T T R I TT TR RI I T T ra ining fo r T o wnship Re ne w a l Initia tive EXPLORING TOWNSHIP PERSPECTIVES OF URBAN MANAGEMENT IN SOUTH AFRICA ‘TURNING SPECTATORS FROM CONSUMERS TO CO- PRODUCERS’ TTRI François Menguelé
T T R I TT TR RI I T T ra ining fo r T o wnship Re ne w a l Initia tive AFRICAN PERSPECTIVES OF THE URBAN CHALLENGE THE WORLD POPULATION HAS DOUBLED FROM 3 TO 6 BILLION PEOPLE � OVER THE PAST 40 YEARS STEADY INCREASE IN PERCENTAGE OF POPULATION LIVING IN URBAN � AREAS (URBANISATION) AFRICA IS AT THE LEADING EDGE OF URBANISATION WITH � UNPRECEDENTED RATES AVERAGING 5% ANNUAL GROWTH URBAN POPULATION HAS DOUBLED IN THE LAST 15 YEARS (impact of � AIDS excluded!) THE PEAK HAS NOT BEEN REACHED AS YET � NATURAL GROWTH, RURAL URBAN MIGRATION AND CIRCULAR � MIGRATION WITHIN THE NEXT 30 YEARS, THE MAJORITY OF AFRICA’S � POPULATION WILL LIVE IN CITIES
T T R I TT TR RI I T T ra ining fo r T o wnship Re ne w a l Initia tive AFRICAN PERSPECTIVES OF THE URBAN CHALLENGE � ESTIMATES SUGGEST 4 BILLION PEOPLE ARE LIVING IN POVERTY WORLDWIDE (THE ‘BOTTOM OF THE PYRAMID’) � INCREASING URBANISATION OF POVERTY IN AFRICA (LIMITED ACCESS TO WATER, SANITATION, HEALTH CARE, HOUSING, NUTRITION, GROWING UNEMPLOYMENT, INFORMALISATION OF URBAN ECONOMIES) � INCREASING PRESSURES ON URBAN LIVELIHOODS AS A RESULT OF GLOBAL COMPETITION AND TRADE RESTRUCTURING (INCREASING MONETARISATION OF TRANSACTIONS) � CAPACITIES OF LOCAL GOVERNMENTS OUTSTRIPPED BY THE MAGNITUDE AND COMPLEXITY OF URBANISATION (URBAN MANAGEMENT CHALLENGE) � URBAN HOUSEHOLDS INCREASINGLY DEPLOYING DYNAMIC COPING STRATEGIES WHICH SPAN BEYOND THE ARTIFICIAL BOUNDARIES BETWEEN RURAL AND URBAN (FROM SAPTIAL CONFINEMENT TO FLUIDITY)
T T R I TT TR RI I T T ra ining fo r T o wnship Re ne w a l Initia tive SOUTH AFRICAN PERSPECTIVES TO THE URBAN CHALLENGE � STEADY GROWTH OF URBAN POPULATION SINCE THE REMOVAL OF INFLUX CONTROL MEASURES UNDER APARTHEID � RATES OF URBANISATION GROWING AT 3-5% ANNUALLY � TENDENCY OF HIGHER INCREASE AS A RESULT OF A RE-DEFINITION OF ‘URBAN’ TO INCLUDE LARGE AGGLOMERATIONS AND URBANISING SETTLEMENTS IN FORMER HOMELANDS � STEADY ECONOMIC GROWTH ALONGSIDE GROWING URBANISATION (POSITIVE CORRELATION) � URBAN AREAS ACCOUNT FOR APPROXIMATELY 80% OF GDP ON LESS THAN 7% OF NATIONAL TERRITORY (ACCORING TO SOUTH AFRICAN CITIES NETWORK)! � SERVICE DELIVERY NOT KEEPING PACE WITH MAGNITUDE AND COMPLEXITY OF DEMAND DYNAMICS (URBAN MANAGEMENT CHALLENGE) � HUGE SERVICE BACKLOG DESPITE GREAT STRIDES BY GOVERNMENT TO QUELL THE INCREASING URBANISATION OF POVERTY
T T R I TT TR RI I T T ra ining fo r T o wnship Re ne w a l Initia tive STRUCTURAL CHALLENGES IN SA’S GOVERNANCE SYSTEM (REFORM OPPORTUNITIES) � DOES EVERY MARGINAL IMPROVEMENT IN DELIVERY CAPACITY TRIGGER ADDITIONAL DEMANDS? � PRESSURES DERIVED FROM THE CONSTITUTIONAL IMPERATIVES (BILL OF RIGHTS), e.g. GROOTBOOM COURT JUDGEMENT (2000) � PRESSURES DERIVED FROM GOVERNMENT’S TARGET SETTING AS PER EXISTING PLANS � PRESSURES DERIVED FROM AN APPROACH TO PLANNING THAT IS NOT ALWAYS ATTUNED TO DELIVERY CAPACITY (RISK OF EMPTY PROMISE AND UNDERSPENDING OF PUBLIC BUDGETS) � PRESSURES DERIVED FROM LOCATING IMPLEMENTATION RESPONSIBILITY (‘SERVICE DELIVERY’) IN THE SOLE REALM OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT � PRESSURES DERIVED FROM LIMITED FLEXIBILITY OF REGULATORY SYSTEMS � PRESSURES DERIVED FROM OVER-RELIANCE ON REPRESSIVE APPROACHES TO LAW ENFORCEMENT (DISPLACEMENT OF THE PROBLEM)
T T R I TT TR RI I T T ra ining fo r T o wnship Re ne w a l Initia tive THE URBAN CHALLENGE IN TOWNSHIPS � TOWNSHIPS ARE INCREASINGLY NET RECIPIENTS OF MIGRATION FLOWS (CIRCULAR AND RURAL URBAN) � Peripheral location from the city, hence disconnected from the mainstream economy � High costs of transport, depleting the disposable incomes of the working population � Dormitory settlements, due to low level of investment in functions other than housing � Low levels of education and skills coupled with high levels of unemployment as well as poverty and crime � Formal engineering infrastructure installed but decayed and in need of rehabilitation/ upgrading � Mainly formal housing stock with an informal component � Shorter life cycle of infrastructure and facilities due to poor investment in operation and maintenance
T T R I TT TR RI I T T ra ining fo r T o wnship Re ne w a l Initia tive FEATURES OF THE URBAN CHALLENGE IN TOWNSHIPS CTD… � Poorly connected to surrounding neighbourhoods � Level of available services largely disproportionate to the size of the resident population � Limited enterprise due to low economic opportunities for the resident population � Low levels of social capital, exacerbated by a supply-driven approach to service delivery which has encouraged dependency instead of enterprise.
T T R I TT TR RI I T T ra ining fo r T o wnship Re ne w a l Initia tive AFRICAN RESPONSES TO THE URBAN CHALLENGE Limitations and Features of Traditional Responses � Traditional approaches to urban development offer little in dealing with scale, complexity and pace of urbanisation � Traditional approaches are geared towards physical development (buildings, bridges, roads, etc…) � People’s and market dynamics (migration and economic transactions) ignored and sometimes not adequately factored in planning and implementation � Increasing informalisation of cities (“economies of piracy”) � Misappropriation of public and private space
T T R I TT TR RI I T T ra ining fo r T o wnship Re ne w a l Initia tive AFRICAN RESPONSES TO THE URBAN CHALLENGE ctd…. From Repressive Enforcement via ‘Laissez-Faire’ to Partnerships ctd… Repressive by-law enforcement: Evictions, Confiscation, � Demolitions, Avoidance of Constructive Engagement Laissez-Faire (ignore the problem to dissuade influx): � Informalisation of Settlements and Trade (up to 70% of urban Africa according to UNHABITAT) Partnerships and Coalition Building: Emergence of a Culture of � Joint Accountabilities for Delivery (cohesive communities and greater commitment to place)
T T R I TT TR RI I T T ra ining fo r T o wnship Re ne w a l Initia tive Language Trends in Planning tradition & urbanisation induced shifts in paradigm New paradigms : Traditional features : Develop, Manage, Govern, Mediate, Build, Legislate, Regulate, Enforce, Negotiate, Enabling, Monitor, Demolish, Evict, Confiscate, Control, Influence, Outcome, Impact Demarcate, Shape, Exercise Power, Deliver Services, Input, Output Traditional tools : Evolving COMPLEMENTARY Tools: Master Plans, Land Use Plans, Structural Action plans, Business plans, Strategic Plans, Urban Design Plans, Area Plans, Plans (CC, CDS,IDP), Social compact, Infrastructural Plans City Contract, PMS, Score Cards...
T T R I TT TR RI I T T ra ining fo r T o wnship Re ne w a l Initia tive FEATURES OF EMERGING APPROACHES TO URBAN DEVELOPMENT � Combination of city-wide stakeholder analysis and consultations with sectoral studies and strategies � Long-term city visioning (15-20 years) with short to medium-term locality specific actions � Outcomes based approach to planning � Programme based approach through the integration of sector specific projects and locality specific actions � Involvement of civil society and the business sector throughout the planning and implementation process � Selected attempts at participatory budgeting at the area level � Leveraging of resource commitments from all stakeholders (funding, sweat equity, materials) � Fragmented and little attempts to apply the sustainable livelihoods (vulnerability and asset-based) approach in the urban context
T T R I TT TR RI I T T ra ining fo r T o wnship Re ne w a l Initia tive DEFINING URBAN MANAGEMENT UNDER TTRI � Urban Management has emerged during the past 20 years to illustrate an (i) astute mobilisation and combination of capabilities, local talent, ingenuity, resources by the local authority to steer the collective aspirations and initiatives of (ii) various urban actors (public sector, private sector and civil society) in a direction which (iii) maximises the benefits of city life for all citizens whilst enhancing competitiveness.
T T R I TT TR RI I T T ra ining fo r T o wnship Re ne w a l Initia tive PERSPECTIVES OF URBAN MANAGEMENT UNDER TTRI ctd.. � Inclusionary by nature throughout the delivery process � Accepts urbanization and population increase as a natural phenomenon rather than a crisis which must be controlled � Organizes and facilitates the interplay between various urban actors, � Moderates conflicts over the use of public space and facilities
T T R I TT TR RI I T T ra ining fo r T o wnship Re ne w a l Initia tive PERSPECTIVES OF URBAN MANAGEMENT UNDER TTRI ctd.. � Redressing the malfunctions that may occur in the use of public and private environment � Reversing potential threats to the quality of life (livability) � Adopts a managerial approach to planning and implementation (planning becomes more predictable) � Promoting competitiveness of localities through territorial marketing
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