SLTA LAY-OUT OF AN LTA CARGO CARRIER FOR AUTONOMOUS UNMANNED - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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SLTA LAY-OUT OF AN LTA CARGO CARRIER FOR AUTONOMOUS UNMANNED - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Nov 09, 2022 649 likes •986 views

SLTA LAY-OUT OF AN LTA CARGO CARRIER FOR AUTONOMOUS UNMANNED OPERATION Juergen K. Bock SLTA Engineering-Consulting Berne-Coldewei Uwe Apel University of Applied Sciences Bremen Symposium Airships to the Arctic 1 2009 SLTA (1)

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Symposium “Airships to the Arctic” 2009 1

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LAY-OUT OF AN LTA CARGO CARRIER FOR AUTONOMOUS UNMANNED OPERATION

Juergen K. Bock SLTA Engineering-Consulting Berne-Coldewei Uwe Apel University of Applied Sciences Bremen

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Symposium “Airships to the Arctic” 2009 2

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(1) Requirements and Constraints (2) Selection of Viable System (3) System Concept and Fleet Operation (4) System Definition and Options (5) First Steps for Realization (6) Need for a Thorough Feasibility Study

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Cargo transportation demands in off-road areas with the specific needs of mining, forestry, oil drilling and remote native communities in Northern Canada Key Requirements:

  • Acceptable economy of operation
  • Ecology: minimum impact on environment
  • Utilization of available technologies
  • Feasibility of step-wise implementation
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Transportation Economy of Bulk Cargo:

  • Waterway transportation provides the lowest cargo rates due to

the high buoyancy of water and low fuel consumption

  • Railways are an efficient system of transportation due to high

possible capacity and relatively low energy requirement

  • Trucks represent today the most flexible mode of transportation,

although fuel requirement and personnel costs per ton of payload are higher than for the previously described systems

  • Air transportation is expensive and requires adequate runways
  • Air transportation into inaccessible unprepared places is confined

to VTOL systems, i.e. helicopters and/or LTA systems

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Physical Constraints and Req’mts for Cargo VTOL Systems:

Limitation of ground pressure (footprint) in case of cargo helicopters, hybrid systems and/or LTA ground equipment Limitations w.r.t. clear ground operations area especially for LTA (e.g. mooring circle) Selection of carrier systems for oversize payloads as well as for quick loading / unloading procedures Quick takeoff capability to evade foul weather conditions

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Symposium “Airships to the Arctic” 2009 6

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(1) Requirements and Constraints (2) Selection of Viable System (3) System Concept and Fleet Operation (4) System Definition and Options (5) First Steps for Realization (6) Need for a Thorough Feasibility Study

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Hybrid Skyhook AirFerry Lenticular Hybrid

Candidate Hybrid VTOL Systems

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Symposium “Airships to the Arctic” 2009 8

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Selection of Candidate Buoyant LTA Systems :

Performance preferences: ZEPP for long range, ... LOGGER for short range operation

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Symposium “Airships to the Arctic” 2009 9

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Dilemma of Airship Sizes for Outpost Ground Handling

  • Large airships provide higher payload capacity for

economical transportation, but ...

  • require heavy ground handling machinery, mooring

masts and clear weathervaning circles (e.g. Hindenburg about 500 meters diameter corresponding to 0,2 square kilometers), besides ...

  • may be oversized for a multitude of missions
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Symposium “Airships to the Arctic” 2009 10

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Cone accommodates equipment and instrumentation for autonomous and telecommanded operation, water ballast system and hoists

Darwin’s Selection:

LTA-Logger Concept

Suspended Cargo Carrier

Load concentration cone accommodates coupling interface with ground anchor for Logger parking

Simplified quick load exchange system

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Symposium “Airships to the Arctic” 2009 12

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(1) Requirements and Constraints (2) Selection of Viable System (3) System Concept Including Fleet Operation (4) System Definition and Options (5) First Steps for Realization (6) Need for a Thorough Feasibility Study

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Hook-up load exchange system

Suspended Cargo Carrier

30 m diameter about spherical aerostat Ballonet flushed with inert exhaust gases 6 m diameter electrically driven propellers Conical gondola designed as self-standing subassembly including:

  • 2 APUs / generators
  • fuel and lub tanks
  • exhaust condenser + ballast water tank
  • 2 hoists + ground anchor coupling
  • avionics / sensorics / control systems
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Symposium “Airships to the Arctic” 2009 14

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Operational Requirements for Cargo Exchange

(1) Exchange of routine supplies, e.g. combustibles, food, spare parts. Return cargo e.g. lumber, minerals, unused equipment, refuse, ballast in the order of tons (2) Exchange of higher quantities of apportionable goods, e.g. tools machinery, fuel, spare parts in return for e.g. lumber, ore, minerals

  • etc. in the order of tons requires fleet shuttle operation

(3) Exchange of goods in the order of ten tons, e.g. lumber, ore, minerals requires increased shuttle frequency and/or increased carrier capacities, respectively (4) Transfer of heavy cargo in the order of forty tons up, e.g. indivisible equipment (rigs, generators etc.) requires special high- capacity carrier systems ,

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The LTA Logger is also suited for the transfer of lumber from inaccessible areas

Potential substitute for present day’s helicopter logging operation:

  • zero power at hover
  • no downwash
  • no noise
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Low Airspeed Operation

The ground speed of slow-flying LTA carriers may be strongly affected by the prevailing wind conditions One turbine generator will provide power for an IAS in the order of 50 km/h which suffices for economic

  • peration the case of short ranges at still air or tail wind

Two turbine generators are foreseen for IAS in the order

  • f 70 km/h in the case of headwind or to evade foul

weather conditions

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100 200 300 400 500 600 700 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000

TRANSPORT EFFICIENCY

[ton km / hr]

24 HOURS RANGE [ km ] 1 turbine at still air 1 turbine at 15 knots headwind 2 turbines at still air 2 turbines at 15 knots headwind

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Advantages of Fleet Operation

Fleet operation requires serial production of carriers with corresponding reduction of cost per item Flexibility w.r.t. adapting to respective mission volumes Redundancy in case of carrier failure/downtime Potential availability over wide areas No dead time during step-wise future modernization

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Fleet Operation Requires a Logistic Hierarchy

Servicing stations are to be located at a road, railroad and/or navigable river or canal closely at medium distance from the field outpost(s) for efficient cargo transfer. Servicing stations shall provide storage facilities for liquid methane, pressurized hydrogen and inter- mediate storage for payloads to be shuttled to/from outpost field stations.

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Mandatory Flight Operations Center for UAVs

The Flight Operations Center provides coordination, monitoring and control of all systems of the UAVs as well as weather forecast, com- puterized strategies and emergency operations

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Scenario of a transportation chain for apportionable goods

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(1) Requirements and Constraints (2) Selection of Viable System (3) System Concept and Fleet Operation (4) System Definition and Options (5) First Steps for Realization (6) Need for a Thorough Feasibility Study

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Liquefied hydrogen:

  • provides the highest energy content per kg
  • produces no carbon dioxide, yet
  • is not practical for usage in field operations

Natural Gas / Methane:

  • lowest carbon dioxide per kilowatt
  • easily liquefied
  • generally available at a low price level

Selection of Ecological and Economic Fuel

:

Gaseous hydrogen:

  • low priced
  • highest lifting power
  • flammable, hence optional energy carrier
  • at any rate acceptable for unmanned operation
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Selection of Ecological and Economic Fuel

Aerostatic Lift Control to compensate the weight loss of used liquid fuel, collect ballast from exhaust condenser, or add an equivalent hydrogen lifting gas as fuel gas to reduce the aerostatic lift accordingly. Fuel switch for altitude trim:

  • use LPG without condenser for climbing
  • use hydrogen for descent
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(1) Requirements and Constraints (2) Selection of Viable System (3) System Concept and Fleet Operation (4) System Definition and Options (5) First Steps for Realization (6) Need for a Thorough Feasibility Study

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Rationale for Fleet Build-Up

Assumption: A great number of missions could be performed by LTA carriers having a payload capacity in the order of tons Fleet Operation: Transportation of apportionable payloads could be distributed

  • ver a shuttle fleet within a logistic network

Heavy Cargo: Heavy and indivisible payload requires few large-size

LTA carriers for payloads up to about 40 tons and more

Prerequisites for a Fleet Build-Up:

  • Market analyses to define smallest generally usable size
  • Intermediate test model for helium operation
  • Test prototype: e.g. lumber, minerals, servicing settlements
  • Qualify for serial production and fleet operation
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Symposium “Airships to the Arctic” 2009 28

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(1) Requirements and Constraints (2) Selection of Viable System (3) System Concept and Fleet Operation (4) System Definition and Options (5) First Steps for Realization (6) Need for a Thorough Feasibility Study

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Key Issues of a Feasibility Study

System Definition and Verification: Parametric optimization w.r.t. sizing, environmental and

  • perational assumptions, power and fuel requirements

Fleet Operations Analysis: Flight economy optimization and adoption of key findings

  • f available market analyses and and their impact on

fleet operation requirements Selection, Manufacturing and Integration of Hardware: Identification of potential suppliers and manufacturers. Establishment of a project team

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Key Issues of a Feasibility Study (cont’d)

Preliminary Project Time Table:

  • Milestone chart
  • Design review cycles
  • Cost estimates
  • Manufacturing
  • Integration and Test
  • Certification plan
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Thanks for your attention! Questions ?