Sound Material Cycle Sound Material Cycle Society from Japan to - - PDF document

Institute for Global Environmental Strategies （IGES)

Sound Material Cycle Sound Material Cycle Society from Japan to Asia y p

INTERNATIONAL GREEN TECHNOLOGY AND PURCHASING CONFERENCE

15 16 O t b 2010 K l L 15‐16 October 2010, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Yas hiko Hotta PhD Yasuhiko Hotta, PhD Deputy Director, SCP Group, Institute for Global Environmental Institute for Global Environmental Strategies

INTERNATIONAL GREEN TECHNOLOGY AND PURCHASING CONFERENCE, October 15‐16, 2010 Sound Material Cycle Society from Japan to Asia

Outline Outline

• Increasing waste issues in Asia

g

• Overview of 3R approach
• Japan’s approach and results
• Japan s approach and results
• Increasing resource use and declining resource

d ti it f A i productivity of Asia

• Asian examples of 3R activities
• Challenges
• Regional 3R Forum in Asia

Regional 3R Forum in Asia

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

INTERNATIONAL GREEN TECHNOLOGY AND PURCHASING CONFERENCE, October 15‐16, 2010 Sound Material Cycle Society from Japan to Asia

Urbanization and Waste Generation in Asia

4 000 000

Urban/Rural Population Growth in Asia (1950-2050)

Urbanization and Waste Generation in Asia

High income 0 7t/cap/yr

3,500,000 4,000,000

Urban 0.7t/cap/yr Middl i Projection

2,500,000 3,000,000

'000)

Rural Middle income 0.2t/cap/yr

1,500,000 2,000,000

• pulation (

Low income 0 1t/cap/yr

1,000,000 1,500,000

Po

0.1t/cap/yr

• Ave. waste

generation

500,000 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

generation

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

Source: World Urbanization Prospects: The 2009 Revision, <http://esa.un.org/wup2009/unup, access on 16th April, 2010

INTERNATIONAL GREEN TECHNOLOGY AND PURCHASING CONFERENCE, October 15‐16, 2010 Sound Material Cycle Society from Japan to Asia

Increasing Waste Generation in Asia Increasing Waste Generation in Asia

Asia Europe North America Latin America and the Caribbean Africa Oceania

(Graph) Future Estimate of Emission of Waste in Regions:

250.00 300.00

ton per 2000-2050

150.00 200.00

, 0.1 billion year)

50 00 100.00

(Emission,

Waste generation in Asia can

0.00 50.00 2000 2025 2050

Increasing ratio of waste from Asia Waste generation in Asia

• ccupies

24 2 % in Waste generation in Asia can

• ccupy 31.4％ of the world in

2050.

2000 2025 2050

(Year)

24.2 % in 2000

In 2025, it will occupy 28.0％. IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp 4

Source: 吉沢佐江子・田中勝・Ashok V. Shekdar(2006)「世界の廃棄物発生量の推定と将来予測に関する研究」p.3

INTERNATIONAL GREEN TECHNOLOGY AND PURCHASING CONFERENCE, October 15‐16, 2010 Sound Material Cycle Society from Japan to Asia

Overview of 3R Approach 1 Overview of 3R Approach – 1

Natural resources input Priority 1: Generation atu a esou ces put Production (Manufacturing,

Austere consumption of natural resources

reduction (Reduce) distribution, etc.) Consumption Priority 2: P i it 3 Consumption Discarding Priority 2: Repeated use (Reuse) Priority 3: Utilization by regeneration (Recycling) Treatment (Recycling, incineration, etc.) Discarding

A society in which appropriate 3Rs and disposal reduce natural resource consumption resulting in a

Priority 4: Thermal recovery Final disposal (landfill)

resource consumption, resulting in a lower environmental load

Priority 5: Appropriate disposal Thermal recovery

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

MOEJ (2008),“Discussion Paper: 3Rs”, G8 Kobe Environmental Ministers Meeting 2008, Kobe, Japan, May24-26 2008 INTERNATIONAL GREEN TECHNOLOGY AND PURCHASING CONFERENCE, October 15‐16, 2010 Sound Material Cycle Society from Japan to Asia

Overview of 3R Approach 2 Overview of 3R Approach – 2

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Source: http://www.wasteonline.org.uk/resources/InformationSheets/WasteDisposal.htm

INTERNATIONAL GREEN TECHNOLOGY AND PURCHASING CONFERENCE, October 15‐16, 2010 Sound Material Cycle Society from Japan to Asia

Modernization of Japan, waste generation and resource productivity p , g p y

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INTERNATIONAL GREEN TECHNOLOGY AND PURCHASING CONFERENCE, October 15‐16, 2010 Sound Material Cycle Society from Japan to Asia

Japan's 3R Regulatory Framework Japan s 3R Regulatory Framework

Fundamental Environmental Law （1993）

Fundamental Plan (1994 and revised in 2006)

Fundamental Law for Establishing a Sound Material-Cycle Society (2000)

Fundamental Plan(2003 and revised in 2008) Waste Management and Public Cleansing Law (revised in 2006) Law for Promotion of Effective Utilization

• f Resources (revised in 2001)

(Establishment of General Systems) Cleansing Law (revised in 2006)

• f Resources (revised in 2001)

(Regulations according to the characteristics of respective items) Container and Packaging (1995)

Home Appliances(1998) Construction Materials(2000) Food Wastes (2000) End-of-life Vehicles(2002) ( )

Law on Promoting Green Purchasing (2001)

Eco Town Program (1997 2007): Development of 3R related industrial infrastructures

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp 8

Source: Modification of Y. Moriguchi(2006), “Establishing a Sound Material Cycle Society in Asia” a presentation at Asia 3R Conference, October 30th –November 1st, 2006, Tokyo, Japan

Eco-Town Program (1997-2007): Development of 3R-related industrial infrastructures

INTERNATIONAL GREEN TECHNOLOGY AND PURCHASING CONFERENCE, October 15‐16, 2010 Sound Material Cycle Society from Japan to Asia

Japan’s Results from 3R and Resource Circulation Japan s Results from 3R and Resource Circulation Approach

“INPUT”: Resource Productivity GDP/natural resource input

• Monitoring progress in policy

implementation is essential.

25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0

roductivity yen/t)

/ p

• Japan introduced MFA-based indicators

and policy targets for 2010 in 2003 to monitor the progress of 3R implementation

0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0

Resource Pr (10000y

¥420, 000/t in 2015

monitor the progress of 3R implementation at macro-level.

• Based on the progress, Japan revised its

f d t l l i 2008 d t

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014

“CIRCULATION”: Cyclical Use Rate

C li l t/ li l t t l i t

“OUTPUT”: Final treatment of waste fundamental plan in 2008 and set new targets for 2015.

10 0 12.0 14.0 16.0 Rate (%) Cyclical use amount/ cyclical use amount +natural resource input

80 100 120

andfill

• ns)

23 million t in 2015

2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 Cyclincal Use R

14‐15% in 2015 20 40 60 80

Amount of la (million to

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp 9

0.0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014

INTERNATIONAL GREEN TECHNOLOGY AND PURCHASING CONFERENCE, October 15‐16, 2010 Sound Material Cycle Society from Japan to Asia

Cases of Eco town Programme and EPR Cases of Eco-town Programme and EPR

• Japan’s approach to sustainability can be characterized

by emphasis on compatibility between environmental conservation and industrial competitiveness through “increasing efficiency” increasing efficiency .

• Two of the prominent approaches for sound material cycle

society in Japan was “eco-town programme” and EPR- society in Japan was eco-town programme and EPR- based legislation introduced in 1990s to early 2000s.

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INTERNATIONAL GREEN TECHNOLOGY AND PURCHASING CONFERENCE, October 15‐16, 2010 Sound Material Cycle Society from Japan to Asia

Effectiveness of Eco-town Type Recycling Industrial Park/Facilities Effectiveness of Eco-town Type Recycling Industrial Park/Facilities

Cost for Japanese government: 94.75 billion yen Overall effectiveness: 5.89 million tons in recycling capacity generated directly by the eco- y g p y g y y town policy (From subsidies between 1997-2004, and tax reduction and policy finance between 2000-2004) (METI’s ex post facto policy evaluation in March 2006). However, in eco- towns, there are many additional recycling facilities which were not funded under this scheme. Japan’s total recycling of materials in 2004 in national MFA: 247 million tons Japan s total recycling of materials in 2004 in national MFA: 247 million tons Japan’s national target for the overall recycling rate is 14% for 2010. Eco-towns contributed around 20% of the average annual increase in national recycling capacity. (METI’s calculation)

40

Effectiveness of Different Policy Measures: Increase in Recycling Capacity per 100 million yen input )

20 25 30 35 t

• n

s 5 10 15 1

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National government subsidy Tax reduction Policy finance

METI’s ex post facto policy evaluation of “establishing infrastructure related to recycling,” March 2006

11 INTERNATIONAL GREEN TECHNOLOGY AND PURCHASING CONFERENCE, October 15‐16, 2010 Sound Material Cycle Society from Japan to Asia

Eco-town (building large-scale centralized recycling infrastructure)Costs and Effects of Eco-towns in Japan

• Kawasaki eco-town example (one subsidized paper

p ( p p recycling facility, not the total eco-town area) Construction Cost: 10.56 billion yen. Direct cost for government; 2.1 billion yen. Cost-benefit for local government: 6.1. Cost

• f b siness operation is abo t 5 7 billion

en/ ear and

• f business operation is about 5.7 billion yen/year and

income is about 7.9 billion yen/year for this facility (not whole eco-town). Economic spill over effect is calculated 9 3 billion yen/year (METI’s calculation) 9.3 billion yen/year. (METI s calculation)

• Akita eco-town example (one non-ferrous recycling

facility; not total eco town area ) Total investment cost: facility; not total eco-town area ) Total investment cost: 3.09 billion yen. Direct cost for government Cost benefit 2.7 for local government. Cost of business operation is about 0.74 billion yen/year and income is about 0.86 about 0.74 billion yen/year and income is about 0.86 billion yen/year for this facility (not whole eco-town). Economic spill over effect is 0.76 billion yen/year. (METI’s calculation)

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

( )

12

INTERNATIONAL GREEN TECHNOLOGY AND PURCHASING CONFERENCE, October 15‐16, 2010 Sound Material Cycle Society from Japan to Asia

Eco-town (building large-scale centralized recycling infrastructure)-2 Costs ( g g y g ) and Effects of Eco-towns in Japan

Kitakyushu: over 6 years 45 recycling and research Kitakyushu: over 6 years. 45 recycling and research facilities

• Investment total 650 million US dollars

(City: 59 million, Central government 257million, Private ( y , g , 340 million)

• Economic spillover effect: Production 1100 million US

d ll dollars Added value 560 million US dollars dollars Employment 6470.

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

13 INTERNATIONAL GREEN TECHNOLOGY AND PURCHASING CONFERENCE, October 15‐16, 2010 Sound Material Cycle Society from Japan to Asia

Lessons from Japan’s Eco-town p programme

Recycling policy

 Large-scale recycling facilities needs constant stable and large supply of  Large-scale recycling facilities needs constant, stable and large supply of recyclables.  To utilize recyclables, you need materials industry.

Overall goals, industrial policy aspects

 Not very successful as a response to hollowing out/decline of base materials and manufacturing industry  Not very successful for revitalization of local economy with recycling industry as a hub of environmental industrial development  Successful in developing nation-wide role sharing for wide area recycling to respond reform of waste management and recycling policy to respond reform of waste management and recycling policy  Successful in concentrating technical and technological capacity (idea of clustering)

Cost-effectiveness of financing methods

 Direct cost effectiveness of subsidy mechanism for recycling capacity building was quite bad. Tax reduction was most effective to increase rec cling capacit

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recycling capacity.  To make tax reduction and policy finance effective, some kind of overall strategy setting and back-up from product-specific recycling legislation is necessary.

14

INTERNATIONAL GREEN TECHNOLOGY AND PURCHASING CONFERENCE, October 15‐16, 2010 Sound Material Cycle Society from Japan to Asia

Effects of EPR based legislation in Japan Effects of EPR-based legislation in Japan

• Japan’s case of home appliance recycling law suggests EPR-based

recycling mechanism is cost effective to promote recycling. Also, the recycling mechanism is cost effective to promote recycling. Also, the responsibility of cost sharing has shifted from local government to private sector. Also, exports of used home appliances stabilized between 2001 and 2006

Direct benefit/Direct cost 0 16

2001 and 2006.

Shift in cost of recycling after introduction of home appliance recycling law

0.12 0.14 0.16 50 000 60,000 70,000

appliance recycling law

0 06 0.08 0.1 Direct benefit/Direct cost 30,000 40,000 50,000 million yen Private sectors Local governments 0.02 0.04 0.06 cost 10,000 20,000 Before legislation After legislation IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp Before legislation After legislation

15 INTERNATIONAL GREEN TECHNOLOGY AND PURCHASING CONFERENCE, October 15‐16, 2010 Sound Material Cycle Society from Japan to Asia

Trade and EPR based mechanism Trade and EPR-based mechanism

• However, PC’s case shows that secondhand market can be a loophole for domestic

recycling and resource utilization mechanisms.

• Domestically oriented EPR based recycling mechanism works for durable consumer
• Domestically-oriented EPR-based recycling mechanism works for durable consumer

goods targeting domestic market.

• For goods which can be used as secondhand goods outside of Japan such as PC and

automobiles, secondhand goods market can be a loophole. g p

7000 8000 40.0% 45.0%

Emitted used PC(1000 units)

5000 6000 30.0% 35.0% s

Destination of used PC Domestic Secondhand Market

3000 4000 20.0% 25.0% 1000 units

Destination of used PC Domestic reuse of components/ resource recovery

1000 2000 5 0% 10.0% 15.0%

recovery Destination of used PC Exported as used PC

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

16

0.0% 5.0% 2001 2004

Destination of used PC Treated as waste domestically

INTERNATIONAL GREEN TECHNOLOGY AND PURCHASING CONFERENCE, October 15‐16, 2010 Sound Material Cycle Society from Japan to Asia

Lessons from Japan’s EPR Policy Lessons from Japan’s EPR Policy

EPR-based recycling policy as environmental policy

 EPR does not contribute to prevention of pollution from recycling  EPR does not contribute to prevention of pollution from recycling.  EPR needs many supporting mechanisms based on proper waste management legislation and systems.

Cost-effectiveness of EPR for recycling

 The case of Japan’s home appliance recycling law suggests that EPR polic is cost effecti e for increasing rec cling capacit Also the policy is cost effective for increasing recycling capacity. Also, the responsibility of cost sharing has shifted from local government to private sector effectively.  Domestically-oriented EPR-based policy works for durable consumer y p y goods targeting the domestic market. Exports stabilize between 2001 and 2006.

Trade of secondary materials as loophole

 E t f d t i l f d h li d  Export of secondary materials from used home appliances and secondhand goods is a loophole of EPR-based recycling policy.  For example, the case of PCs shows that the secondhand market can be a loophole for domestic recycling and resource utilization mechanisms for goods

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

goods.

17

INTERNATIONAL GREEN TECHNOLOGY AND PURCHASING CONFERENCE, October 15‐16, 2010 Sound Material Cycle Society from Japan to Asia

Increasing resource use/declining Increasing resource use/declining resource productivity of Asia

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp Kitakyushu Initiative for a Clean Environment http://kitakyushu.iges.or.jp/

INTERNATIONAL GREEN TECHNOLOGY AND PURCHASING CONFERENCE, October 15‐16, 2010 Sound Material Cycle Society from Japan to Asia

Resource Consumption is Increasing

The world is using more

Resource Consumption is Increasing

g resources per person. Asia Pacific is leading this trend.

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

Per Capita Resource Use for the Asia-Pacific, Rest of World and World, for the years 1971 – 2005.

(Total Domestic Material Consumption)

INTERNATIONAL GREEN TECHNOLOGY AND PURCHASING CONFERENCE, October 15‐16, 2010 Sound Material Cycle Society from Japan to Asia

Economic Growth in Asia Pacific Requires Increasing Amounts of q g Resources

Each dollar of GDP requires increasing increasing amounts of natural resources.

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

Material Intensity for the Asia-Pacific, Rest of World and World, for the years 1971 – 2005.

(Materials are Total Domestic Material Consumption, dollars are constant year 2000 $US, exchange rate based)

Source: UNEP (2010, Forthcoming)

INTERNATIONAL GREEN TECHNOLOGY AND PURCHASING CONFERENCE, October 15‐16, 2010 Sound Material Cycle Society from Japan to Asia

Asian Examples of 3R Policies 1 Asian Examples of 3R Policies – 1

People's Republic of China

Circular Economy Law (2009) Place the Development of Circular Economy as central agenda for Chinese

China

p y g Government China WEEE Law (2009 effective from 2011) Strengthening e-waste management Eco-industrial parks around the country Eco-industrial parks around the country Develop about 20 national pilot eco-industrial parks. In addition, 8 national pilot regions to build regional-level circular economy.

Malaysia

Solid Waste and Public Cleansing Management Act (2007) Shifting responsibility of solid waste management from municipalities to Shifting responsibility of solid waste management from municipalities to federal government. Introducing 3R principle. Promoting privatization of waste management. Setting 22% recycling targets for 2020.

Philippines

Ecological Solid Waste Management Act(2001) Introduced 3R principles. Sets the mandatory waste diversion goal of at least 25% by 2006 National Solid Waste Management Commission National Solid Waste Management Commission Inter-agency and multi-stakeholder coordination body for improving solid waste management at national level (established in 2001). National Framework for the Informal Sector in Solid Waste Management in the Philippines (2009)

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp 21

in the Philippines (2009) Establish an action plan to improve the situation of informal sector engaging in solid waste management INTERNATIONAL GREEN TECHNOLOGY AND PURCHASING CONFERENCE, October 15‐16, 2010 Sound Material Cycle Society from Japan to Asia

Asian Examples of 3R Policies 2 Asian Examples of 3R Policies – 2

Republic of Korea

Food-waste minimization and recycling Increase in recycling rate: 2.1% in 1995, 41.1% in 2000, 93.8% in 2005 E t i f lif f th l dfill it 7 t 11 Extension of life span of the landfill site: 7 years to 11 years Volume-based waste fee system Decrease in urban solid waste generation by 0.62% from 1994 to 2004 EPR I f li t f EPR t t it (WEEE d d f lif Increase of recycling rate for EPR target items (WEEE and end-of-life vehicles)

Thailand

Take-back Program for End-of-life Products As of 2005, used lead-acid batteries are returned up to 85% Take back program of fl orescent lamp has been implemented in Take-back program of fluorescent lamp has been implemented in cooperation with Government of Japan. Initiatives of Recycling-oriented Society Over 200 communities implement the 3Rs, some municipalities reduce waste up to 30 50% waste up to 30-50% Industrial Waste Exchange Program Over 450 industries registered as members in 2005

Viet Nam

3R-related Policy and Legislation The 2005 Law on Environmental Protection: 14 new articles were The 2005 Law on Environmental Protection: 14 new articles were established to promote 3R and other related activities. The 3R National Strategy 3R Targets by 2020: 30% of total collected waste volumes are recycled

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp 22

30% of total collected waste volumes are recycled At-source, wastes are segregated by 30% for households and 70% for enterprises.

INTERNATIONAL GREEN TECHNOLOGY AND PURCHASING CONFERENCE, October 15‐16, 2010 Sound Material Cycle Society from Japan to Asia

Challenges Challenges

• Setting policy priorities and directions, defining role of stakeholders,

d i lt and measuring results

• Shifting from establishment of regulatory and policy framework into

Shifting from establishment of regulatory and policy framework into actual implementation of policies: – Increasing regulatory capacity of local authorities and improved di ti b t t l d l l t coordination between central and local governments – Establishing industrial infrastructure for the 3Rs – Using market-based instruments in combination with regulatory Using market based instruments in combination with regulatory instruments to influence behavior of stakeholders B ildi l iti d t th h it d i t t

• Building legitimacy and support through community and private sector

participation

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• Information sharing for proper treatment and management of

recyclables

INTERNATIONAL GREEN TECHNOLOGY AND PURCHASING CONFERENCE, October 15‐16, 2010 Sound Material Cycle Society from Japan to Asia

• Increase in waste

Waste-related

Developing countries

• Change in type of

waste

• Lifestyle change
• Increased production/

consumption

• Increase in

Waste-related environmental issues due to improper recycling

• Increase in

resource demand

International

Economic Integration

International trade of RR (including illegal trade)

Rising resource prices RR=recyclab les and reusables

• Lower

demand for

• Hollowing out of

material industries

• Outflow of RR

Damage to illegal trade)

de a d o recyclables material industries

• Outflow of RR

Damage to domestic recycling industry

• Waste

and recycling- related

industry

• Accumulation
• f RR through

recycling

• Incentive to

recover/minimize cost

• Rising

disposal cost

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

related legislation mechanisms cos

Developed countries

Source: Hotta, Elder et al. (2008)

24

INTERNATIONAL GREEN TECHNOLOGY AND PURCHASING CONFERENCE, October 15‐16, 2010 Sound Material Cycle Society from Japan to Asia

International cooperation is a key International cooperation is a key

Country A(EPR) Country B No effective l i l i d New Products legislation and weak enforcement Pollution EPR scheme

Consumption R

Used goods Recycling Capacity

Inadequate Recycling Capacity

Possibility of l h l f EPR

Resource recovery

Country A(EPR) Country B(EPR)

How to achieve this shift?

loophole for EPR Program

New Products Recycling Capacity

Recycling Capacity

Support for Institutional Building and the Capacity

Used goods

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp

Difficult-to-treat materials

and the Capacity Development 25

INTERNATIONAL GREEN TECHNOLOGY AND PURCHASING CONFERENCE, October 15‐16, 2010 Sound Material Cycle Society from Japan to Asia

Regional 3R Forum in Asia Regional 3R Forum in Asia

• Launched in November 2009 in Tokyo with 15 participating countries from Asia and 16

international organizations including ADB international organizations, including ADB.

• 2nd Meeting was held in KL Malaysia, October 4-6 2010
• Expected to function as an umbrella for regional cooperation for the 3Rs in Asia
• IGES has supported this process from its planning stage and functioned as a
• IGES has supported this process from its planning stage and functioned as a

coordinator of international collaborative research.

Strategy dev’t and Demonstra- tion projects Reduction of GHG 3R information Prevention of inappropriate I nt’l collaborative implementa- tion p j emissions (Co-benefits) and research network pp p and illegal trade of waste research

• Support national
• Develop regional
• Support co-
• Compile/
• Facilitate
• Launch
• Support national

3R strategy dev’t.

• Share

experiences in national 3R

• Develop regional

facility to identify demonstration projects.

• Support
• Support co-

benefits projects (reduction of GHG emission + sound waste )

• Compile/

disseminate 3R knowledge through the 3R Knowledge Hub (3RKH)

• Facilitate

international collaboration under the existing scheme of Asia N k f h

• Launch

international collaborative research to identify strategic li i d strategy development.

• Facilitate

implementation of national 3R demonstration projects.

• Convene Asia

Congress for Reduction of Use management). (3RKH).

• Develop/

strengthen regional network among key Network for the Prevention of the Illegal Transboundary Movement of policy options and their effectiveness towards sustainable resource cycles in

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp 26

national 3R strategies. Reduction of Use in Disposable Plastic Bag. among key institutions and experts. Hazardous Wastes. y the region.

INTERNATIONAL GREEN TECHNOLOGY AND PURCHASING CONFERENCE, October 15‐16, 2010 Sound Material Cycle Society from Japan to Asia

Thank you for your Thank you for your attention!

IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp Kitakyushu Initiative for a Clean Environment http://kitakyushu.iges.or.jp/ 27