Food security vulnerability in South Africa Case study Limpopo
Content I. Project introduction II. Methodology III. General results IV. Food security determinants V. Policy priorities
Content I. Project introduction II. Methodology III. General results IV. Food security determinants V. Policy priorities
Different actors & partners
Objectives • Identify the factors influencing food security (vulnerability) at household level and at municipality level • Compute a Food Security Index (FSI) based on four major components: AVAILABILITY ACCESSIBILITY UTILISATION STABILITY
Objectives lead to… • Development of an accessible assessment tool to measure food security vulnerability • Policy advice and new strategies related to food security
Content I. Project introduction II. Methodology III. General results IV. Food security determinants V. Policy priorities
Methodology • Data source and collection: – Secondary data – Surveys (field data collection) • Survey on food security & determinants • Survey background information, municipality level Qualitative and quantitative data
Overview questionnaire 1. Survey identification 2. Household demographics 3. Food availability & consumption 4. Agricultural production 5. Household income & expenditure 6. Characteristics of household 7. Stresses, shocks & coping strategies
Data collection (28/07- 13/08) DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY 1 MUNICIPALITY 2 RESPONSIBLE? Capricorn Blouberg (60) Molemole (60) data collection Total: 120 surveys 4 enumerators + 1 student data entry 1 student Mopani Giyani (60) Maruleng (60) data collection Total: 120 surveys 4 enumerators + 1 student data entry 1 student Sekhukhune Fetakgomo (60) Tubatse (60) data collection Total: 120 surveys 4 enumerators + 1 student data entry 1 student Vhembe Mutale (60) Thulamela (60) data collection Total: 120 surveys 4 enumerators + 1 student data entry 1 student Waterberg Mogalakwena (60) Mookgopong (60) data collection Total: 120 surveys 4 enumerators + 1 student data entry 1 student
post- data collection phase… • 15th of August – 25th of August: – Data analysis • Obtained results? • Interpretation of results? – Writing of report
Content I. Project introduction II. Methodology III. General results IV. Food security determinants V. Policy priorities
General results • Food security & Poverty • Human capital • Food production • Access to resources • Household income • Food consumption pattern • Shocks & stresses
Food security & poverty in Limpopo (N = 599) • 53% severely food insecure • 32% less then 1US $/ per day/ per person • 60% less then 2 US $/ per day/ per person 21% Food secure 53% Moderately food insecure 26% Severely food insecure
Food security status district level (N= 599) waterberg district 18.8% 15.4% 65.8% vhembe district 21.2% 33.1% 45.8% Food secure sekhukhune district 36.8% 34.2% 29.1% Moderately food insecure Severely food insecure mopani district 12.4% 24.0% 63.6% capricorn district 14.4% 24.6% 61.0% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% • Highest food insecurity levels in Waterberg & Mopani district • Lowest food insecurity levels in Sekhukhune district
Food security municipality level (N = 599) 25.4% 10.2% 64.4% Mogalakwena 12.1% 20.7% 67.2% Mookgopong 24.1% 25.9% 50.0% Thulamela 18.3% 40.0% 41.7% Mutale food secure 30.5% 37.3% 32.2% Tubatse moderately food insecure 43.1% 31.0% 25.9% Fetakgomo severely food insecure 10.0% 25.0% 65.0% Maruleng 14.8% 23.0% 62.3% Giyani 19.2% 21.2% 59.6% Molemole 10.6% 27.3% 62.1% Blouberg 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% • Highest food insecurity levels in Mookgopong, Maruleng & Mogalakwena • Lowest food insecurity levels in Fetakgomo & Tubatse
Poverty on district level (N = 599) Capricorn district 62% 38% Mopani district 50% 50% >1US $/day (per capita) Sekhukhune district 79% 21% <1 US $/day (per capita) Vhembe district 81% 19% Waterberg district 69% 31% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% • Highest poverty rates in Mopani District • Lowest poverty rates in Vhembe & Sekhukhune District
Poverty on municipality level (N = 599) Blouberg 62% 38% Molemole 63% 37% Giyani 57% 43% Maruleng 43% 57% Fetakgomo 75% 25% >1 US$ per day (per capita) Tubatse 83% 17% <1 US$ per day (per capita) Mutale 87% 13% Thulamela 75% 25% Mookgopong 72% 28% Mogalakwena 66% 34% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% • Highest poverty rates in Maruleng & Giyani
Human capital Human capital indicators General Household size 6-7 (3) Education level (share of household head with no schooling) 33% Gender (share of female headed households) 40% Dependency ratio (income earners/ total householdsize) 0.85 (0.18) Migrant workers (share of households with contributing migrant) 25,5%
Education level (household head) No schooling waterberg 33% Junior primary vhembe 13% Senior primary sekhukhune 36% Some Secondary Completed high school mopani 42% Courses or certificates for capricorn formal training 39% Diploma or degree 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% • Overall education levels are lowest in Mopani and highest in Vhembe
Food production • 57% of households involved in crop production • 50% of households involved in livestock production • Most popular crops: – Maize & Mango: 27% – Pawpaw:15% – Spinach: 15% – Tomatoes & Oranges: 13% – Banana & Guava: 10% • Most popular animals: – Poultry: 50% – Cattle & goats: 22%
Crop production Share of total households (N=599) 80% 70% 60% capricorn mopani 50% sekhukhune 40% vhembe 30% waterberg 20% general 10% 0% maize mango pawpaw spinach oranges tomatoes • Vhembe district: crop production most popular • Sekhukhune & Waterberg district: crop production less popular
Livestock production Share of total households (N=599) 70% 60% capricorn 50% mopani 40% sekhukhune 30% vhembe waterberg 20% general 10% 0% poultry goats cattle pigs • Livestock production most popular in Vhembe district
Acces to resources (N = 599) • Average land size 0.95 ha (SD: 2.36) Land resources • Most popular: communal land ( 41% of households) • Yard tap: 33% Water sources • Public tap: 20% • Borehole: 20% Energy • 92% is connected to electricity • Burial insurance: 57% Financial • Savings account: 42%
Household income • Average income per capita: 605 R/month (SD: 1200 R/month) • Vhembe highest, Mopani lowest income per capita 25 monthly 900 21.2 income per 800 20.0 capita 700 20 600 15.5 500 400 15 300 11.1 200 100 10 7.6 7.6 0 6.7 5.7 4.5 5 0 share of households (monthly income categories)
Income sources • For 57% of the households, grants or gifts are reported as most important source of income • Classification for different types of income sources 0 20 40 60 80 100 share of households having specific income 75 grants & gifts source 31 formal salary 15 farming income 13 remittances 7 skilled labour or business 5 unskilled labour 1.5 other income
Income sources Share of total households (N=599) 90% 80% 70% grants & gifts 60% formal salary 50% farming income 40% 30% remittances 20% skilled labour or business 10% unskilled labour 0% other income • Waterberg most reliant on grants & gifts • Vhembe -> farming income • Sekhukhune -> formal salary
Food consumption pattern Food expenditure pattern cereals 100% 2% 3% bread 4% 4% 5% 4% 10% 6% 6% 80% non red meat 6% 7% 14% 34% 16% fruits & veggies 60% 19% 6% 13% red meat 17% eggs 40% 19% 15% roots & tubers 40% 33% 20% 15% dairy 21% legumes 0% Food secure Moderately Severely food food insecure insecure • • Cereals, bread & non red meat -> 60% of Food insecurity food expenditure • Relatively more spend on cereals • Red meat ->6% of food expenditure • Relatively less spend on meat &dairy
Shocks, stresses and coping strategies • Increase in food price is most important stress in the area • Most important coping strategies: – Borrowing money & food from relatives (social capital) – Reducing food consumption & spending – Only 7,5% of households look for more employment opportunities
Importance of coping strategies share of households that use coping strategy (N = 380) 0 10 20 30 40 50 40.8 borrow money from relatives/friends 33.3 borrow food from relatives/friends 32 reduce food consumption 31.5 reduce spending 18.9 selling livestock 14.9 use own savings 13.7 receive grants or gifts 7.5 look for additional employment 6.9 take out loan from mashionisa 5.7 take out loan from formal institution
Content I. Project introduction II. Methodology III. General results IV. Food security determinants V. Policy priorities
Food security determinants • Description of different food security categories • What is the difference between food secure and food insecure households? • Who has highest probability of being food insecure? • What are the determinants of food insecurity?
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