛r❡ ❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❛tt❡♥❞

◮ ❆ ♠❛❥♦r✐t② ❜✉t ♥♦t ❡✈❡r②♦♥❡ s✉❜♠✐tt❡❞ ♣r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s✱ s✉❣❣❡st✐♥❣

♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ❝♦st❧②

◮ ❙tr♦♥❣ ♣r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ❢♦r t♦❦❡♥s r❛t❤❡r t❤❛♥ ♠♦♥❡② ◮ ❋♦r ❢✉t✉r❡

◮ ✉s❡ t♦❦❡♥s ◮ ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦st ◮ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❡s t♦ ♠❛♥✉❛❧ ❛❧❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥ t♦ str❡❛♠s ◮ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r ❡❧✐❝✐t✐♥❣ t✐♠❡ s❧♦t ♣r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s

❈♦♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ ❘❡♠❛r❦s

◮ P❡♦♣❧❡ ❝❛r❡ ❛❜♦✉t ✇❤♦ ✐s ✐♥ t❤❡✐r s❡ss✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ✇❤✐❝❤ t❛❧❦s t❤❡②

❛r❡ ❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❛tt❡♥❞

◮ ❆ ♠❛❥♦r✐t② ❜✉t ♥♦t ❡✈❡r②♦♥❡ s✉❜♠✐tt❡❞ ♣r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s✱ s✉❣❣❡st✐♥❣

♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ❝♦st❧②

◮ ❙tr♦♥❣ ♣r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ❢♦r t♦❦❡♥s r❛t❤❡r t❤❛♥ ♠♦♥❡② ◮ ❋♦r ❢✉t✉r❡

◮ ✉s❡ t♦❦❡♥s ◮ ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦st ◮ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❡s t♦ ♠❛♥✉❛❧ ❛❧❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥ t♦ str❡❛♠s ◮ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r ❡❧✐❝✐t✐♥❣ t✐♠❡ s❧♦t ♣r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s