Short biography of Dr. Subramaniam Ganesan Professor in the - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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RFID and GPS Technology

and Applications

By:

• Dr. Subra Ganesan

Professor, CSE Department, Oakland University Rochester, MI 48309. USA. ganesan@oakland.edu

6th Annual Winter Workshop U.S. Army Vetronics Institute January 10, 2007

Only a few slides are made available. Copy right rests with respective owners. These slides are for academic purpose only

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Short biography of Dr. Subramaniam Ganesan

• Professor in the department of Computer Science and Engineering,

Oakland University, Associate Director of Product Development and Manufacturing Center, at Oakland University. He was the chair of the department.

• He received his M.Tech. and Ph.D. from Indian Institute of Science,

Bangalore, India.

• He worked at National Aeronautical Laboratory, India, Ruhr University,

Germany, Concordia University, Canada, and Western Michigan University before joining at Oakland University.

• He has published nearly 35 journal papers, more than 100 papers in

conference proceedings, and 3 books. He developed a custom DSP board with software for his book.

• Active senior member and officer at IEEE, council member of ISPE.
• He was general chair of four conferences. Has received best paper award,

best teacher awards.

• DSP based electric power steering, Fuzzy idle-speed control, road scene

analysis for intelligent vehicles, mobile communication protocol, application

• f wavelet transform and Hough Transform . His research interests are in

real time system, parallel architectures and computer systems for signal processing.

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Abstract

• This presentation has 4 parts
• RFID
• GPS
• Sensor networks
• Low Power Microcontrollers

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Topics

• Basics of RFID sensors
• Application of RFID for tracking
• Basics of GPS technology
• GPS ICs
• Low power microcontrollers
• Sensor networks
• Integration of RFID,GPS, Low Power Micro and

sensor network for novel applications

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Some Specifications

• Lower Cost
• High Data transfer rate
• Low to medium size local data storage
• No line-of-sight communication preferred
• Robust construction for use in harsh conditions
• Low power consumption
• Self diagnosing and fault tolerance
• Network of Sensors to perform distributed

monitoring/ analysis.

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NIKE + iPOD--- a new Tracking device Sensor Sensor Receiver

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Privacy Issues

• Time, Distance, Calories burned, running

pace.

• Receiver links to one sensor at any time.
• When the sensor is still, it sleeps. When
• ne walks, it transmits its ID. Sends 1

packet of info every second.

• 10 meter to 20 meter distance range for

transmission.

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Issues

• 10 to 30 MPH speed maximum.
• Privacy issues:
• Stalker
• Customer Tracking
• Muggers

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What is RFID What is RFID

• RFID is an area of automatic identification

that has quietly been gaining momentum in recent years and is now being seen as a radical means of enhancing data handling processes, complimentary in many ways to other data capture technologies such bar coding.

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RFID – What is it?

• Radio Frequency Identification Device
• Holds a small amount of unique data – a

serial number or other unique attribute of the item

• The data can be read from a distance – no

contact or even line of sight necessary

• Enables individual items – down to the

proverbial “can of beans” to be individually tracked from manufacture to consumption!

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What is an RF Tag ?

Chip Antenna

Tag

Radio Tx/Rx RAM ROM CPU I/O Pwr Supply Radio Tx/Rx RAM ROM CPU I/O Pwr Supply

Chip + Antennae + Packaging = Tag

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Variations of RF Tags

• Basic types: active vs. passive
• Memory
• Size (16 bits - 512 kBytes +)
• Read-Only, Read/Write or WORM
• Arbitration (Anti-collision)
• Ability to read/write one or more tags at a time
• Frequency : 125KHz - 5.8 GHz
• Physical Dimensions
• Thumbnail to Brick sizes
• Incorporated within packaging or the item
• Price ($0.50 to $150)

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What is a Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) tag?

• In terms of appearance…

Chip (IC) Antenna

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What is an RFID tag?

• You may own a few RFID tags…

– Proximity cards (contactless physical-access cards) – ExxonMobil Speedpass – EZ Pass

• RFID in fact denotes a spectrum of devices:

What is an RFID tag?

• You may own a few RFID tags…

– Proximity cards (contactless physical-access cards) – ExxonMobil Speedpass – EZ Pass

• RFID in fact denotes a spectrum of devices:

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SpeedPass Mobile phone EZ Pass Basic RFID Tag

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What is a basic RFID tag?

• Characteristics:

– Passive device – receives power from reader – Range of up to several meters – In effect a “smart label”: simply calls out its (unique) name and/or static data

“74AB8” “5F8KJ3”

“Plastic #3”

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The capabilities of a basic RFID tag

• Little memory

– Static 64-to-128-bit identifier in current ultra-cheap generation (five cents / unit) – Hundreds of bits soon – Maybe writeable under good conditions

• Little computational power

– A few thousand gates – Static keys for read/write permission – No real cryptographic functions available

The grand vision:

RFID as next-generation barcode

Barcode

Line-of-sight Radio contact Specifies object type Uniquely specifies object

RFID tag

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Fast, automated scanning Provides pointer to database entry for every object, i.e., unique, detailed history

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• Most RFID tags transmit a number and

nothing else. 96-bit number.

• The computer/ reader interprets the

number to open the door or calculate the price etc.

• To be read, a passive RFID must be

provided with sufficient power to run the electronics and transmit a signal to the reader.

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Read range depends on:

• Reader transmit power typically 1 watt
• Reader receiver sensitivity: - 80- dBm or

10-11 watts

• The reader antenna gain 6dBi
• Tag antenna gain 1 dBi –Omni directional
• Tag power required- 100 microwatt
• Tag modulator efficiency - -20dB

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• Power Available to (needed by) the Tag, Pt =

Pt = Pr x Gr x Gt x T x (4Phi)2 x d2

Pr = reader transmitter power Gr = Reader antenna gain Gt = Tag antenna gain T = Wavelength of system

For Pt = 100 microwatt and 915 MHz system, dmax = 5.8 meter (19.4 feet) If Pt = 1 microwatt, one could read the tag at 200 feet approx.

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Some more Facts:

• Water and metal affect the Radio waves.
• A wet cardboard box reduces the signal

transmitted by the Tag inside the box

• A metal can blocks the visibility of Tag inside.
• A tag on the outside of metal can, will either

block or focus the signal waves

• Dielectric coupling (human body, packing) can

detune the Tag antenna- make it less efficient.

• Two tags on each other will interfere because of

coupling.

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Block the Tag

• Easy way to block the Tag is to use a

single layer of Aluminum foil. 27 micron thick foil.

• 1mm thick, dilute salt water also blocks the

Tag.

Some applications

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• Better supply-chain visibility -- #1 compelling

application

• U.S. DHS: Passports
• U.S. FDA: Pharmaceuticals, anti-counterfeiting
• Libraries
• Housepets – approx. 50 million
• Parenting logistics

– Water-park with tracking bracelet

• RFID in Euro banknotes (?)

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Supply Chain

• The largest use of RFID in the future is to track

and supply chain of consumer goods.

• Track shipping from factory, container on the

way, unloading, arrival of every package, locate where in the shelf the package is kept, is it mis- shelved, out of stock, theft, light sensing RFID can detect if the container was opened….. Great many applications!

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Implant

• Controversy—implant RFID into people.
• Small glass cylinders, 2 or 3 mm wide 1

cm long. Inside the cylinder is microchip, a coiled antenna, a capacitor for energy storage.

• Implant under the skin of hand, chest

cavity, neck. Using 12 gauge Needle in 20 seconds.

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• Read the implanted RFID by using intense

magnetic field at 100KHz to 15 MHz.

• October 2004 New York Times – Applied

Digital Solution (ADS) manufactures implantable RFID chips. In 1986 invented/ patent issued in 1993 by Hughes Aircraft and Destron to implant in horses.

• Digital Angel and VeriChip – RFIDs.

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• Digital Angel monitors wearer’s location using

GPS.

• Wear around the neck of a child
• Implant inside Rich people in South America to

prevent kidnapping

• Track patients with Alzheimer disease.
• Implant on the hands for patrons of Beach Club

(Spain) to pay for drinks using accounts.

• Not approved by US FDA.
• Implant VeriChip to access bank accounts.

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RFID Frequencies

Frequency Regulation Range Data Speed Comments 125-150 kHz Basically unregulated ? 10 cm Low Animal identification and factory data collection systems 13.56 MHz ISM band, differing power levels and duty cycle < 1 m Low to moderate Popular frequency for I.C. Cards (Smart Cards) 433 MHz Non-specific Short Range Devices (SRD), Location Systems 1 – 100 m Moderate DoD Active 860-960 MHz ISM band (Increasing use in

• ther regions,

differing power levels and duty cycle 2 – 5 m Moderate to high EAN.UCC GTAG, MH10.8.4 (RTI), AIAG B-11 (Tires), EPC (18000-6’) 2450 MHz ISM band, differing power levels and duty cycle 1 – 2 m High IEEE 802.11b, Bluetooth, CT, AIAG B-11

Regulating Authority : ITU and Geo Organizations

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SMART PASSPORT

Smart passports is an international matter, demanding global

• cooperation. Driving standardization, the ICAO (International

Civil Aviation Organization) has now published document 9303, the basis of the new ISO (International Standards Organization) standard. Philips' P5CT072 SmartMX triple interface smart card controller IC was the first to attain CC EAL5+ certification. Boasting up to 72 Kbytes EEPROM, Philips' chips are the only ones to meet the high memory and security requirements of e-government projects currently underway, including the smart passport projects in Germany, Thailand, the United Kingdom and the United States.

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Tag Types

Active:

Standard: None, Mainly Manufacturers Proprietary

Systems/Protocols (transmits RF energy in the 400MHz, 900MHz, and 2.45GHz ranges)

Range: Generally 300 Feet or less (battery replacement) Used Predominantly in Transportation Systems (rail, toll

systems, trucking, container).

Characteristics: Tag with Internal Power Cell Mounted to Item

• r container/pallet/box, Interrogator Queries Tags,

Uploads/Downloads Data. Do not transmit all of the time. Data Capacity Varies.

RF & Digital RF & Digital Circuitry Circuitry

RF antenna

Battery Battery

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Tag Types

Passive: Standard: None, Mainly Manufacturers Proprietary

Systems/Protocols (uses back scatter technology)

Range: Typically Measured in “Inches”, Industry

Working Toward “Meters” (dependant system layout, interference, etc.)

Used Predominantly in Retail Systems and

Transportation Systems.

Characteristics: Small Tag Loaded with License Plate

Data, Typically Mounted to End Item, Reader Captures Data as Item Moves Through Choke Point (door, pathway, frame, etc.). Could have a battery. Data Capacities are Limited. Paper tag!

RF antenna Memory (EEPROM) Digital Logic Digital Logic & Control & Control

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Tag Types

Semi-Active or Battery Assisted Passive

On-board battery power source

Uses Passive Technology (no transmitter) Greater range but higher cost (less than active) Requires less power from reader Finite life Can use thin batteries (little change to form factor)

RF antenna Memory (EEPROM) Digital Logic Digital Logic & Control & Control

Battery Battery

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Tag Types - Read vs Read/Write

Read Only: Information can only be read from an RFID device –

programmed at manufacture

User Programmable WORM - Write Once Read Many - Ability to initialize an

RFID device outside of the RFID manufacturer’s facility after manufacture

Read/Write: Information can be read from or written to an RFID

transponder during the time it is presented to a reader/writer

Typically asymmetric read and write operating range

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Protocol

The method used to talk to a tag

Modulation method Error correction Anti-collision technique Message format Commands

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References

• Martin Feldhofer (2004) A Proposal for an Authentication

Protocol in a Security Layer for RFID Smart Tags. IEEE Proceedings of MELECON 2004, Vol. 2, pp. 759–762

• 2005 ACM Symposium on Applied Computing-Extending

the EPC Network – The Potential of RFID in Anti- Counterfeiting By Thorsten Staake

• http://www.gpsworld.com/gpsworld/article/articleDetail.js

p?id=131175

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Conclusion 1

1) RFID can provide potentially huge benefits to consumers, not just lower prices. 2) The threats to privacy from RFID are significantly exaggerated. 3) Meeting the concerns of the privacy advocates is not costless. 4) Given that RFID is only in its initial stages, legislation and regulation is premature.

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INTRODUCTION TO GPS:

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Presentation Outline

• I. GPS Basics
• II. GPS “Under the Hood”
• III. Datums and Coordinate Systems

IV.Mobile Mapping Technology

• V. GPS Chip Sets

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What is GPS?

The Global Positioning System (GPS) A Constellation of Earth-Orbiting Satellites Maintained by the United States Government for the Purpose of Defining Geographic Positions On and Above the Surface of the Earth. It consists of Three Segments:

Control Segment Space Segment User Segment

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GPS Satellites (Satellite Vehicles(SVs))

• First GPS satellite launched in

1978

• Full constellation achieved in 1994
• Satellites built to last about 10

years

• Approximately 2,000 pounds,17

feet across

• Transmitter power is only 50 watts
• r less

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Space Segment

• 24+ satellites

– 6 planes with 55° inclination – Each plane has 4-5 satellites – Broadcasting position and time info on 2 frequencies – Constellation has spares

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Space Segment

• Very high orbit

– 20,200 km – 1 revolution in approximately 12 hrs – Travel approx. 7,000mph

• Considerations

– Accuracy – Survivability – Coverage

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Control Segment: Maintaining the System

(5) Monitor Stations

• Correct Orbit

and clock errors

• Create new

navigation message

• Observe

ephemeris and clock

Falcon AFB Upload Station

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Common Uses for GPS

• Land, Sea and Air

Navigation and Tracking

• Surveying/ Mapping
• Military Applications
• Recreational Uses

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Triangulation

Satellite 1 Satellite 2 Satellite 3 Satellite 4

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Distance Measuring

Each satellite carries around four atomic clocks

Uses the oscillation of cesium and rubidium atoms to measure time

Accuracy?

plus/ minus a second over more than 30,000 years!!

The whole system revolves around time!!!

Rate = 186,000 miles per second (Speed of Light) Time = time it takes signal to travel from the SV to GPS receiver Distance = Rate x Time

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2-Dimensional Positioning Example (1/5)

TX A (0,0) TX B X Y 3 4 3 6 (3 m, 6 m)

(XUSER, YUSER)

( ) ( )

2 USER 2 USER A

m 6 Y m 3 X R − + − =

( ) ( )

2 USER 2 USER B

m 3 Y m 4 X R − + − =

(4 m, 3 m)

• Difficult to solve for (XUSER, YUSER)

because RA & RB are non-linear equations.

• Problem can be linearized using a Taylor

Series Expansion and only keeping the first order terms.

• Least Squares iterative process leads to

user position (XUSER, YUSER) .

( )

A USER A

TOT

• TOR

* C R =

( )

B USER B

TOT

• TOR

* C R =

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2-Dimensional Positioning Example (2/5)

• Reference Frame
• TX Stations

– Identification – # Stations – Surveyed Locations – Synchronized Clocks

• User Receiver to

measure the range from the user to each TX station Given Information Objective

• Find the unknown

positional coordinates (XUSER, YUSER) of a user in 2-dimensional space

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2-Dimensional Positioning Example (3/5)

• 4-Dimensional Problem (XUSER, YUSER, ZUSER, tUSER)

– Unknown user position (XUSER, YUSER, ZUSER) – Unknown user time (tUSER)

• Must define a 3-D reference frame
• Stationary transmitters become roving satellites

– Must determine SV ID, locations, TOT

• GPS receiver range measurement observables

– Pseudorange (PR) – Accumulated Carrier Phase (ACP)

• Position Determination Algorithms

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Navigating with GPS (4/5)

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GPS Chip Set/ Board GPS9543 Serial Board (BF-5000) TDC's serial board for the GPS9543 allows GPS to be easily tested or integrated into an OEM system. The board measures just 70 x 65 x 15mm, will operate from a DC power supply of between 8 and 20 volts, consuming under 40mA. Data is available on a 9-way d-type connector at RS232 levels, and the board has 3mm mounting holes for easy integration into your system.

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Chip manufacturers:

http://www.gpspassion.com/Hardware/chipsets.htm

• There are three GPS chipset manufacturers for products used for

Pocket PCs:

• SiRF - the most popular one with OEMs by far, with virtually current

dedicated PPC GPS solutions being based on these chipsets. Almost all GPS receivers based on this chipset can be switched between NMEA or SiRFoutput except the Pharos i180 mouse GPS. The utilities to switch your GPS can be found here. Chips differ mainly in their power usage, see table below for details

• Evermore - Used only in one serial and usb mouse
• Trimble - Apparently the Pretec CF GPS-LP released in September

2002 uses a Trimble chipset

• Other GPS Chipset Manufacturers are listed here but their chips

aren't used in Pocket PC solutions

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Overview of Features:

• MakerNameLaunchedCPUFab

ProcessTTFF (s)Voltage (volts)

• Power Usage (mW)Features/CommentsUsed

inTracking Contin.Trickle ***AverageSiRFSiRFstar I1997Motorola MC68330 at 19.1 mhz0.6060/40/851,700 - 1,700

• -- Leadtek Mouse 9531
• Royaltek Sapphire *SiRFSiRFstar I/LX

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Hitachi

• SH-1 7021 RISC at 12.2 mhz0.3560/40/83.3500150165 -

Sophisticated power management

• PDF (requires Acrobat Reader)- Pretec Compact GPS

**SiRFSiRFstar IIe1999ARM7/TDMI 12.3 mhz 50/38/82.7500150165- Designed as a standalone solution

• Designed for GPS solutions where data throughput is

more important than battery usage (built-in car systems, etc...)

• WAAS, EGNOS, Beacon DGPS
• PDF (requires Acrobat Reader)

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• Axiom CF GPS
• - Fortuna PocketTrack
• Leadtek Mouse 9532
• Leadtek 9534
• Navman sleeve
• Pharos CF GPS
• PocketMap CF GPS
• Teletype CF GPS
• Transplant CF GPS
• Billionton CF GPSSiRFSiRFstar IIe/lp2002ARM7/TDMI

12.3 (?) mhz?45/38/82.71756065- Designed as a standalone solution

• Designed for GPS solutions where battery usage is

more important than data throughput (CF GPS, etc...)

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• WAAS, EGNOS, Beacon DGPS
• PDF (requires Acrobat Reader)- Emtac Bluetooth GPS
• Holux GM-270 CF GPS
• Transplant IGPSJ SleeveSiRFSiRFstar IIt2002ARM7/TDMI

12.3 (?) mhz 45/38/82.71704045- Designed to be integrated in a host system with an existing powerful CPU (automobile navigation, mobile computers)

• WAAS, EGNOS, Beacon DGPS
• PDF (requires Acrobat Reader)
• *

In some cases, manufacturer specs were not detailed enough to determine whether they were using the SiRFstar I or the SiRFstar IIe chip ** In some cases, manufacturer specs were not detailed enough to determine whether they were using the SiRFstar I/LX or the SiRFstar IIe chip

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Street Pilot

• Garmin

TOM TOM

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Sensor Networks and Applications59

By:

• Dr. Subra Ganesan

Professor, CSE Department, Oakland University Rochester, MI 48309. USA.

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Topics Covered

• 1. Introduction
• 2. Sensor Network architecture
• 3. Tiny OS, Mote
• 4. Real time communication
• 5. Sensor network simulation
• 6. Applications

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Sensor Network

Miniaturization of Sensors, combining them with low-power Processors, communication devices, software, internet and others makes it possible to measure, and process any physical phenomena in real time.

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Example Applications of Sensor Network Wired Sensor Net Work:

• Automotive application,
• Home monitoring applications,
• Industrial Applications,
• distributed control
• Real Time alert,
• Health monitoring,

Wireless Network:

• Weather monitoring in remote locations,
• Military surveillance,
• remote Bridge monitoring,
• Electricity Power pole structural health monitoring.

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Collision Avoidance System

Side Radar (Left) Side Radar (Right) Collision Avoidance Electronic Control Unit 24Ghz Rear Radar System Powertrain Electronic Control Unit Anti-lock Braking Electronic Control Unita Data Logger Electronic Control Unit Power Steering Electronic Control Unit 77 GHz Frontal Radar Video Camera Steering Wheel Angle Vehicle Speed Windshield wiper status Radio status Audio Warning (radio) Visual Warning Diagnostics Figure Complete “high-end” collision-avoidance system

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Automotive Sensor Net

• A network of sensors like multiple radars

and camera in automobile help in lane,

• bject, and hazard identification.
• Safety applications include adaptive

cruise control, pre-crash prediction, active head-rest, tire pressure monitoring, rain sensors to adjust braking, multiple airbag.

• Fusion of multiple sensors.

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Smart, Distributed Sensor Systems

• The development of silicon micro-

machined sensors enables physical transducers to be integrated with control and signal processing electronics in a single, compact

• package. This type of "smart" sensor will

revolutionize the design of sensor systems.

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Smart Cheap Sensors

• It will become easier, cheaper,

and faster to design a sensor system, and the resulting systems will be more reliable, more scaleable, and provide higher performance than traditional systems.

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Sensor Programmability

• Instead of designing a multitude of different

sensors for individual applications, manufacturers need only to produce a small variety of smart silicon-based sensors that can be dynamically programmed to suit many different user needs. Sensor programmability will also enable highly sophisticated and complex sensor systems that would be too difficult to design using traditional methods

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Smart sensor system.

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Prototype smart sensor node

MEMS technology potentially allows all three blocks to be implemented on a single die.

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Mote Node– Weather Module

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Mote

Operates un-tethered, wireless Microprocessor Limited memory Local data storage/repository On-board transducer, MEMS sensor CMOS radio, wireless modem

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Future Sensor-Computer network Applications

• Smart paint
• Smart homes and ubiquitous computing
• Wearable computing
• Ingestible device networks
• Computationally-augmented environments
• Common vision: Massively distributed

networks of tiny processing elements

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Important Projects

• MIT – Oxygen, Amorphous computing
• Berkeley – Smart Dust
• UCLA, Xerox – Sensor Networks
• AT&T, … – Smart environments

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Smart Dust

Berkely

• Current technology: 5mm motes
• Goal: 1mm

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WSN Applications

“Digital Skin”

• Dirt-cheap sensors may be sprayed onto roads,

walls, or machines

• Senses physical phenomenon, monitor

pedestrian or vehicular traffic

• Human aware environments and intelligent

transportation grids

• Report wildlife habitat conditions for

environmental conservation

• Detect and track forest fires for rapid response
• Track job flows and supply chains in smart

factories

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WSN References

• Yogi Schulz; Computing Canada Oct 31,

2003 v29 i21 p22

• Michael R. Moore, Stephen F. Smith;

Sensors Magazine Sept 2001 v18 i9 p35.

• (Industry Overview) Sensor Business

Digest May 2001 v10 i4.

• www.crossbow.com
• www.zwavealliance.org
• www.smarthome.com
• www.zigbee.org
• www.bluetooth.com

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Low Power Microcontrollers

There are many ultra low power micro available in the market. e.g. TI– MSP 430 ARM-9 PIC Hitachi

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MSP 430 Architecture A 16-bit RISC CPU, peripherals and flexible clock system are combined by using a von-Neumann common memory address bus (MAB) and memory data bus (MDB). Partnering a modern CPU with modular memory-mapped analog and digital peripherals, the MSP430 offers solutions for today’s and tomorrow’s mixed-signal applications.

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Key Features

• Ultra-low-power architecture extends battery life:
• 0.1-µA RAM retention
• 0.8-µA real-time clock mode
• 250-µA/MIPS active
• Wide range of integrated intelligent peripherals offloads

the CPU

• Modern 16-bit RISC CPU enables new applications at a

fraction of the code size

• Complete eZ430-F2013 development tool for only $20
• Devices starting at $0.49

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What is MSP430

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Final Integration

• Integrate

RFID GPS Low Power Micro Sensors Network Track