Surveying for Building Construction Prof. Mrs. C. Jayasinghe - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Surveying for Building Construction

• Prof. Mrs. C. Jayasinghe

Senior Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Moratuwa

Surveying

• Surveying supports all construction activities and infrastructure

engineering in urban and rural environments.

• Mapping and monitoring the natural environment
• The

services of professional surveyors include; defining land boundaries, engineering and mining surveying, offshore surveys, digital mapping, precise positioning and property development

• Registered surveyors are the only professionals who can redefine

land boundaries

Key factors in building construction

• Effective and efficient use of land
• Developing an efficient Master Plan for the site
• Good drainage properties
• Aesthetics
• Structural Engineering aspects
• Efficient cost structure for the construction Eg: Stepped Construction for

sloping ground

• Landscape design and creating a better micro climate around the building
• Functional building

What is a ‘Development Activity’

• Parcelling or sub-division of any land
• Erection / re-erection of structures
• Carrying out of buildings, engineering and other operations –
• n, over or under such land
• Change in use of any land or structure is used at present

(This does not affect agriculture or horticultural activities)

9m 6m 1.5m 16m 11m 10m 13m 110m 9m 1.5m strip for trees

N

Secondary Access Road Main access road

Land sub division

Pla lanning & Bu Building Reg egulations

Land Sub Div ivision and Amalg lgamation

Plot Size Road Frontage Open Space

Acc ccessibility

Access Turning Circle Splaying of Street Corners

Development of a Master Plan

• Accurate ground profile
• A contour survey
• Cut and fill volumes to be identified
• Drainage paths to be established

The he si site was de develo loped with with a water bo body ba based on n the he gr grou

• und pr

profil

• file ide

dentif ifie ied

Silt traps to prevent silting of water ways and drains

Storm water quality and quantity control with a cascading system

A A gr green fact actory de designed to

• suit

suit the gr ground pr profil ile

A A fac actory bui building wit ith a a water bod body to

• ha

have a a be better su surroundings

Tiered houses on undulating ground

Tiered houses on sloping ground

Retaining wall to maintain slope stability

Build ilding Regulations on Plo lot Usage

Plot Coverage Floor Area Ratio

Build ilding Category ry and Heights

Building Category Building Heights

Open Space Ar Around th the Build ilding

Front Space Rear Space Side Space

Regulations In Inside The Build ilding

Internal Heights Natural Light and Ventilation Floor Area & Internal Dimensions Staircase

Form C 1 - Planning & Building Regulations City of Colombo

(1) Row No. (2) Minimum land Extent (sq.m.) (3) Minimum width between building lines of a Public Street/ Road (4) Minimum width of private Street/ Road (5) Maximum Permissible FAR 1 150 less than 250

• 3.0

1:1.5 2 150 less than 250

• 4.5

1:1.75 3 150 less than 250

• 6.0

1:2.0 4 150 less than 250

• 9.0

1:2.5 5 150 less than 250 12.2 12.2 1:3.0 6 250 less than 400 12.2 6.0 1:3.5 7 400 less than 500 12.2 9.0 1:4.5 8 500 less than 700 12.2 9.0 1:5.0 9 500 less than 700 15.0 12.2 1:5.5 10 700 less than 900 15.0 12.2 1:6.0 11 900 less than 1000 15.0 12.2 1:7.0 12 900 less than 1000 22.0 12.2 1:7.5 13 1000 less than 1500 22.0 12.2 1:8.0 14 1500 less than 2000 22.0 12.2 1:9.0 15 1500 less than 2000 24.0 12.2 1:9.5 16 2000 less than 2500 24.0 12.2 1:10.0 17 2500 less than 3000 24.0 12.2 1:12.0 18 3000 and above 24.0 12.2 Unlimited

Form ‘C 2’

(1) Building Category (2) Maximum No. of floors including Ground Floor (3) Minimum site frontage (m) (4) Maximum Plot Coverage (%) (5) Open Space Around the Building (5.1) Minimum Rear Space (m) (5.2) Minimum on

• ne Side

Space (m) (5.3) Minimum space on each side (m) Ground Floor 6.0 65 2.3

• 2

6.0 65 2.3

• 3

6.0 65 3.0

• 4

6.0 65 3.0

• Inter mediate

Rise 5 8.0 65 3.0 2.0

• 6

10.0 65 4.0 2.0

• 7

14.0 65 4.0 3.0

• 8

16.0 65 4.0 3.0

• Middle Rise

9 22.0 65 5.0

• 2.0

10 26.0 65 5.0

• 3.0

11 30.0 65 5.0

• 3.0

12 30.0 65 5.0

• 3.0

High Rise 13 35.0 50 6.0

• 4.0

14 35.0 50 6.0

• 4.0

15-20 40.0 50 6.0

• 6.0

21 & Above 40.0 50 6.0

• 6.0

SJK, Kaduwela, Maharagama, Homagama

Strategies For Traffic & Transportation

Street lines & building lines

• 63% of the roads – No street lines
• Narrow Roads

Approved building applicatons (1999- 2006) – Arethusa Lane

No.of floors No.of Buildings No.of Housing Units

4 2 11 5

• 6

4 70 7 4 83 8 2 52 Total 12 216

Qualified Person (Q (QP)

Charted Engineer Town Planner Charted Architect Licensed Surveyor

Dut Dutie ies of

• f Qualif

ualifie ied Per erson

• n (QP

(QP)

• Submit correct & clear information on plans
• Certify the plans ensuring that plans are

inconformity with the prevailing regulations

• Submit to the LA to obtain approval
• Supervise all building works & other development

activities

• Submit progress reports to the Authority
• Prior to request of COC certify the plan

Important points

• All building designs should comply with the survey plans and data to

function as proper indoor spaces.

• All relevant hi-tech tools such as GPS, laser scanners, mapping drones

can be used to create 3D models of the ground and natural environment.

Land surveyor

A land surveyor, also known as a geomatics surveyor, creates site plans for construction and civil engineering projects by collecting data and mapping the shape of the land. They can work on a variety of different projects including bridges, tunnels, roads, mining and quarrying among others. Some of the work they are responsible for includes:

• Geomatics – gathering, storing, processing and delivering geographic information
• Feasibility studies – carrying our surveys and assessments on potential

construction sites

• Geomechanics – monitoring land movement and subsidence caused naturally or

during the construction process

• Geospatial measurement – charting exact co-ordinates of site features using GPS

and surveying instruments, mapping land use with satellite photography and producing digital images of sites

Wha hat ar are e the the Different Types of

• f Sur

urveying in Con

• nstructio

ion

The history of surveying in construction goes back thousands of years. It’s an essential part of any construction project and as a result there are many different types of surveying that exist in the construction industry today.

• Land surveyor
• Building surveyor
• Technical surveyor
• Planning and developing surveyor

Bui uild ldin ing sur surveyor

• Building surveyors advise clients about the design and construction of

new buildings.

• They need to have good communication and problem solving skills .

Some of the work involved includes:

• make sure that properties meet building regulations and fire safety

accessibility standards

• Dealing with planning applications
• Surveying properties to identify structural faults and making

recommendations for repairs

Tec echnical sur surveyor

Technical surveyors carry out various tasks, most of them in support of architects, chartered surveyors and engineers. Their duties include:

• Draughting plans using computer software
• Helping with environmental impact assessments
• Supervising construction operatives at site

Pla lannin ing an and de development sur surveyor

A planning and development surveyor’s main role is to assess, design and manage development projects.

• These projects can be varied and a planning and development

surveyor would be involved in every stage of the project from initial site assessments to the completion of the entire project.

• The role of a planning and development surveyor would include:
• Assessing whether plans are workable
• Assisting on planning applications

Highway Con

• nstructio

ion Sur urveyin ing

• Highway surveying is a specialized type of land surveying generally

conducted for government agencies during the planning stages of a highway development project.

• To find the best trace for the proposed highway
• The goal of this survey is to determine the appropriate route where the

least amount of land will need to be moved

• During the construction process, a highway construction surveyor can

ensure that progress is occurring as it should, and that the highway is located precisely where it should be.

• After the highway is built, a highway survey can be used to provide an

accurate layout of roadways, utilities, storm drainage systems, overhead wires, nearby buildings, and other features of the landscape.

High ighway Con

• nstructio

ion Sur urveying

• Surveyors assist engineers in the mapping of optimal routes
• This includes grading (slopes), curves and the creation of tunnels or other

features along the highway route.

• It is necessary to understand the geographic restrictions and the layout of

an area before attempting to determine the best route for placement of the highway.

• The most challenging part of highway planning is often the necessity of

bridges or tunnels.

• Surveyors provide input on their location, and also monitor the highway

construction process to ensure that the highway structures are located correctly.

High ighway Con

• nstructio

ion Sur urveying

• After the road is built, further surveys may be required for a wide

variety of reasons, including road repair or maintenance.

• Highway surveys are also used during the process of accident

reconstruction and investigations.

• The latest technology with specialized laser equipment allows

gathering of data required for a highway survey to be done from the roadside, virtually eliminating the need for road or lane closures.

• The highly accurate data delivered by these systems allows for the

creation of detailed 3D maps showing not only the roadway, but also barriers, overhead wires and other features.

New highway project

• Map study
• Reconnaissance survey
• Preliminary survey
• Location of final alignment
• Detailed survey
• Material survey
• Geometric and structural design
• Earth work
• Pavement construction
• Construction controls

Data a ne needed for

• r hig

highway constructio ion

Details to be collected from alternative routes during this survey

• Valleys, ponds, lakes, marshy land, hill, permanent structure and other
• bstruction.
• Value of gradient, length of gradient and radius of curve.
• Number and type of cross drainage structures.
• High Flood Level (HFL).
• Soil Characteristics
• Geological features.
• Source of construction materials – stone quarries, water sources

Preliminary survey:

Objective of preliminary survey are:

• To survey the various alternative alignments proposed after the

reconnaissance and to collect all the necessary physical information and detail of topography, drainage and soil.

• To compare the different proposals in view of the requirements of the

good alignment.

• To estimate quantity of earthwork and other construction details and

to work out the cost of the alternate proposals.

Methods of preliminary survey

• Conventional approach-survey party : carries out surveys using the

required field equipment, taking measurement, collecting topographical and other data and carrying out soil survey.

• Modern rapid approach: By aerial survey taking the required aerial

photographs for obtaining the necessary topographic and other maps including details of soil and geology.

• Other related studies: Drainage, Hydrological survey, soil survey,

Traffic and Material survey

Areal photograph or drone survey

Land utilization

Detailed survey

• Temporary benchmarks are fixed at intervals of about 250m and a tall

drainage and underpass structure.

• Earthwork calculations and drainage details are to be work out from the

level books.

• Cross sectional levels are taken at intervals of 50-100m in Plane terrain, 50-

75m in Rolling terrain, 50 m in built – up area, 20 m in Hill terrain.

• CBR value of the soils along the alignment may be determined for design of

pavement.

• The data obtained during detailed survey should be elaborated and

complete for preparing detailed plans, design and estimates of project

Drawing and Report

• Preliminary survey plans
• Detailed plan and longitudinal section
• Detailed cross section
• Land acquisition plans
• Drawings of cross drainage and other retaining structures
• Drawings of road intersections
• Land plans showing quarries etc.

Responsibilities at Building site

• Advising clients about building/property issues, which can include technical,

financial, legal, environmental/sustainability, building regulation and restoration matters

• undertaking building surveys.
• monitoring the deterioration or defects of a property and offering advice on

repair work

• assessing the impact of unexpected damage on insurance, for example after

a fire or flood

• writing technical reports
• negotiating the repair of work or a financial settlement if required
• planning and overseeing building work on small projects that don’t require

an architect

• managing projects and/or multidisciplinary teams