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❙❧✐❝❡s t❤r♦✉❣❤ s❡❧❢✲s✐♠✐❧❛r s❡ts ❘ü❞✐❣❡r ❩❡❧❧❡r✱ ❥♦✐♥t ✇♦r❦ ✇✐t❤ ❈❤r✐st♦♣❤ ❇❛♥❞t✱ ●r❡✐❢s✇❛❧❞✱ ●❡r♠❛♥② ❉❡❝❡♠❜❡r ✶✹✱ ✷✵✶✷ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ❆❞✈❛♥❝❡s ♦♥ ❋r❛❝t❛❧s ✫ ❘❡❧❛t❡❞ ❚♦♣✐❝s

❋✐♥✐t❡ ♦r❜✐ts ✐♥ ❜r❛♥❝❤✐♥❣ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝❛❧ s②st❡♠s ❘❡❧❛t✐♦♥ t♦ s❧✐❝❡s t❤r♦✉❣❤ s❡❧❢✲s✐♠✐❧❛r s❡ts ❙❧✐❝❡s ♦❢ ✜♥✐t❡ t②♣❡ ❚❤❡ ❣♦❧❞❡♥ ❞♦❞❡❝❛❤❡❞r♦♥

❋✐♥✐t❡ ♦r❜✐ts ❢♦r ♠✉❧t✐✈❛❧✉❡❞ ♠❛♣s ❣ ( ① ) = ✷ ① ♠♦❞ ✶ ❆❧❧ ♦r❜✐ts ♦❢ ✶ ✷ ❛r❡ ✜♥✐t❡✱ ❣ ( ✶ ✷ ) = { ✵ , ✶ } = ❣ ♥ ( ✶ ✷ ) ✳

✶ ✶ ✶ ❚❤❡ ♦r❜✐t ♦❢ ✶ ✐s ✜♥✐t❡✱ ❣ ✶ ✶ ❛♥❞ ❣ ✷ ✶ ✳ ✶ ✶ ❋✐♥✐t❡ ♦r❜✐ts ❢♦r ♠✉❧t✐✈❛❧✉❡❞ ♠❛♣s √ ❣ ✶ ( ① ) = β ① ✱ ❣ ✷ ( ① ) = β ① + ✶ − β ✱ β = ✸✳

❋✐♥✐t❡ ♦r❜✐ts ❢♦r ♠✉❧t✐✈❛❧✉❡❞ ♠❛♣s √ ❣ ✶ ( ① ) = β ① ✱ ❣ ✷ ( ① ) = β ① + ✶ − β ✱ β = ✸✳ β β ✶ ✶ ✶ ❚❤❡ ♦r❜✐t ♦❢ β + ✶ ✐s ✜♥✐t❡✱ ❣ ✶ ( β + ✶ ) = β + ✶ ❛♥❞ ❣ ✷ ( β + ✶ ) = β + ✶ ✳

❚❤❡ s❡t ♦❢ s✉❝❝❡ss♦rs ♦❢ ♥ t❤ ❣❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ❣✐✈❡♥ ❜② ❇ ♥ ① ✶ ① ❇ ❇ ♥ ✇❤❡r❡ ❇ ① ❣ ❥ ① ① ■ ❥ ❚❤❡ s❡t ♦❢ s✉❝❝❡ss♦rs ♣r♦❞✉❝❡❞ ❜② ① ✐s ❣✐✈❡♥ ❜② ❇ ♥ ① ❇ ① ♥ ✵ ❲❤❡♥ ✐s ❇ ① ❛ ✜♥✐t❡ s❡t❄ ❉❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ✭❇❉❙✮ ◮ ❆ ❜r❛♥❝❤✐♥❣ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝❛❧ s②st❡♠ ✐s ❣✐✈❡♥ ❜② ❛ s❡t ♦❢ ♠❛♣♣✐♥❣s✿ ❇ = { ❣ ❥ : ■ ❥ → ■ ⑤ ■ ❥ ⊂ ■ ⊂ R ✱ ❥ = ✶ , . . . , ❦ } ✳

❚❤❡ s❡t ♦❢ s✉❝❝❡ss♦rs ♣r♦❞✉❝❡❞ ❜② ① ✐s ❣✐✈❡♥ ❜② ❇ ♥ ① ❇ ① ♥ ✵ ❲❤❡♥ ✐s ❇ ① ❛ ✜♥✐t❡ s❡t❄ ❉❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ✭❇❉❙✮ ◮ ❆ ❜r❛♥❝❤✐♥❣ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝❛❧ s②st❡♠ ✐s ❣✐✈❡♥ ❜② ❛ s❡t ♦❢ ♠❛♣♣✐♥❣s✿ ❇ = { ❣ ❥ : ■ ❥ → ■ ⑤ ■ ❥ ⊂ ■ ⊂ R ✱ ❥ = ✶ , . . . , ❦ } ✳ ◮ ❚❤❡ s❡t ♦❢ s✉❝❝❡ss♦rs ♦❢ ♥ t❤ ❣❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ❣✐✈❡♥ ❜② ❇ ♥ ( ① ) = ❇ ( ❇ ♥ − ✶ ( ① )) , ✇❤❡r❡ ❇ ( ① ) = { ❣ ❥ ( ① ) | ① ∈ ■ ❥ } .

❲❤❡♥ ✐s ❇ ① ❛ ✜♥✐t❡ s❡t❄ ❉❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ✭❇❉❙✮ ◮ ❆ ❜r❛♥❝❤✐♥❣ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝❛❧ s②st❡♠ ✐s ❣✐✈❡♥ ❜② ❛ s❡t ♦❢ ♠❛♣♣✐♥❣s✿ ❇ = { ❣ ❥ : ■ ❥ → ■ ⑤ ■ ❥ ⊂ ■ ⊂ R ✱ ❥ = ✶ , . . . , ❦ } ✳ ◮ ❚❤❡ s❡t ♦❢ s✉❝❝❡ss♦rs ♦❢ ♥ t❤ ❣❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ❣✐✈❡♥ ❜② ❇ ♥ ( ① ) = ❇ ( ❇ ♥ − ✶ ( ① )) , ✇❤❡r❡ ❇ ( ① ) = { ❣ ❥ ( ① ) | ① ∈ ■ ❥ } . ◮ ❚❤❡ s❡t ♦❢ s✉❝❝❡ss♦rs ♣r♦❞✉❝❡❞ ❜② ① ✐s ❣✐✈❡♥ ❜② ∞ ❇ ∞ ( ① ) = � ❇ ♥ ( ① ) . ♥ = ✵

❉❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ✭❇❉❙✮ ◮ ❆ ❜r❛♥❝❤✐♥❣ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝❛❧ s②st❡♠ ✐s ❣✐✈❡♥ ❜② ❛ s❡t ♦❢ ♠❛♣♣✐♥❣s✿ ❇ = { ❣ ❥ : ■ ❥ → ■ ⑤ ■ ❥ ⊂ ■ ⊂ R ✱ ❥ = ✶ , . . . , ❦ } ✳ ◮ ❚❤❡ s❡t ♦❢ s✉❝❝❡ss♦rs ♦❢ ♥ t❤ ❣❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ❣✐✈❡♥ ❜② ❇ ♥ ( ① ) = ❇ ( ❇ ♥ − ✶ ( ① )) , ✇❤❡r❡ ❇ ( ① ) = { ❣ ❥ ( ① ) | ① ∈ ■ ❥ } . ◮ ❚❤❡ s❡t ♦❢ s✉❝❝❡ss♦rs ♣r♦❞✉❝❡❞ ❜② ① ✐s ❣✐✈❡♥ ❜② ∞ ❇ ∞ ( ① ) = � ❇ ♥ ( ① ) . ♥ = ✵ ❲❤❡♥ ✐s ❇ ∞ ( ① ) ❛ ✜♥✐t❡ s❡t❄

✶ ✶ ✶ ✷ ✺ ❇ ✸ ✻ ✸ ✸ ✻ ❋✐♥✐t❡ ♦r❜✐ts ✐♥ ❜r❛♥❝❤✐♥❣ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝❛❧ s②st❡♠s ❣ ✸ ( ① ) = ✷ ① − ✶ ❣ ✶ ( ① ) = ✷ ① ✱ ❣ ✷ ( ① ) = ✷ ① − ✶✱ ✷ ✳

❋✐♥✐t❡ ♦r❜✐ts ✐♥ ❜r❛♥❝❤✐♥❣ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝❛❧ s②st❡♠s ❣ ✸ ( ① ) = ✷ ① − ✶ ❣ ✶ ( ① ) = ✷ ① ✱ ❣ ✷ ( ① ) = ✷ ① − ✶✱ ✷ ✳ ❇ ∞ ( ✶ ✸ ) = { ✶ ✻ , ✶ ✸ , ✷ ✸ , ✺ ✻ }

❘❡❧❛t❡❞ ✇♦r❦ ♦♥ β ✲❡①♣❛♥s✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ❇❡r♥♦✉❧❧✐ ❝♦♥✈♦❧✉t✐♦♥s ❙t✉❞② ♦❢ ❧♦❣ | ❇ ♥ ( ① ) | ❢♦r ♥ → ∞ ✳ ♥ ◮ ❉❡✲❏✉♥ ❋❡♥❣ ❛♥❞ ◆✐❦✐t❛ ❙✐❞♦r♦✈ ✷✵✶✶ ✭▼♦♥❛ts❤✳ ▼❛t❤✳✮ ◮ ❙✐♠♦♥ ❇❛❦❡r ✷✵✶✷ ✭❛r❳✐✈✿ ✶✷✵✽✳✻✶✾✺✈✶✮ ◮ ❚♦♠ ❑❡♠♣t♦♥ ✷✵✶✷ ✭♣r❡♣r✐♥t✮

■❢ ✐s ❛ P✐s♦t ♥✉♠❜❡r ✭❛❧❣❡❜r❛✐❝ ✐♥t❡❣❡r✱ ✇❤♦s❡ ❝♦♥❥✉❣❛t❡s ❛r❡ ❧❡ss t❤❛♥ ✶ ✐♥ ♠♦❞✉❧✉s✮ ❛♥❞ ③ ❥ ✱ t❤❡♥ ❇ ① ✐s ❛ ✜♥✐t❡ s❡t ❢♦r ❛❧❧ ① ✳ ❙♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❝❛s❡✿ ❑❧❛✉s ❙❝❤♠✐❞t✱ ✶✾✽✵ ✭❇✉❧❧✳ ▲♦♥❞♦♥ ▼❛t❤✳ ❙♦❝✳✮✳ ❋✐♥✐t❡ ♦r❜✐ts ✐♥ ❧✐♥❡❛r ❜r❛♥❝❤✐♥❣ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝❛❧ s②st❡♠s ❚❤❡♦r❡♠ ▲❡t ❇ = { ❣ ❥ : ■ ❥ → ■ | ■ ❥ ⊂ ■ ⊂ R , ❥ = ✶ , . . . , ❦ } ❛ ❇❉❙ ✇✐t❤ ❣ ❥ ( ① ) = β ❞ ❥ ① + ③ ❥ , β > ✶ , ❞ ❥ ∈ N , ③ ❥ ∈ R .

❋✐♥✐t❡ ♦r❜✐ts ✐♥ ❧✐♥❡❛r ❜r❛♥❝❤✐♥❣ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝❛❧ s②st❡♠s ❚❤❡♦r❡♠ ▲❡t ❇ = { ❣ ❥ : ■ ❥ → ■ | ■ ❥ ⊂ ■ ⊂ R , ❥ = ✶ , . . . , ❦ } ❛ ❇❉❙ ✇✐t❤ ❣ ❥ ( ① ) = β ❞ ❥ ① + ③ ❥ , β > ✶ , ❞ ❥ ∈ N , ③ ❥ ∈ R . ■❢ ◮ β ✐s ❛ P✐s♦t ♥✉♠❜❡r ✭❛❧❣❡❜r❛✐❝ ✐♥t❡❣❡r✱ ✇❤♦s❡ ❝♦♥❥✉❣❛t❡s ❛r❡ ❧❡ss t❤❛♥ ✶ ✐♥ ♠♦❞✉❧✉s✮ ❛♥❞ ◮ ③ ❥ ∈ Q ( β ) ✱ t❤❡♥ ❇ ∞ ( ① ) ✐s ❛ ✜♥✐t❡ s❡t ❢♦r ❛❧❧ ① ∈ Q ( β ) ✳ ❙♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❝❛s❡✿ ❑❧❛✉s ❙❝❤♠✐❞t✱ ✶✾✽✵ ✭❇✉❧❧✳ ▲♦♥❞♦♥ ▼❛t❤✳ ❙♦❝✳✮✳

❙❧✐❝❡s ❛♥❞ ❇❉❙ ❆ s❧✐❝❡ ✐s ❛♥ ✐♥t❡rs❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ s❡❧❢✲s✐♠✐❧❛r s❡t ❛♥❞ ❛ ❤②♣❡r♣❧❛♥❡ ✐♥ R ♥ ✳ ❋♦r t❤❡ ❤②♣❡r♣❧❛♥❡ ❤♦❧❞s✿ ❍ = ❍ ( ❛ , α ✶ , . . . , α ♥ − ✶ ) ✳

❙❧✐❝❡s ❛♥❞ ❇❉❙

■❢ ❇ ❛ ✐s ✜♥✐t❡✱ t❤❡ ❣r❛♣❤ ✐s t❤❡ ▼❛✉❧❞✐♥✲❲✐❧❧✐❛♠s ❣r❛♣❤ ♦❢ ❤ ❙ ✳ Pr♦♣♦s✐t✐♦♥✿ ❖rt❤♦❣♦♥❛❧ s❧✐❝❡s t❤r♦✉❣❤ ❙✐❡r♣✐♥s❦✐ ❣❛s❦❡t✳ ◮ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r t❤❡ ❇❉❙ ❝♦♥s✐st✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❛♣♣✐♥❣s ❣ ✸ ( ① ) = ✷ ① − ✶ ❣ ✶ ( ① ) = ✷ ① , ❣ ✷ ( ① ) = ✷ ① − ✶ , ✷ ✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛r❡ s✉r❥❡❝t✐♦♥s ♦♥ [ ✵ , ✶ ] ✱ ◮ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❣r❛♣❤ ❞❡s❝r✐❜✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♦r❜✐t ♦❢ ❛ ✳

Pr♦♣♦s✐t✐♦♥✿ ❖rt❤♦❣♦♥❛❧ s❧✐❝❡s t❤r♦✉❣❤ ❙✐❡r♣✐♥s❦✐ ❣❛s❦❡t✳ ◮ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r t❤❡ ❇❉❙ ❝♦♥s✐st✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❛♣♣✐♥❣s ❣ ✸ ( ① ) = ✷ ① − ✶ ❣ ✶ ( ① ) = ✷ ① , ❣ ✷ ( ① ) = ✷ ① − ✶ , ✷ ✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛r❡ s✉r❥❡❝t✐♦♥s ♦♥ [ ✵ , ✶ ] ✱ ◮ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❣r❛♣❤ ❞❡s❝r✐❜✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♦r❜✐t ♦❢ ❛ ✳ ■❢ ❇ ∞ ( ❛ ) ✐s ✜♥✐t❡✱ t❤❡ ❣r❛♣❤ ✐s t❤❡ ▼❛✉❧❞✐♥✲❲✐❧❧✐❛♠s ❣r❛♣❤ ♦❢ ❤ ∩ ❙ ✳

❙❧✐❝❡s ❛♥❞ ❜r❛♥❝❤✐♥❣ s②st❡♠s ❙ ✐ = ❢ ✐ ( ❙ ) ✱ ✐ = ✶ , ✷ , ✸✳ ❚❤❡ ❇❉❙ ♣r♦❞✉❝❡s ✐♥t❡r❝❡♣ts ♦❢ ❧✐♥❡s✳

❙❧✐❝❡s ❛♥❞ ❜r❛♥❝❤✐♥❣ s②st❡♠s ❙ ✐ = ❢ ✐ ( ❙ ) ✱ ✐ = ✶ , ✷ , ✸✳ ❚❤❡ ❇❉❙ ♣r♦❞✉❝❡s ✐♥t❡r❝❡♣ts ♦❢ ❧✐♥❡s✳

❙❧✐❝❡s ❛♥❞ ❜r❛♥❝❤✐♥❣ s②st❡♠s ❙ ✐ = ❢ ✐ ( ❙ ) ✱ ✐ = ✶ , ✷ , ✸✳ ❚❤❡ ❇❉❙ ♣r♦❞✉❝❡s ✐♥t❡r❝❡♣ts ♦❢ ❧✐♥❡s✳

❣ ✶ ① ✷ ①

❣ ✶ ① ✷ ①