Sampath Walgama November 3-7, 2014 Xalapa, Veracruz World - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Symbiotic relationship in the tea ecosystem: Tea Shothole borer of Sri Lanka Academic & Technical Workshop on Xyleborus glabratus and Euwallacea fornicatus Sampath Walgama November 3-7, 2014 Xalapa, Veracruz World Distribution of TSHB

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Symbiotic relationship in the tea ecosystem: Tea Shothole borer of Sri Lanka Academic & Technical Workshop on Xyleborus glabratus and Euwallacea fornicatus

Sampath Walgama

November 3-7, 2014 Xalapa, Veracruz

SLIDE 2

World Distribution of TSHB

Distribution TSHB in the world = Present, no further details = Widespread = Localized

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History of TSHB First described in 1868 by Eichoff (host unknown, locality unknown) First observed in 1892 a tea plantation situated in the mid elevations (600-1200m asl) Spread in almost all tea growing areas and presntly gained a pest status in tea plantations from near sea level to about 1400m asl.

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27% 2% 0% 2% 0% 6% 2% 8% 13% 40%

5% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 7% 24% 64%

0% 5% 11% 77% 0% 2% 3% 2% 0% 0%

10% 12% 3% 4% 9% 9% 6% 10% 12% 25% 15% 7% 7% 7% 7% 7% 0% 7% 7% 36% 15% 38% 8% 15% 8% 8% 0% 8% 0% 0% 0-10 11- 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70 71-80 81-90 91-100

>1200m asl 600- 1200m asl <600m asl

Walgama, R.S and R.M.D.T. Pallemulla (2005). The Distribution of Shot-hole borer Xyleborus fornicatus Eichh. (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) Across Tea Growing Areas in Sri Lanka – A Reassessment. Sri Lanka Journal of Tea Science 70 (2): 105-120

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Biology of TSHB

♣ Life cycle - eggs, 3 larval instars, pupa and sexually dimorphic adults ♣ Takes about 45 days to complete (depend on the temperature) ♣ Multivoltine, overlapping generations ♣ Mycetophagous larvae – feed on symbiotic fungus cultivated in the galleries by the mother beetle (Monacrosporium ambrosium) ♣ Inbreeding (brother-sister mating) occurs

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Walgama, R. S and M. P. Zalucki (2007). Temperature –dependent Development of Xyleborus fornicatus

Eichh. (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), the Shot-hole borer of Tea in Sri Lanka: Implications for Distribution and
Abundance. Insect Science 14: 301-308

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Walgama, R. S and M. P. Zalucki (2007). Temperature –dependent Development of Xyleborus fornicatus

Eichh. (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), the Shot-hole borer of Tea in Sri Lanka: Implications for Distribution and
Abundance. Insect Science 14: 301-308

UP COUNTRY LOW COUNTRY MID COUNTRY

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______________________________________________________________________

Region Location Number of DD accumulated Approximate number per year (above 150C)

f generations

______________________________________________________________________ Up country Sita Eliya 687 ± 87.5 1.8 ± 0.36 Mid country Hantana 3371 ± 92.2 9.0 ± 0.40 (wet) Mid country Bandarawela 2092 ± 102.4 6.0 ± 0.43 (dry) Low country Ratnapura 4788 ± 121.5 12.0 ± 0.51 ______________________________________________________________________

Number of SHB generations in different agro ecological regions

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 91 101 111 121 131 141 151 161 171 181 191 201 211 221 231 241 251 261 271 281 291 301 311 321 331 341 351 361 Day of year Temperature (

0C)

Average temperature Development threshold (15.7C)

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 91 101 111 121 131 141 151 161 171 181 191 201 211 221 231 241 251 261 271 281 291 301 311 321 331 341 351 361 Day of year Temperature (

0C)

Average temperature Development threshold (15.7C)

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0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 15.02.99 22.03.99 26.04.99 24.05.99 08.06.99 19.07.99 16.08.99 27.09.99 26.10.99 15.11.99 28.12.99 24.01.20 14.02.20 27.03.20 24.04.20 Proportion of stages Sampling date

Eggs Larvae Pupae Adults

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Prportion of stages Sampling

Eggs Larvae Pupae Adults

Appearance of life stages of shot-hole borer expressed as proportions over the sampling period in the pruning cycle in Nayapana estate representing mid country (wet zone).

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0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 15.02.99 22.03.99 26.04.99 24.05.99 08.06.99 19.07.99 16.08.99 27.09.99 26.10.99 15.11.99 28.12.99 24.01.20 14.02.20 27.03.20 24.04.20 Average population ( 4 replicates) Average number of galleries (4 replicates) Date

Occupied galleries Open galleries Healed galleries Total population

Fluctuation of shot-hole borer population and the infestation (galleries), over a course of a pruning cycle in Nayapana estate, representing mid country (wet zone) and the sampling was initiated in the 10th month after prune (arrow).

SLIDE 11

Biology of TSHB

♣ Life cycle - eggs, 3 larval instars, pupa and sexually dimorphic adults ♣ Takes about 45 days to complete (depend on the temperature) ♣ Multivoltine, overlapping generations ♣ Mycetophagous larvae – feed on symbiotic fungus cultivated in the galleries by the mother beetle (Monacrosporium ambrosium) (Gadd & Loos 1947) ♣ Inbreeding (brother-sister mating) occurs

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Highly polyphagous

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Damage of TSHB

Primary damage – branch breakage as a result of construction of galleries

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Secondary damage – Rotting of wood as a result of wood rotting fungi entering through gallery holes or from exposed unprotected prune cuts Leads to long term debilitation of the bush and thereby, capital loss

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Management/control of TSHB

♣ Plant resistance ♣ Resistant/tolerant cultivars produced by the institute ♣ Recommended different cultivars for different agro ecological regions based on specific charateristics (yield potential, quality, resistant to pest and diseases and drought etc etc.

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Cultivar TRI 2023 (resistant to TSHB) Cultivar TRI 2025 (Susceptible to TSHB)

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20 40 60 80 100

MAYFIELD DRAYTON BOGAHAWATTE MOUNT VERNON STONYCLIFF CRAIGILEA YUILIFIELD KELIEWATTE CHRYSTLERSFAR M

% Infested stems (per sample) Estates TRI 2025 DT 1

20 40 60 80 100

Mayfield Drayton Bogahawatte Mount Vernon Stonycliff Craigilea Yuillefield Kelliewatte Chrystler Farm Percentage Estates

0THERS TRI 2025 DT 1

♣ TRI 2025 (grown for yield) ♣ DT 1 (grown for quality) ♣ Both cultivars are highly susceptible to SHB

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Occupied galleries Open galleries Healed galleries Total population

Fluctuation of shot-hole borer population and the infestation (galleries), over a course of a pruning cycle in Nayapana estate

Chemical control

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IPM CONCEPT Fenthion recommended

Chemical control ♣ Many types tested but came very few into recommendations from time to time ♣ OP’s used (since 1985 it was Fenthion only in recommendation)

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Cultural control Cleaning dead areas at prune (sanitary cleaning) to remove decayed parts Application of wound dressings on surfaces more than 5 cm’s in diameter

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IPM FOR TSHB Biological control Chemical control Agronomic control Cultural control BCA, EPF Cost (extent), restrictions Fertilizer, Cost (extent) Cleaning/sanitation, cost (extent), cultivars

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I-P-E INTERACTION TRIANGLE

SHOT - HOLE BORER IN SRI LANKA

GREENHOUSE EFFECT

250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 Current 0.5 Increase 1.0 Increase 1.5 Increase 2.0 Increase Temperature (0C) Annual DD accumulation 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0

No. of generaions

Annual DD accumulation

No. of generations

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Symbiotic relationship in the tea ecosystem: Tea Shothole borer of Sri Lanka

SLIDE 24

Tea Shoth

thole b
le borer

rer of Sri L Lanka: : Dile lemma mma o

Entomolog tomologis ists Tea Shoth

thole b
le borer

rer of Sri L Lanka: : A loos

sing b

battle? ttle?

SLIDE 25

Symbiotic relationship in the tea ecosystem: Tea Shothole borer of Sri Lanka Academic & Technical Workshop on Xyleborus glabratus and Euwallacea fornicatus

Sampath Walgama

November 3-7, 2014 Xalapa, Veracruz

World Distribution of TSHB

Distribution TSHB in the world = Present, no further details = Widespread = Localized

Biology of TSHB

Number of SHB generations in different agro ecological regions

Fluctuation of shot-hole borer population and the infestation (galleries), over a course of a pruning cycle in Nayapana estate, representing mid country (wet zone) and the sampling was initiated in the 10th month after prune (arrow).

Biology of TSHB

Highly polyphagous

Damage of TSHB

Primary damage – branch breakage as a result of construction of galleries

Secondary damage – Rotting of wood as a result of wood rotting fungi entering through gallery holes or from exposed unprotected prune cuts Leads to long term debilitation of the bush and thereby, capital loss

Management/control of TSHB

♣ Plant resistance ♣ Resistant/tolerant cultivars produced by the institute ♣ Recommended different cultivars for different agro ecological regions based on specific charateristics (yield potential, quality, resistant to pest and diseases and drought etc etc.

Cultivar TRI 2023 (resistant to TSHB) Cultivar TRI 2025 (Susceptible to TSHB)

♣ TRI 2025 (grown for yield) ♣ DT 1 (grown for quality) ♣ Both cultivars are highly susceptible to SHB

Fluctuation of shot-hole borer population and the infestation (galleries), over a course of a pruning cycle in Nayapana estate

Chemical control

Chemical control ♣ Many types tested but came very few into recommendations from time to time ♣ OP’s used (since 1985 it was Fenthion only in recommendation)

Cultural control Cleaning dead areas at prune (sanitary cleaning) to remove decayed parts Application of wound dressings on surfaces more than 5 cm’s in diameter

IPM FOR TSHB Biological control Chemical control Agronomic control Cultural control BCA, EPF Cost (extent), restrictions Fertilizer, Cost (extent) Cleaning/sanitation, cost (extent), cultivars

I-P-E INTERACTION TRIANGLE

Symbiotic relationship in the tea ecosystem: Tea Shothole borer of Sri Lanka

Tea Shoth

rer of Sri L Lanka: : Dile lemma mma o

Entomolog tomologis ists Tea Shoth

rer of Sri L Lanka: : A loos

battle? ttle?

THANK YOU