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  1. ❚♦♣ ❛♥❞ ❜♦tt♦♠ ❝♦♥t❛❝ts ❱❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥s ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ❇✐❥❡❝t✐♦♥s ❢♦r ❧❛tt✐❝❡ ♣❛t❤s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t✇♦ ❜♦✉♥❞❛r✐❡s ❙❡r❣✐ ❊❧✐③❛❧❞❡ ❉❛rt♠♦✉t❤ ❈♦❧❧❡❣❡ ❏♦✐♥t ✇♦r❦ ✇✐t❤ ▼❛rt✐♥ ❘✉❜❡② ❈❛♥❛❉❆▼ ✷✵✶✸ ❙❡r❣✐ ❊❧✐③❛❧❞❡ ❇✐❥❡❝t✐♦♥s ❢♦r ❧❛tt✐❝❡ ♣❛t❤s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t✇♦ ❜♦✉♥❞❛r✐❡s

  2. ❚❤❡♦r❡♠ ✭❉❡✉ts❝❤ ✬✾✽✮ ❚❤❡ ❥♦✐♥t ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣❛✐r t ❜ ♦✈❡r ♥ ✐s s②♠♠❡tr✐❝✱ ✐✳❡✳✱ ① t P ② ❜ P ① ❜ P ② t P P P ♥ ♥ Pr♦♦❢ ✶ ✭❉❡✉ts❝❤✮✿ ❘❡❝✉rs✐✈❡ ❜✐❥❡❝t✐♦♥✳ Pr♦♦❢ ✷✿ ●❡♥❡r❛t✐♥❣ ❢❝ts✳ ❇♦t❤ ♣r♦♦❢s r❡❧② ♦♥ t❤❡ r❡❝✉rs✐✈❡ str✉❝t✉r❡ ♦❢ ❉②❝❦ ♣❛t❤s✳ ❚♦♣ ❛♥❞ ❜♦tt♦♠ ❝♦♥t❛❝ts P❛t❤s ✇✐t❤ st❡♣s ◆ , ❊ ❱❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥s ❚❤❡ ❜✐❥❡❝t✐♦♥ ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ❉②❝❦ ♣❛t❤s ❚ ❋♦r P ∈ D ♥ ✭❉②❝❦ ♣❛t❤s ✇✐t❤ ✷ ♥ st❡♣s✮✱ ❧❡t P ❇ t ( P ) = # ♦❢ ❊ st❡♣s ✐♥ ❝♦♠♠♦♥ ✇✐t❤ ❚ = ✏❤❡✐❣❤t✑ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧❛st ✏♣❡❛❦✑ ❜ ( P ) = # ♦❢ ❊ st❡♣s ✐♥ ❝♦♠♠♦♥ ✇✐t❤ ❇ = ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ r❡t✉r♥s t ( P ) = ✸ ❜ ( P ) = ✷ ❙❡r❣✐ ❊❧✐③❛❧❞❡ ❇✐❥❡❝t✐♦♥s ❢♦r ❧❛tt✐❝❡ ♣❛t❤s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t✇♦ ❜♦✉♥❞❛r✐❡s

  3. Pr♦♦❢ ✶ ✭❉❡✉ts❝❤✮✿ ❘❡❝✉rs✐✈❡ ❜✐❥❡❝t✐♦♥✳ Pr♦♦❢ ✷✿ ●❡♥❡r❛t✐♥❣ ❢❝ts✳ ❇♦t❤ ♣r♦♦❢s r❡❧② ♦♥ t❤❡ r❡❝✉rs✐✈❡ str✉❝t✉r❡ ♦❢ ❉②❝❦ ♣❛t❤s✳ ❚♦♣ ❛♥❞ ❜♦tt♦♠ ❝♦♥t❛❝ts P❛t❤s ✇✐t❤ st❡♣s ◆ , ❊ ❱❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥s ❚❤❡ ❜✐❥❡❝t✐♦♥ ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ❉②❝❦ ♣❛t❤s ❚ ❋♦r P ∈ D ♥ ✭❉②❝❦ ♣❛t❤s ✇✐t❤ ✷ ♥ st❡♣s✮✱ ❧❡t P ❇ t ( P ) = # ♦❢ ❊ st❡♣s ✐♥ ❝♦♠♠♦♥ ✇✐t❤ ❚ = ✏❤❡✐❣❤t✑ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧❛st ✏♣❡❛❦✑ ❜ ( P ) = # ♦❢ ❊ st❡♣s ✐♥ ❝♦♠♠♦♥ ✇✐t❤ ❇ = ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ r❡t✉r♥s t ( P ) = ✸ ❜ ( P ) = ✷ ❚❤❡♦r❡♠ ✭❉❡✉ts❝❤ ✬✾✽✮ ❚❤❡ ❥♦✐♥t ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣❛✐r ( t , ❜ ) ♦✈❡r D ♥ ✐s s②♠♠❡tr✐❝✱ ✐✳❡✳✱ � � ① t ( P ) ② ❜ ( P ) = ① ❜ ( P ) ② t ( P ) . P ∈D ♥ P ∈D ♥ ❙❡r❣✐ ❊❧✐③❛❧❞❡ ❇✐❥❡❝t✐♦♥s ❢♦r ❧❛tt✐❝❡ ♣❛t❤s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t✇♦ ❜♦✉♥❞❛r✐❡s

  4. ❚♦♣ ❛♥❞ ❜♦tt♦♠ ❝♦♥t❛❝ts P❛t❤s ✇✐t❤ st❡♣s ◆ , ❊ ❱❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥s ❚❤❡ ❜✐❥❡❝t✐♦♥ ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ❉②❝❦ ♣❛t❤s ❚ ❋♦r P ∈ D ♥ ✭❉②❝❦ ♣❛t❤s ✇✐t❤ ✷ ♥ st❡♣s✮✱ ❧❡t P ❇ t ( P ) = # ♦❢ ❊ st❡♣s ✐♥ ❝♦♠♠♦♥ ✇✐t❤ ❚ = ✏❤❡✐❣❤t✑ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧❛st ✏♣❡❛❦✑ ❜ ( P ) = # ♦❢ ❊ st❡♣s ✐♥ ❝♦♠♠♦♥ ✇✐t❤ ❇ = ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ r❡t✉r♥s t ( P ) = ✸ ❜ ( P ) = ✷ ❚❤❡♦r❡♠ ✭❉❡✉ts❝❤ ✬✾✽✮ ❚❤❡ ❥♦✐♥t ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣❛✐r ( t , ❜ ) ♦✈❡r D ♥ ✐s s②♠♠❡tr✐❝✱ ✐✳❡✳✱ � � ① t ( P ) ② ❜ ( P ) = ① ❜ ( P ) ② t ( P ) . P ∈D ♥ P ∈D ♥ Pr♦♦❢ ✶ ✭❉❡✉ts❝❤✮✿ ❘❡❝✉rs✐✈❡ ❜✐❥❡❝t✐♦♥✳ Pr♦♦❢ ✷✿ ●❡♥❡r❛t✐♥❣ ❢❝ts✳ ❇♦t❤ ♣r♦♦❢s r❡❧② ♦♥ t❤❡ r❡❝✉rs✐✈❡ str✉❝t✉r❡ ♦❢ ❉②❝❦ ♣❛t❤s✳ ❙❡r❣✐ ❊❧✐③❛❧❞❡ ❇✐❥❡❝t✐♦♥s ❢♦r ❧❛tt✐❝❡ ♣❛t❤s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t✇♦ ❜♦✉♥❞❛r✐❡s

  5. ❚❤❡♦r❡♠ ❚❤❡ ❥♦✐♥t ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t ❜ ♦✈❡r ❚ ❇ ✐s s②♠♠❡tr✐❝✱ ✐✳❡✳✱ ① t P ② ❜ P ① ❜ P ② t P P ❚ ❇ P ❚ ❇ ❚♦♣ ❛♥❞ ❜♦tt♦♠ ❝♦♥t❛❝ts P❛t❤s ✇✐t❤ st❡♣s ◆ , ❊ ❱❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥s ❚❤❡ ❜✐❥❡❝t✐♦♥ ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ❆ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ t♦ ❛r❜✐tr❛r② ❜♦✉♥❞❛r✐❡s ❚ ❛♥❞ ❇ ♣❛t❤s ❢r♦♠ ❖ t♦ ❋ ✇✐t❤ st❡♣s ❋ ◆ ❛♥❞ ❊ ✱ ✇✐t❤ ❚ ✇❡❛❦❧② ❛❜♦✈❡ ❇ ❚ P ∈ P ( ❚ , ❇ ) = s❡t ♦❢ ♣❛t❤s ❢r♦♠ ❖ t♦ ❋ ✇❡❛❦❧② ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❚ ❛♥❞ ❇ t ( P ) =# ♦❢ ❊ st❡♣s ✐♥ ❝♦♠♠♦♥ ✇✐t❤ ❚ ❇ P ✭t♦♣ ❝♦♥t❛❝ts ♦❢ P ✮ ❖ ❜ ( P ) =# ♦❢ ❊ st❡♣s ✐♥ ❝♦♠♠♦♥ ✇✐t❤ ❇ t ( P ) = ✹ ❜ ( P ) = ✸ ✭❜♦tt♦♠ ❝♦♥t❛❝ts ♦❢ P ✮ ❙❡r❣✐ ❊❧✐③❛❧❞❡ ❇✐❥❡❝t✐♦♥s ❢♦r ❧❛tt✐❝❡ ♣❛t❤s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t✇♦ ❜♦✉♥❞❛r✐❡s

  6. ❚♦♣ ❛♥❞ ❜♦tt♦♠ ❝♦♥t❛❝ts P❛t❤s ✇✐t❤ st❡♣s ◆ , ❊ ❱❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥s ❚❤❡ ❜✐❥❡❝t✐♦♥ ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ❆ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ t♦ ❛r❜✐tr❛r② ❜♦✉♥❞❛r✐❡s ❚ ❛♥❞ ❇ ♣❛t❤s ❢r♦♠ ❖ t♦ ❋ ✇✐t❤ st❡♣s ❋ ◆ ❛♥❞ ❊ ✱ ✇✐t❤ ❚ ✇❡❛❦❧② ❛❜♦✈❡ ❇ ❚ P ∈ P ( ❚ , ❇ ) = s❡t ♦❢ ♣❛t❤s ❢r♦♠ ❖ t♦ ❋ ✇❡❛❦❧② ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❚ ❛♥❞ ❇ t ( P ) =# ♦❢ ❊ st❡♣s ✐♥ ❝♦♠♠♦♥ ✇✐t❤ ❚ ❇ P ✭t♦♣ ❝♦♥t❛❝ts ♦❢ P ✮ ❖ ❜ ( P ) =# ♦❢ ❊ st❡♣s ✐♥ ❝♦♠♠♦♥ ✇✐t❤ ❇ t ( P ) = ✹ ❜ ( P ) = ✸ ✭❜♦tt♦♠ ❝♦♥t❛❝ts ♦❢ P ✮ ❚❤❡♦r❡♠ ❚❤❡ ❥♦✐♥t ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ( t , ❜ ) ♦✈❡r P ( ❚ , ❇ ) ✐s s②♠♠❡tr✐❝✱ ✐✳❡✳✱ � � ① t ( P ) ② ❜ ( P ) = ① ❜ ( P ) ② t ( P ) . P ∈P ( ❚ , ❇ ) P ∈P ( ❚ , ❇ ) ❙❡r❣✐ ❊❧✐③❛❧❞❡ ❇✐❥❡❝t✐♦♥s ❢♦r ❧❛tt✐❝❡ ♣❛t❤s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t✇♦ ❜♦✉♥❞❛r✐❡s

  7. ❚♦♣ ❛♥❞ ❜♦tt♦♠ ❝♦♥t❛❝ts P❛t❤s ✇✐t❤ st❡♣s ◆ , ❊ ❱❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥s ❚❤❡ ❜✐❥❡❝t✐♦♥ ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ① ✸ ① ✷ ① ① ✷ ① ✶ ② ✷ ①② ② ① ✷ ② ①② ② ①② ✷ ② ✷ ② ✸ ① t ( P ) ② ❜ ( P ) = ① ✸ + ① ✷ ② + ①② ✷ + ② ✸ + ✷ ① ✷ + ✷ ①② + ✷ ② ✷ + ✷ ① + ✷ ② + ✶ � P ∈P ( ❚ , ❇ ) ❙❡r❣✐ ❊❧✐③❛❧❞❡ ❇✐❥❡❝t✐♦♥s ❢♦r ❧❛tt✐❝❡ ♣❛t❤s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t✇♦ ❜♦✉♥❞❛r✐❡s

  8. ❲❡ ❣✐✈❡ ❛♥ ✐♥✈♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ❚ ❇ ❚ ❇ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ♣r♦♣❡rt② t P ❜ P ❛♥❞ ❜ P t P ✳ ■❞❡❛✿ ●✐✈❡♥ P ❚ ❇ ✇✐t❤ t P ❜ P ✱ t✉r♥ s♦♠❡ ♦❢ ✐ts t♦♣ ❝♦♥t❛❝ts ✐♥t♦ ❜♦tt♦♠ ❝♦♥t❛❝ts✱ ♦♥❡ ❛t ❛ t✐♠❡✳ ❚♦♣ ❛♥❞ ❜♦tt♦♠ ❝♦♥t❛❝ts P❛t❤s ✇✐t❤ st❡♣s ◆ , ❊ ❱❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥s ❚❤❡ ❜✐❥❡❝t✐♦♥ ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s Pr♦♦❢ ❚❤❡ ❦♥♦✇♥ ♣r♦♦❢s ❢♦r ❉②❝❦ ♣❛t❤s ❞♦ ♥♦t s❡❡♠ t♦ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❡ t♦ ❛r❜✐tr❛r② ❜♦✉♥❞❛r✐❡s✳ ❙❡r❣✐ ❊❧✐③❛❧❞❡ ❇✐❥❡❝t✐♦♥s ❢♦r ❧❛tt✐❝❡ ♣❛t❤s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t✇♦ ❜♦✉♥❞❛r✐❡s

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