strt r r r - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
strt r r r - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
strt r r r ss r rt r st rr rq
■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥
❉❡ ❇r✉✐❥♥ ●r❛♣❤ ❢♦r ❛ss❡♠❜❧②
❘ = {❜❜❛❝❜❛❛, ❝❜❛❛❝, ❜❛❝❜❛❜, ❝❜❛❜❝❛❛, ❜❝❛❛❝❜}
❈❛③❛✉①✱ ▲❡❝r♦q✱ ❘✐✈❛❧s ❚r✉♥❝❛t❡❞ ❙✉✣① ❚r❡❡ ✫ ❉❇● ✶ ✴ ✸✵
■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥
❉❡ ❇r✉✐❥♥ ●r❛♣❤ ❢♦r ❛ss❡♠❜❧②
❘ = {❜❜❛❝❜❛❛, ❝❜❛❛❝, ❜❛❝❜❛❜, ❝❜❛❜❝❛❛, ❜❝❛❛❝❜}
bb cb ba ac aa ca ab bc
❈❛③❛✉①✱ ▲❡❝r♦q✱ ❘✐✈❛❧s ❚r✉♥❝❛t❡❞ ❙✉✣① ❚r❡❡ ✫ ❉❇● ✶ ✴ ✸✵
■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥
- ❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❡❞ ❙✉✣① ❚r❡❡ ✭●❙❚✮
❘ = {❜❜❛❝❜❛❛, ❝❜❛❛❝, ❜❛❝❜❛❜, ❝❜❛❜❝❛❛, ❜❝❛❛❝❜}
7 7 6 6 3 3 b c a 5 3 caa b 4 4 3 a 2 b a b c a 6 6 5 2 c a 4 2 caa b 2 a 1 b cba a 4 1 cb caa b 5 5 2 cb aa 5 4 1 c a 3 1 caa b a b c 1 bacbaa
❈❛③❛✉①✱ ▲❡❝r♦q✱ ❘✐✈❛❧s ❚r✉♥❝❛t❡❞ ❙✉✣① ❚r❡❡ ✫ ❉❇● ✷ ✴ ✸✵
■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥
- ❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❡❞ ❙✉✣① ❚r❡❡ ✇✐t❤ ❝✉t
❘ = {❜❜❛❝❜❛❛, ❝❜❛❛❝, ❜❛❝❜❛❜, ❝❜❛❜❝❛❛, ❜❝❛❛❝❜}
7 7 6 6 3 3 b c a 5 3 c aa b 4 4 3 a 2 b a b c a 6 6 5 2 c a 4 2 caa b 2 a 1 b c ba a 4 1 cb ca a b 5 5 2 cb aa 5 4 1 c a 3 1 caa b a b c 1 ba cbaa
❈❛③❛✉①✱ ▲❡❝r♦q✱ ❘✐✈❛❧s ❚r✉♥❝❛t❡❞ ❙✉✣① ❚r❡❡ ✫ ❉❇● ✷ ✴ ✸✵
■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥
❚r✉♥❝❛t❡❞ ❙✉✣① ❚r❡❡ ✭❚❙❚✮
❘ = {❜❜❛❝❜❛❛, ❝❜❛❛❝, ❜❛❝❜❛❜, ❝❜❛❜❝❛❛, ❜❝❛❛❝❜}
6 6 3 3 c a 5 c 3 b 4 4 3 2 b c a 5 2 a 4 2 b c 2 1 a ca 4 1 b 5 2 aa 5 4 1 3 1 a b c ba 1
❈❛③❛✉①✱ ▲❡❝r♦q✱ ❘✐✈❛❧s ❚r✉♥❝❛t❡❞ ❙✉✣① ❚r❡❡ ✫ ❉❇● ✷ ✴ ✸✵
■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥
▼♦t✐✈❛t✐♦♥
❉❡ ❇r✉✐❥♥ ●r❛♣❤ ✐s ❧❛r❣❡❧② ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ ❞❡ ♥♦✈♦ ❣❡♥♦♠❡ ❛ss❡♠❜❧②✳ ❬P❡✈③♥❡r ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✶❪ ❖♥❡ ❜✉✐❧❞s ❛ s✉✣① tr❡❡ ❜❡❢♦r❡ t❤❡ ❛ss❡♠❜❧② ❢♦r s♦♠❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s✱ ❢♦r ✐♥st❛♥❝❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❡rr♦r ❝♦rr❡❝t✐♦♥✳ ❬❙❛❧♠❡❧❛✱ ✷✵✶✵❪ ❚❤❡r❡ ❡①✐st ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s t♦ ❜✉✐❧❞ ❞✐r❡❝t❧② t❤❡ ❉❡ ❇r✉✐❥♥ ●r❛♣❤ ❬❖♥♦❞❡r❛ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✸❪ ❬❘♦❞❧❛♥❞✱ ✷✵✶✸❪ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❈♦♥tr❛❝t❡❞ ❉❡ ❇r✉✐❥♥ ●r❛♣❤ ❬❈❛③❛✉① ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✹❪❬❈❤✐❦❤✐ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✹❪✳
❈❛③❛✉①✱ ▲❡❝r♦q✱ ❘✐✈❛❧s ❚r✉♥❝❛t❡❞ ❙✉✣① ❚r❡❡ ✫ ❉❇● ✸ ✴ ✸✵
■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥
■♥❞❡①✐♥❣ ❞❛t❛ str✉❝t✉r❡s
◆✉♠❡r♦✉s ❞❛t❛ str✉❝t✉r❡s✿ s✉✣① tr❡❡✱ ❛✣① tr❡❡✱ s✉✣① t❛❜❧❡✱ ❢❛❝t♦r ❛✉t♦♠❛t❛✱ ❡t❝✳ t♦ ✐♥❞❡① ♦♥❡ ♦r s❡✈❡r❛❧ t❡①ts ✭❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❡❞ ✐♥❞❡①✮ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥♥❛❧❧② ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t ❘❡s✉❧t✿ ❲❡ ❝❛♥ ❞✐r❡❝t❧② ❜✉✐❧❞ t❤❡ ❛ss❡♠❜❧② ❉❡ ❇r✉✐❥♥ ❣r❛♣❤ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝❧❛ss✐❝❛❧ ♦r ❝♦♥tr❛❝t❡❞ ❢♦r♠ ❢r♦♠ ❛♥ ✐♥❞❡①✐♥❣ ❞❛t❛ str✉❝t✉r❡s✳❬❈❛③❛✉① ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✹❪ ◗✉❡st✐♦♥✿ ❍♦✇ t♦ ❞♦ ✐t ✇✐t❤♦✉t ✉s✐♥❣ ♠♦r❡ s♣❛❝❡ t❤❛♥ ♥❡❝❡ss❛r②❄
❈❛③❛✉①✱ ▲❡❝r♦q✱ ❘✐✈❛❧s ❚r✉♥❝❛t❡❞ ❙✉✣① ❚r❡❡ ✫ ❉❇● ✹ ✴ ✸✵
■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥
■♥❞❡①✐♥❣ ❞❛t❛ str✉❝t✉r❡s
◆✉♠❡r♦✉s ❞❛t❛ str✉❝t✉r❡s✿ s✉✣① tr❡❡✱ ❛✣① tr❡❡✱ s✉✣① t❛❜❧❡✱ ❢❛❝t♦r ❛✉t♦♠❛t❛✱ ❡t❝✳ t♦ ✐♥❞❡① ♦♥❡ ♦r s❡✈❡r❛❧ t❡①ts ✭❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❡❞ ✐♥❞❡①✮ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥♥❛❧❧② ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t ❘❡s✉❧t✿ ❲❡ ❝❛♥ ❞✐r❡❝t❧② ❜✉✐❧❞ t❤❡ ❛ss❡♠❜❧② ❉❡ ❇r✉✐❥♥ ❣r❛♣❤ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝❧❛ss✐❝❛❧ ♦r ❝♦♥tr❛❝t❡❞ ❢♦r♠ ❢r♦♠ ❛♥ ✐♥❞❡①✐♥❣ ❞❛t❛ str✉❝t✉r❡s✳❬❈❛③❛✉① ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✹❪ ◗✉❡st✐♦♥✿ ❍♦✇ t♦ ❞♦ ✐t ✇✐t❤♦✉t ✉s✐♥❣ ♠♦r❡ s♣❛❝❡ t❤❛♥ ♥❡❝❡ss❛r②❄
❈❛③❛✉①✱ ▲❡❝r♦q✱ ❘✐✈❛❧s ❚r✉♥❝❛t❡❞ ❙✉✣① ❚r❡❡ ✫ ❉❇● ✹ ✴ ✸✵
■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥
■♥❞❡①✐♥❣ ❞❛t❛ str✉❝t✉r❡s
◆✉♠❡r♦✉s ❞❛t❛ str✉❝t✉r❡s✿ s✉✣① tr❡❡✱ ❛✣① tr❡❡✱ s✉✣① t❛❜❧❡✱ ❢❛❝t♦r ❛✉t♦♠❛t❛✱ ❡t❝✳ t♦ ✐♥❞❡① ♦♥❡ ♦r s❡✈❡r❛❧ t❡①ts ✭❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❡❞ ✐♥❞❡①✮ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥♥❛❧❧② ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t ❘❡s✉❧t✿ ❲❡ ❝❛♥ ❞✐r❡❝t❧② ❜✉✐❧❞ t❤❡ ❛ss❡♠❜❧② ❉❡ ❇r✉✐❥♥ ❣r❛♣❤ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝❧❛ss✐❝❛❧ ♦r ❝♦♥tr❛❝t❡❞ ❢♦r♠ ❢r♦♠ ❛♥ ✐♥❞❡①✐♥❣ ❞❛t❛ str✉❝t✉r❡s✳❬❈❛③❛✉① ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✹❪ ◗✉❡st✐♦♥✿ ❍♦✇ t♦ ❞♦ ✐t ✇✐t❤♦✉t ✉s✐♥❣ ♠♦r❡ s♣❛❝❡ t❤❛♥ ♥❡❝❡ss❛r②❄
❈❛③❛✉①✱ ▲❡❝r♦q✱ ❘✐✈❛❧s ❚r✉♥❝❛t❡❞ ❙✉✣① ❚r❡❡ ✫ ❉❇● ✹ ✴ ✸✵
❈❤❛✐♥ ♦❢ s✉✣①✲❞❡♣❡♥❞❛♥t str✐♥❣s ❛♥❞ ❚r❡❡
✶
❈❤❛✐♥ ♦❢ s✉✣①✲❞❡♣❡♥❞❛♥t str✐♥❣s ❛♥❞ ❚r❡❡
✷
❚r✉♥❝❛t❡❞ ❙✉✣① ❚r❡❡ ✭❚❙❚✮
✸
❉❡ ❇r✉✐♥ ●r❛♣❤ ✈✐❛ t❤❡ ❚❙❚
✹
❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥
❈❛③❛✉①✱ ▲❡❝r♦q✱ ❘✐✈❛❧s ❚r✉♥❝❛t❡❞ ❙✉✣① ❚r❡❡ ✫ ❉❇● ✺ ✴ ✸✵
❈❤❛✐♥ ♦❢ s✉✣①✲❞❡♣❡♥❞❛♥t str✐♥❣s ❛♥❞ ❚r❡❡
❈❤❛✐♥ ♦❢ s✉✣①✲❞❡♣❡♥❞❛♥t str✐♥❣s ❛♥❞ ❚r❡❡
❈❛③❛✉①✱ ▲❡❝r♦q✱ ❘✐✈❛❧s ❚r✉♥❝❛t❡❞ ❙✉✣① ❚r❡❡ ✫ ❉❇● ✺ ✴ ✸✵
❈❤❛✐♥ ♦❢ s✉✣①✲❞❡♣❡♥❞❛♥t str✐♥❣s ❛♥❞ ❚r❡❡
❙tr✐♥❣
❉❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ❬●✉s✜❡❧❞ ✶✾✾✼❪ ▲❡t ✇ ❛ str✐♥❣✳ ❛ s✉❜str✐♥❣ ♦❢ ✇ ✐s ❛ str✐♥❣ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡❞ ✐♥ ✇✱ ❛ ♣r❡✜① ♦❢ ✇ ✐s ❛ s✉❜str✐♥❣ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❜❡❣✐♥s ✇ ❛♥❞ ❛ s✉✣① ✐s ❛ s✉❜str✐♥❣ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❡♥❞s ✇✳ ❛♥ ♦✈❡r❧❛♣ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ✇ ❛♥❞ ✈ ✐s ❛ s✉✣① ♦❢ ✇ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ❛❧s♦ ❛ ♣r❡✜① ♦❢ ✈✳ ✇ ❛ ❜ ❛ ❜ ❜ ❛ ❜ ❛ ❛ ❛
❈❛③❛✉①✱ ▲❡❝r♦q✱ ❘✐✈❛❧s ❚r✉♥❝❛t❡❞ ❙✉✣① ❚r❡❡ ✫ ❉❇● ✻ ✴ ✸✵
❈❤❛✐♥ ♦❢ s✉✣①✲❞❡♣❡♥❞❛♥t str✐♥❣s ❛♥❞ ❚r❡❡
❙tr✐♥❣
❉❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ❬●✉s✜❡❧❞ ✶✾✾✼❪ ▲❡t ✇ ❛ str✐♥❣✳ ❛ s✉❜str✐♥❣ ♦❢ ✇ ✐s ❛ str✐♥❣ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡❞ ✐♥ ✇✱ ❛ ♣r❡✜① ♦❢ ✇ ✐s ❛ s✉❜str✐♥❣ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❜❡❣✐♥s ✇ ❛♥❞ ❛ s✉✣① ✐s ❛ s✉❜str✐♥❣ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❡♥❞s ✇✳ ❛♥ ♦✈❡r❧❛♣ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ✇ ❛♥❞ ✈ ✐s ❛ s✉✣① ♦❢ ✇ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ❛❧s♦ ❛ ♣r❡✜① ♦❢ ✈✳ ✇ ❛ ❜ ❛ ❜ ❜ ❛ ❜ ❛ ❛ ❛
❈❛③❛✉①✱ ▲❡❝r♦q✱ ❘✐✈❛❧s ❚r✉♥❝❛t❡❞ ❙✉✣① ❚r❡❡ ✫ ❉❇● ✻ ✴ ✸✵
❈❤❛✐♥ ♦❢ s✉✣①✲❞❡♣❡♥❞❛♥t str✐♥❣s ❛♥❞ ❚r❡❡
❙tr✐♥❣
❉❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ❬●✉s✜❡❧❞ ✶✾✾✼❪ ▲❡t ✇ ❛ str✐♥❣✳ ❛ s✉❜str✐♥❣ ♦❢ ✇ ✐s ❛ str✐♥❣ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡❞ ✐♥ ✇✱ ❛ ♣r❡✜① ♦❢ ✇ ✐s ❛ s✉❜str✐♥❣ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❜❡❣✐♥s ✇ ❛♥❞ ❛ s✉✣① ✐s ❛ s✉❜str✐♥❣ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❡♥❞s ✇✳ ❛♥ ♦✈❡r❧❛♣ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ✇ ❛♥❞ ✈ ✐s ❛ s✉✣① ♦❢ ✇ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ❛❧s♦ ❛ ♣r❡✜① ♦❢ ✈✳ ✇ ❛ ❜ ❛ ❜ ❜ ❛ ❜ ❛ ❛ ❛
❈❛③❛✉①✱ ▲❡❝r♦q✱ ❘✐✈❛❧s ❚r✉♥❝❛t❡❞ ❙✉✣① ❚r❡❡ ✫ ❉❇● ✻ ✴ ✸✵
❈❤❛✐♥ ♦❢ s✉✣①✲❞❡♣❡♥❞❛♥t str✐♥❣s ❛♥❞ ❚r❡❡
❙tr✐♥❣
❉❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ❬●✉s✜❡❧❞ ✶✾✾✼❪ ▲❡t ✇ ❛ str✐♥❣✳ ❛ s✉❜str✐♥❣ ♦❢ ✇ ✐s ❛ str✐♥❣ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡❞ ✐♥ ✇✱ ❛ ♣r❡✜① ♦❢ ✇ ✐s ❛ s✉❜str✐♥❣ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❜❡❣✐♥s ✇ ❛♥❞ ❛ s✉✣① ✐s ❛ s✉❜str✐♥❣ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❡♥❞s ✇✳ ❛♥ ♦✈❡r❧❛♣ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ✇ ❛♥❞ ✈ ✐s ❛ s✉✣① ♦❢ ✇ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ❛❧s♦ ❛ ♣r❡✜① ♦❢ ✈✳ ✇ ❛ ❜ ❛ ❜ ❜ ❛ ❜ ❛ ❛ ❛
❈❛③❛✉①✱ ▲❡❝r♦q✱ ❘✐✈❛❧s ❚r✉♥❝❛t❡❞ ❙✉✣① ❚r❡❡ ✫ ❉❇● ✻ ✴ ✸✵
❈❤❛✐♥ ♦❢ s✉✣①✲❞❡♣❡♥❞❛♥t str✐♥❣s ❛♥❞ ❚r❡❡
❙tr✐♥❣
❉❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ❬●✉s✜❡❧❞ ✶✾✾✼❪ ▲❡t ✇ ❛ str✐♥❣✳ ❛ s✉❜str✐♥❣ ♦❢ ✇ ✐s ❛ str✐♥❣ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡❞ ✐♥ ✇✱ ❛ ♣r❡✜① ♦❢ ✇ ✐s ❛ s✉❜str✐♥❣ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❜❡❣✐♥s ✇ ❛♥❞ ❛ s✉✣① ✐s ❛ s✉❜str✐♥❣ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❡♥❞s ✇✳ ❛♥ ♦✈❡r❧❛♣ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ✇ ❛♥❞ ✈ ✐s ❛ s✉✣① ♦❢ ✇ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ❛❧s♦ ❛ ♣r❡✜① ♦❢ ✈✳ ✇ ❛ ❜ ❛ ❜ ❜ ❛ ❜ ❛ ❛ ❛ ✈ ❛ ❜ ❛ ❛ ❛ ❜ ❜ ❜ ❜
❈❛③❛✉①✱ ▲❡❝r♦q✱ ❘✐✈❛❧s ❚r✉♥❝❛t❡❞ ❙✉✣① ❚r❡❡ ✫ ❉❇● ✻ ✴ ✸✵
❈❤❛✐♥ ♦❢ s✉✣①✲❞❡♣❡♥❞❛♥t str✐♥❣s ❛♥❞ ❚r❡❡
❙tr✐♥❣
❉❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ❬●✉s✜❡❧❞ ✶✾✾✼❪ ▲❡t ✇ ❛ str✐♥❣✳ ❛ s✉❜str✐♥❣ ♦❢ ✇ ✐s ❛ str✐♥❣ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡❞ ✐♥ ✇✱ ❛ ♣r❡✜① ♦❢ ✇ ✐s ❛ s✉❜str✐♥❣ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❜❡❣✐♥s ✇ ❛♥❞ ❛ s✉✣① ✐s ❛ s✉❜str✐♥❣ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❡♥❞s ✇✳ ❛♥ ♦✈❡r❧❛♣ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ✇ ❛♥❞ ✈ ✐s ❛ s✉✣① ♦❢ ✇ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ❛❧s♦ ❛ ♣r❡✜① ♦❢ ✈✳ ✇ ❛ ❜ ❛ ❜ ❜ ❛ ❜ ❛ ❛ ❛ ✈ ❛ ❜ ❛ ❛ ❛ ❜ ❜ ❜ ❜
❈❛③❛✉①✱ ▲❡❝r♦q✱ ❘✐✈❛❧s ❚r✉♥❝❛t❡❞ ❙✉✣① ❚r❡❡ ✫ ❉❇● ✻ ✴ ✸✵
❈❤❛✐♥ ♦❢ s✉✣①✲❞❡♣❡♥❞❛♥t str✐♥❣s ❛♥❞ ❚r❡❡
❙tr✐♥❣
❉❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ❬●✉s✜❡❧❞ ✶✾✾✼❪ ▲❡t ✇ ❛ str✐♥❣✳ ❛ s✉❜str✐♥❣ ♦❢ ✇ ✐s ❛ str✐♥❣ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡❞ ✐♥ ✇✱ ❛ ♣r❡✜① ♦❢ ✇ ✐s ❛ s✉❜str✐♥❣ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❜❡❣✐♥s ✇ ❛♥❞ ❛ s✉✣① ✐s ❛ s✉❜str✐♥❣ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❡♥❞s ✇✳ ❛♥ ♦✈❡r❧❛♣ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ✇ ❛♥❞ ✈ ✐s ❛ s✉✣① ♦❢ ✇ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ❛❧s♦ ❛ ♣r❡✜① ♦❢ ✈✳ ✇ ❛ ❜ ❛ ❜ ❜ ❛ ❜ ❛ ❛ ❛ ✈ ❛ ❜ ❛ ❛ ❛ ❜ ❜ ❜ ❜ ✉ ❛ ❜ ❛ ❛ ❛
❈❛③❛✉①✱ ▲❡❝r♦q✱ ❘✐✈❛❧s ❚r✉♥❝❛t❡❞ ❙✉✣① ❚r❡❡ ✫ ❉❇● ✻ ✴ ✸✵
❈❤❛✐♥ ♦❢ s✉✣①✲❞❡♣❡♥❞❛♥t str✐♥❣s ❛♥❞ ❚r❡❡
◆♦r♠ ♦❢ ❛ s❡t ♦❢ ✇♦r❞s
❘ = {❜❜❛❝❜❛❛, ❝❜❛❛❝, ❜❛❝❜❛❜, ❝❜❛❜❝❛❛, ❜❝❛❛❝❜} ||❘|| =
✇✐∈❘ |✇✐|
||❘|| = ✼ + ✺ + ✻ + ✼ + ✻ = ✸✶
❈❛③❛✉①✱ ▲❡❝r♦q✱ ❘✐✈❛❧s ❚r✉♥❝❛t❡❞ ❙✉✣① ❚r❡❡ ✫ ❉❇● ✼ ✴ ✸✵
❈❤❛✐♥ ♦❢ s✉✣①✲❞❡♣❡♥❞❛♥t str✐♥❣s ❛♥❞ ❚r❡❡
❙✉✣① ❚r❡❡
6 $ 1 $acba 3 ca$ b a 2 $acba 4 ca$ b 5 ca$ 7 $ a 1 b 2 a 3 b 4 c 5 a 6 $ 7 6 1 acba 3 ca b a 2 acba 4 ca b 5 ca a 1 b 2 a 3 b 4 c 5 a 6
❚❤❡♦r❡♠ ❚❤❡ ●❙❚ ♦❢ ❛ s❡t ♦❢ ✇♦r❞s ❘ t❛❦❡s ❧✐♥❡❛r s♣❛❝❡ ✐♥ ||❘||✳
❈❛③❛✉①✱ ▲❡❝r♦q✱ ❘✐✈❛❧s ❚r✉♥❝❛t❡❞ ❙✉✣① ❚r❡❡ ✫ ❉❇● ✽ ✴ ✸✵
❈❤❛✐♥ ♦❢ s✉✣①✲❞❡♣❡♥❞❛♥t str✐♥❣s ❛♥❞ ❚r❡❡
❈❤❛✐♥ ♦❢ s✉✣①✲❞❡♣❡♥❞❛♥t str✐♥❣s
❉❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ❆ str✐♥❣ ① ✐s s❛✐❞ t♦ ❜❡ s✉✣①✲❞❡♣❡♥❞❛♥t ♦❢ ❛♥♦t❤❡r str✐♥❣ ② ✐❢ ①[✷..|①|] ✐s ♣r❡✜① ♦❢ ②✳ ▲❡t ✇ ❜❡ ❛ str✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ♠ ❜❡ ❛ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡ ✐♥t❡❣❡r s♠❛❧❧❡r t❤❛♥ |✇| − ✶✳ ❆ ♠✲t✉♣❧❡ ♦❢ ♠ str✐♥❣s (①✶, . . . , ①♠) ✐s ❛ ❝❤❛✐♥ ♦❢ s✉✣①✲❞❡♣❡♥❞❛♥t str✐♥❣s ♦❢ ✇ ✐❢ ①✶ ✐s ❛ ♣r❡✜① ♦❢ ✇ ❛♥❞ ❢♦r ❡❛❝❤ ✐ ∈ [✷, ♠]✱ ①✐ ✐s ❛ ♣r❡✜① ♦❢ ✇[✐, |✇|] s✉❝❤ t❤❛t |①✐| ≥ |①✐−✶| − ✶✳ w a b a b b a b a a a x1 a b a b x2 b a b b a b x3 a b b a b x4 b b a b a a a
❈❛③❛✉①✱ ▲❡❝r♦q✱ ❘✐✈❛❧s ❚r✉♥❝❛t❡❞ ❙✉✣① ❚r❡❡ ✫ ❉❇● ✾ ✴ ✸✵
❈❤❛✐♥ ♦❢ s✉✣①✲❞❡♣❡♥❞❛♥t str✐♥❣s ❛♥❞ ❚r❡❡
❚(❙) tr❡❡
❉❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ▲❡t ❘ = {✇✶, . . . , ✇♥} ❜❡ ❛ s❡t ♦❢ str✐♥❣s ❛♥❞ ❙ = {❈✶, . . . , ❈♥} ❛ s❡t ♦❢ t✉♣❧❡s s✉❝❤ t❤❛t ❢♦r ✐ ∈ [✶, ♥]✱ ❈✐ ✐s ❛ ❝❤❛✐♥ ♦❢ s✉✣① ❞❡♣❡♥❞❛♥t str✐♥❣s ♦❢ ✇✐✳ ❚(❙) ✐s t❤❡ tr❡❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♥tr❛❝t❡❞ ❆❤♦✲❈♦r❛s✐❝❦ tr❡❡ ♦❢ ❙✳ w a b a b b a b a a a x1 a b a b x2 b a b b a b x3 a b b a b x4 b b a b a a a
3 bab 1 ab ba 4 babaaa 2 abbab b
❈❛③❛✉①✱ ▲❡❝r♦q✱ ❘✐✈❛❧s ❚r✉♥❝❛t❡❞ ❙✉✣① ❚r❡❡ ✫ ❉❇● ✶✵ ✴ ✸✵
❈❤❛✐♥ ♦❢ s✉✣①✲❞❡♣❡♥❞❛♥t str✐♥❣s ❛♥❞ ❚r❡❡
▲✐♥❡❛r ❝♦♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❚(❙)
❚❤❡♦r❡♠ ❋♦r ❛ s❡t ♦❢ ❝❤❛✐♥s ♦❢ s✉✣①✲❞❡♣❡♥❞❛♥t str✐♥❣s ❙ ♦❢ ❛ s❡t ♦❢ str✐♥❣s ❘✱ ✇❡ ❝❛♥ ❝♦♥str✉❝t ❚(❙) ✐♥ ❖(||❘||) t✐♠❡ ❛♥❞ s♣❛❝❡✳
❈❛③❛✉①✱ ▲❡❝r♦q✱ ❘✐✈❛❧s ❚r✉♥❝❛t❡❞ ❙✉✣① ❚r❡❡ ✫ ❉❇● ✶✶ ✴ ✸✵
❈❤❛✐♥ ♦❢ s✉✣①✲❞❡♣❡♥❞❛♥t str✐♥❣s ❛♥❞ ❚r❡❡
❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ t♦ ✇❡❧❧ ❦♥♦✇♥ str✉❝t✉r❡s
❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ▲❡t ❘ = {✇✶, . . . , ✇♥} ❜❡ ❛ s❡t ♦❢ str✐♥❣s ❛♥❞ ❙ = {❈✶, . . . , ❈♥} ❛ s❡t ♦❢ t✉♣❧❡s s✉❝❤ t❤❛t ❢♦r ✐ ∈ [✶, ♥]✱ ❈✐ ✐s ❛ ❝❤❛✐♥ ♦❢ s✉✣① ❞❡♣❡♥❞❛♥t str✐♥❣s ♦❢ ✇✐✳ ❋♦r ♥ = ✶✱ ❛♥ ❙ = {❈✶} t❤❡ t✉♣❧❡ ♦❢ s✉✣①❡s ♦❢ ✇✶✱ ❚(❙) ✐s t❤❡ ❈♦♥tr❛❝t❡❞ ❙✉✣① ❚r❡❡ ♦❢ ❘✱ ❋♦r ❈✐ t❤❡ t✉♣❧❡ ♦❢ ♦❢ s✉✣①❡s ♦❢ ✇✐ ❢♦r ❛❧❧ ✐ ∈ [✶, ♥]✱❚(❙) ✐s t❤❡
- ❡♥❡r❛❧✐s❡❞ ❈♦♥tr❛❝t❡❞ ❙✉✣① ❚r❡❡ ♦❢ ❘✳
❲❡ ❝❛♥ ❝♦♥str✉❝t t❤❡ ❚r✉♥❝❛t❡❞ ❙✉✣① ❚r❡❡ ♦❢ ❬P❡♥❣ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✸❪ ❲❡ ❝❛♥ ❝♦♥str✉❝t t❤❡ ●❡♥❡r❛❧✐s❡❞ ❚r✉♥❝❛t❡❞ ❙✉✣① ❚r❡❡ ♦❢ ❬❙❝❤✉❧③ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✽❪
❈❛③❛✉①✱ ▲❡❝r♦q✱ ❘✐✈❛❧s ❚r✉♥❝❛t❡❞ ❙✉✣① ❚r❡❡ ✫ ❉❇● ✶✷ ✴ ✸✵
❚r✉♥❝❛t❡❞ ❙✉✣① ❚r❡❡ ✭❚❙❚✮
❚r✉♥❝❛t❡❞ ❙✉✣① ❚r❡❡ ✭❚❙❚✮
❈❛③❛✉①✱ ▲❡❝r♦q✱ ❘✐✈❛❧s ❚r✉♥❝❛t❡❞ ❙✉✣① ❚r❡❡ ✫ ❉❇● ✶✸ ✴ ✸✵
❚r✉♥❝❛t❡❞ ❙✉✣① ❚r❡❡ ✭❚❙❚✮
❖✉r ❚r✉♥❝❛t❡❞ ❙✉✣① ❚r❡❡
❉❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥s ❋♦r ❛ s❡t ♦❢ ✇♦r❞s ❘ = {✇✶, ✇✷, . . . , ✇♥} ❛♥❞ ❛♥ ✐♥t❡❣❡r ❦ > ✵✱ ✇❡ ❞❡✜♥❡ t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ♥♦t❛t✐♦♥✳
✶ ❋❦(❘) ✐s t❤❡ s❡t ♦❢ s✉❜str✐♥❣s ♦❢ ❧❡♥❣t❤ ❦ ♦❢ ✇♦r❞s ♦❢ ❘✳ ✷ ❙✉✛❦(❘) ✐s t❤❡ s❡t ♦❢ s✉✣①❡s ♦❢ ❧❡♥❣t❤ ❦ ♦❢ ✇♦r❞s ♦❢ ❘✳ ✸ ❋♦r ❛❧❧ ✐ ∈ [✶, |❘|] ❛♥❞ ❥ ∈ [✶, |✇✐| − ❦ + ✶]✱ ❆❦,✐ ❞❡♥♦t❡s t❤❡ t✉♣❧❡
s✉❝❤ t❤❛t ✐ts ❥t❤ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t ✐s ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ❜② ❆❦,✐[❥] :=
- ✇✐[❥, ❥ + ❦]
✐❢ ❥ ≤ |✇✐| − ❦ ✇✐[❥, |✇✐|] ♦t❤❡r✇✐s❡✳
✹ ❛♥❞ ✜♥❛❧❧② ❆❦ ✐s t❤❡ s❡t ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ t✉♣❧❡s✿ ❆❦ := ♥
✐=✶ ❆❦,✐✳
❈❛③❛✉①✱ ▲❡❝r♦q✱ ❘✐✈❛❧s ❚r✉♥❝❛t❡❞ ❙✉✣① ❚r❡❡ ✫ ❉❇● ✶✹ ✴ ✸✵
❚r✉♥❝❛t❡❞ ❙✉✣① ❚r❡❡ ✭❚❙❚✮
❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ♦❢ ❚❙❚
Pr♦♣♦s✐t✐♦♥
✶ ❆❦,✐ ✐s ❛ ❝❤❛✐♥ ♦❢ s✉✣①✲❞❡♣❡♥❞❛♥t str✐♥❣s ♦❢ ✇✐✳ ✷ ▼♦r❡♦✈❡r✱ {✇ ∈ ❆❦,✐ | ❆❦,✐ ∈ ❆❦} = ❋❦+✶(❘) ∪ ❙✉✛❦(❘)✳
❋♦r ❘ = {❛❜❛❜❜❛❜❛❛❛}✱ ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ ❆✹ = {(❛❜❛❜❜, ❜❛❜❜❛, ❛❜❜❛❜, ❜❜❛❜❛, ❜❛❜❛❛, ❛❜❛❛❛, ❜❛❛❛)}✳
w a b a b b a b a a a x1 a b a b b x2 b a b b a x3 a b b a b x4 b b a b a x5 b a b a a x6 a b a a a x7 b a a a
❈❛③❛✉①✱ ▲❡❝r♦q✱ ❘✐✈❛❧s ❚r✉♥❝❛t❡❞ ❙✉✣① ❚r❡❡ ✫ ❉❇● ✶✺ ✴ ✸✵
❚r✉♥❝❛t❡❞ ❙✉✣① ❚r❡❡ ✭❚❙❚✮
▲✐♥❡❛r ❝♦♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❚(❆❦)
❈♦r♦❧❧❛r② ❲❡ ❝❛♥ ❝♦♥str✉❝t ❚(❆❦) ✐♥ ❖(||❘||) t✐♠❡ ❛♥❞ s♣❛❝❡✳ ❋♦r ❘ = {❛❜❛❜❜❛❜❛❛❛}✱ ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ ❆✹ = {(❛❜❛❜❜, ❜❛❜❜❛, ❛❜❜❛❜, ❜❜❛❜❛, ❜❛❜❛❛, ❛❜❛❛❛, ❜❛❛❛)}✳
3 b a b 6 a a 1 b b a ba 4 a b a b 7 a a 5 a a 2 b a b a b
❈❛③❛✉①✱ ▲❡❝r♦q✱ ❘✐✈❛❧s ❚r✉♥❝❛t❡❞ ❙✉✣① ❚r❡❡ ✫ ❉❇● ✶✻ ✴ ✸✵
❚r✉♥❝❛t❡❞ ❙✉✣① ❚r❡❡ ✭❚❙❚✮
❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ♦❢ ❚r✉♥❝❛t❡❞ ❙✉✣① ❚r❡❡
❘ = {❜❜❛❝❜❛❛, ❝❜❛❛❝, ❜❛❝❜❛❜, ❝❜❛❜❝❛❛, ❜❝❛❛❝❜}
6 6 3 3 c a 5 c 3 b 4 4 3 2 b c a 5 2 a 4 2 b c 2 1 a ca 4 1 b 5 2 aa 5 4 1 3 1 a b c ba 1
❈❛③❛✉①✱ ▲❡❝r♦q✱ ❘✐✈❛❧s ❚r✉♥❝❛t❡❞ ❙✉✣① ❚r❡❡ ✫ ❉❇● ✶✼ ✴ ✸✵
❉❡ ❇r✉✐♥ ●r❛♣❤ ✈✐❛ t❤❡ ❚❙❚
❉❡ ❇r✉✐♥ ●r❛♣❤ ✈✐❛ t❤❡ ❚❙❚
❈❛③❛✉①✱ ▲❡❝r♦q✱ ❘✐✈❛❧s ❚r✉♥❝❛t❡❞ ❙✉✣① ❚r❡❡ ✫ ❉❇● ✶✽ ✴ ✸✵
❉❡ ❇r✉✐♥ ●r❛♣❤ ✈✐❛ t❤❡ ❚❙❚
❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ♦❢ ❝♦♥str✉❝t✐♦♥✿ ❉❡ ❇r✉✐❥♥ ●r❛♣❤ ❉❇●✷
❛ ❛ ❜ ❛ ❜ ❜ ❛ ❛ ❜ ❛ ❛ ❛ ❜ ❛ ❜ ❜ ❛❛ ❛❜ ❛❜ ❜❜ ❜❛ ❛❜ ❜❛ ❛❛ ❛❜ ❜❛ ❛❜ ❜❜ ❛❜ ❛❛ ❜❛ ❜❜ ❛❜ ❛❛ ❜❛ ❜❜
❈❛③❛✉①✱ ▲❡❝r♦q✱ ❘✐✈❛❧s ❚r✉♥❝❛t❡❞ ❙✉✣① ❚r❡❡ ✫ ❉❇● ✶✾ ✴ ✸✵
❉❡ ❇r✉✐♥ ●r❛♣❤ ✈✐❛ t❤❡ ❚❙❚
❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ♦❢ ❝♦♥str✉❝t✐♦♥✿ ❉❡ ❇r✉✐❥♥ ●r❛♣❤ ❉❇●✷
❛ ❛ ❜ ❛ ❜ ❜ ❛ ❛ ❜ ❛ ❛ ❛ ❜ ❛ ❜ ❜ ❛❛ ❛❜ ❛❜ ❜❜ ❜❛ ❛❜ ❜❛ ❛❛ ❛❜ ❜❛ ❛❜ ❜❜ ❛❜ ❛❛ ❜❛ ❜❜ ❛❜ ❛❛ ❜❛ ❜❜
❈❛③❛✉①✱ ▲❡❝r♦q✱ ❘✐✈❛❧s ❚r✉♥❝❛t❡❞ ❙✉✣① ❚r❡❡ ✫ ❉❇● ✶✾ ✴ ✸✵
❉❡ ❇r✉✐♥ ●r❛♣❤ ✈✐❛ t❤❡ ❚❙❚
❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ♦❢ ❝♦♥str✉❝t✐♦♥✿ ❉❡ ❇r✉✐❥♥ ●r❛♣❤ ❉❇●✷
❛ ❛ ❜ ❛ ❜ ❜ ❛ ❛ ❜ ❛ ❛ ❛ ❜ ❛ ❜ ❜ ❛❛ ❛❜ ❛❜ ❜❜ ❜❛ ❛❜ ❜❛ ❛❛ ❛❜ ❜❛ ❛❜ ❜❜ ❛❜ ❛❛ ❜❛ ❜❜ ❛❜ ❛❛ ❜❛ ❜❜
❈❛③❛✉①✱ ▲❡❝r♦q✱ ❘✐✈❛❧s ❚r✉♥❝❛t❡❞ ❙✉✣① ❚r❡❡ ✫ ❉❇● ✶✾ ✴ ✸✵
❉❡ ❇r✉✐♥ ●r❛♣❤ ✈✐❛ t❤❡ ❚❙❚
❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ♦❢ ❝♦♥str✉❝t✐♦♥✿ ❉❡ ❇r✉✐❥♥ ●r❛♣❤ ❉❇●✷
❛ ❛ ❜ ❛ ❜ ❜ ❛ ❛ ❜ ❛ ❛ ❛ ❜ ❛ ❜ ❜ ❛❛ ❛❜ ❛❜ ❜❜ ❜❛ ❛❜ ❜❛ ❛❛ ❛❜ ❜❛ ❛❜ ❜❜ ❛❜ ❛❛ ❜❛ ❜❜ ❛❜ ❛❛ ❜❛ ❜❜
❈❛③❛✉①✱ ▲❡❝r♦q✱ ❘✐✈❛❧s ❚r✉♥❝❛t❡❞ ❙✉✣① ❚r❡❡ ✫ ❉❇● ✶✾ ✴ ✸✵
❉❡ ❇r✉✐♥ ●r❛♣❤ ✈✐❛ t❤❡ ❚❙❚
❚r✉♥❝❛t❡❞ ❙✉✣① ❚r❡❡ ✭❚❙❚✮
6 6 3 3 c a 5 c 3 b 4 4 3 2 b c a 5 2 a 4 2 b c 2 1 a ca 4 1 b 5 2 aa 5 4 1 3 1 a b c ba 1
❘ = {❜❜❛❝❜❛❛, ❝❜❛❛❝, ❜❛❝❜❛❜, ❝❜❛❜❝❛❛, ❜❝❛❛❝❜} ❛♥❞ ❦ = ✷
❈❛③❛✉①✱ ▲❡❝r♦q✱ ❘✐✈❛❧s ❚r✉♥❝❛t❡❞ ❙✉✣① ❚r❡❡ ✫ ❉❇● ✷✵ ✴ ✸✵
❉❡ ❇r✉✐♥ ●r❛♣❤ ✈✐❛ t❤❡ ❚❙❚
❚r✉♥❝❛t❡❞ ❙✉✣① ❚r❡❡ ✭❚❙❚✮
5 2 a 4 2 b c 2 1 a ca 4 1 b ba 1
initial node subinitial node initial exact node
❘ = {❜❜❛❝❜❛❛, ❝❜❛❛❝, ❜❛❝❜❛❜, ❝❜❛❜❝❛❛, ❜❝❛❛❝❜} ❛♥❞ ❦ = ✷
❈❛③❛✉①✱ ▲❡❝r♦q✱ ❘✐✈❛❧s ❚r✉♥❝❛t❡❞ ❙✉✣① ❚r❡❡ ✫ ❉❇● ✷✵ ✴ ✸✵
❉❡ ❇r✉✐♥ ●r❛♣❤ ✈✐❛ t❤❡ ❚❙❚
◆♦❞❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞❡ ❇r✉✐❥♥ ●r❛♣❤
◆♦t❛t✐♦♥✿ ■♥✐t(❘) ▲❡t ■♥✐t(❘) ❞❡♥♦t❡ t❤❡ s❡t ♦❢ ✐♥✐t✐❛❧ ♥♦❞❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❚❙❚ ♦❢ ❘✳ Pr♦♣❡rt②✿ ♥♦❞❡ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥❝❡ ❚❤❡ s❡t ♦❢ ❦✲♠❡rs ♦❢ ❉❇●❦ ♦❢ ❘ ✐s ✐s♦♠♦r♣❤✐❝ t♦ ■♥✐t(❘)✳
❈❛③❛✉①✱ ▲❡❝r♦q✱ ❘✐✈❛❧s ❚r✉♥❝❛t❡❞ ❙✉✣① ❚r❡❡ ✫ ❉❇● ✷✶ ✴ ✸✵
❉❡ ❇r✉✐♥ ●r❛♣❤ ✈✐❛ t❤❡ ❚❙❚
❆r❝s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞❡ ❇r✉✐❥♥ ●r❛♣❤
■❞❡❛
✶ ❚❛❦❡ ❛♥ ✐♥✐t✐❛❧ ♥♦❞❡ ✈ ✷ ❢♦❧❧♦✇ ✐ts s✉✣① ❧✐♥❦ t♦ ♥♦❞❡ ③ ✭❧♦s❡ t❤❡ ✜rst ❧❡tt❡r ♦❢ ✐ts ❦✲♠❡r✮ ✸ ✐❢ ♥❡❡❞❡❞✱ ❣♦ t❤❡ ❝❤✐❧❞r❡♥ ♦❢ ③ t♦ ✜♥❞ ✐ts ❡①t❡♥s✐♦♥s ✹ ❝❤❡❝❦ ✇❤❡t❤❡r t❤❡ ❡①t❡♥s✐♦♥s ❛r❡ ✈❛❧✐❞ ❈❛③❛✉①✱ ▲❡❝r♦q✱ ❘✐✈❛❧s ❚r✉♥❝❛t❡❞ ❙✉✣① ❚r❡❡ ✫ ❉❇● ✷✷ ✴ ✸✵
❉❡ ❇r✉✐♥ ●r❛♣❤ ✈✐❛ t❤❡ ❚❙❚ ▲❡t ✈ ❜❡ ❛♥ ✐♥✐t✐❛❧ ♥♦❞❡✱ ✉ ✐ts ❢❛t❤❡r✱ ❛♥❞ ③ t❤❡ ♥♦❞❡ ♣♦✐♥t❡❞ ❛t ❜② t❤❡ s✉✣① ❧✐♥❦ ♦❢ ✈✳ u v SL(u) z = SL(v) ❑✐♥s❤✐♣ ♣r♦♣❡rt② ♦❢ s✉✣① ❧✐♥❦s ✐♥ s✉✣① tr❡❡s ▲❡t ✈ ❜❡ ❛ ♥♦❞❡ ♦❢ s✉✣① tr❡❡✳ ■❢ ✐t ❡①✐sts✱ t❤❡ s✉✣① ❧✐♥❦ ♦❢ ✈ ❜❡❧♦♥❣s t♦ t❤❡ s✉❜✲tr❡❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ s✉✣① ❧✐♥❦ ♦❢ ♣(✈)✳
❈❛③❛✉①✱ ▲❡❝r♦q✱ ❘✐✈❛❧s ❚r✉♥❝❛t❡❞ ❙✉✣① ❚r❡❡ ✫ ❉❇● ✷✸ ✴ ✸✵
❉❡ ❇r✉✐♥ ●r❛♣❤ ✈✐❛ t❤❡ ❚❙❚
❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ♦❢ ❝♦♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛r❝s ♦❢ ❉❇●❦
✈ ✐s ✐♥✐t✐❛❧ ❡①❛❝t ✇✐t❤ ❛ s❡✈❡r❛❧ ❝❤✐❧❞r❡♥
❈❛③❛✉①✱ ▲❡❝r♦q✱ ❘✐✈❛❧s ❚r✉♥❝❛t❡❞ ❙✉✣① ❚r❡❡ ✫ ❉❇● ✷✹ ✴ ✸✵
❉❡ ❇r✉✐♥ ●r❛♣❤ ✈✐❛ t❤❡ ❚❙❚
❉❇● ❝♦♥str✉❝t✐♦♥
❚❤❡♦r❡♠
- ✐✈❡♥ t❤❡ ❚❙❚ ♦❢ ❛ s❡t ♦❢ ✇♦r❞s ❘✳
❚❤❡ ❝♦♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❉❡ ❇r✉✐❥♥ ●r❛♣❤ t❛❦❡s ❧✐♥❡❛r t✐♠❡ ✐♥ ||❘||✳ Pr♦♦❢ ❆❧❧ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❝❛s❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ t②♣♦❧♦❣② ❛r❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❡❞ ✐♥ ❝♦♥st❛♥t t✐♠❡✳
❈❛③❛✉①✱ ▲❡❝r♦q✱ ❘✐✈❛❧s ❚r✉♥❝❛t❡❞ ❙✉✣① ❚r❡❡ ✫ ❉❇● ✷✺ ✴ ✸✵
❉❡ ❇r✉✐♥ ●r❛♣❤ ✈✐❛ t❤❡ ❚❙❚
❉❇●✷ ♦❢ ❘ ❡♠❜❡❞❞❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❚❙❚ ♦❢ ❘
6 6 3 3 c a 5 c 3 b 4 4 3 2 b c a 5 2 a 4 2 b c 2 1 a ca 4 1 b 5 2 aa 5 4 1 3 1 a b c ba 1
❘ = {❜❜❛❝❜❛❛, ❝❜❛❛❝, ❜❛❝❜❛❜, ❝❜❛❜❝❛❛, ❜❝❛❛❝❜} ❛♥❞ ❦ = ✷
❈❛③❛✉①✱ ▲❡❝r♦q✱ ❘✐✈❛❧s ❚r✉♥❝❛t❡❞ ❙✉✣① ❚r❡❡ ✫ ❉❇● ✷✻ ✴ ✸✵
❉❡ ❇r✉✐♥ ●r❛♣❤ ✈✐❛ t❤❡ ❚❙❚
▲✐♥❡❛r s♣❛❝❡ ❝♦♥str✉❝t✐♦♥
❚❤❡♦r❡♠
- ✐✈❡♥ t❤❡ ❚❙❚ ♦❢ ❛ s❡t ♦❢ ✇♦r❞s ❘✳
❚❤❡ ❝♦♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❉❡ ❇r✉✐❥♥ ●r❛♣❤ t❛❦❡s ❧✐♥❡❛r s♣❛❝❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ s✐③❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❉❡ ❇r✉✐❥♥ ●r❛♣❤✳ Pr♦♦❢ ❚❤❡ s✐③❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❚❙❚ ✐s ❧✐♥❡❛r ✐♥ t❤❡ s✐③❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❉❡ ❇r✉✐❥♥ ●r❛♣❤ ♦❢ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ♦r❞❡r✳
❈❛③❛✉①✱ ▲❡❝r♦q✱ ❘✐✈❛❧s ❚r✉♥❝❛t❡❞ ❙✉✣① ❚r❡❡ ✫ ❉❇● ✷✼ ✴ ✸✵
❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥
❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥
❈❛③❛✉①✱ ▲❡❝r♦q✱ ❘✐✈❛❧s ❚r✉♥❝❛t❡❞ ❙✉✣① ❚r❡❡ ✫ ❉❇● ✷✽ ✴ ✸✵
❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥
❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥ ❆♥ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ t❤❛t ❜✉✐❧❞s t❤❡ ❉❡ ❇r✉✐❥♥ ●r❛♣❤ ❢r♦♠ ❛ ❚r✉♥❝❛t❡❞ ❙✉✣① ❚r❡❡ ✐♥ ❧✐♥❡❛r t✐♠❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ s✐③❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♥♣✉t ❛♥❞ ✐♥ ❧✐♥❡❛r s♣❛❝❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ s✐③❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♦✉t♣✉t✳
❈❛③❛✉①✱ ▲❡❝r♦q✱ ❘✐✈❛❧s ❚r✉♥❝❛t❡❞ ❙✉✣① ❚r❡❡ ✫ ❉❇● ✷✾ ✴ ✸✵
❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥
❋✉♥❞✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❛❝❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣♠❡♥ts ❚❤❛♥❦s ❢♦r ②♦✉r ❛tt❡♥t✐♦♥ ◗✉❡st✐♦♥s❄
❈❛③❛✉①✱ ▲❡❝r♦q✱ ❘✐✈❛❧s ❚r✉♥❝❛t❡❞ ❙✉✣① ❚r❡❡ ✫ ❉❇● ✸✵ ✴ ✸✵