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  1. ❈♦♥s✐st❡♥❝② ❊♥❢♦r❝✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❈♦♥str❛✐♥t Pr♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥✿ P❛t❤ ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥❝② ❈♦♥s✐st❡♥❝② ❊♥❢♦r❝✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❈♦♥str❛✐♥t ❛♥❞ ✐✲❝♦♥s✐st❡♥❝② Pr♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥✿ P❛t❤ ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥❝② ❛♥❞ ✐✲❝♦♥s✐st❡♥❝② P❛t❤ ❈♦♥s✐st❡♥❝② ✐✲❝♦♥s✐st❡♥❝②

  2. ❙✉♠♠❛r② ❈♦♥s✐st❡♥❝② ❊♥❢♦r❝✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❈♦♥str❛✐♥t Pr♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥✿ P❛t❤ ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥❝② ❛♥❞ ✐✲❝♦♥s✐st❡♥❝② P❛t❤ ❈♦♥s✐st❡♥❝② P❛t❤ ❈♦♥s✐st❡♥❝② ✐✲❝♦♥s✐st❡♥❝② ✐✲❝♦♥s✐st❡♥❝②

  3. P❛t❤ ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥❝② ❈♦♥s✐st❡♥❝② ❊♥❢♦r❝✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❈♦♥str❛✐♥t Pr♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥✿ P❛t❤ ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥❝② ❇❛s✐❝ ❈♦♥❝❡♣ts ❛♥❞ ✐✲❝♦♥s✐st❡♥❝② ① , ② , ③ ✱ ❘ ① , ② , ❘ ② , ③ , ❘ ① , ③ ❆r❝ ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥❝②✿ ❡✈❡r② ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t ✈❛❧✉❡ ♦❢ ① ❝❛♥ ❜❡ P❛t❤ ❈♦♥s✐st❡♥❝② ❡①t❡♥❞❡❞ t♦ ② ✐✲❝♦♥s✐st❡♥❝② P❛t❤ ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥❝② ❡✈❡r② ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t ❝♦✉♣❧❡ ♦❢ ✈❛❧✉❡s ❢♦r ① , ② ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❡①t❡♥❞❡❞ t♦ ③

  4. P❛t❤ ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥❝②✿ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ❈♦♥s✐st❡♥❝② ❊♥❢♦r❝✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❈♦♥str❛✐♥t Pr♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥✿ P❛t❤ ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥❝② ❛♥❞ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ✭P❛t❤ ❈♦♥s✐st❡♥❝②✮ ✐✲❝♦♥s✐st❡♥❝② ① , ② , ③ ✱ ❉ = { ✶ , ✷ } P❛t❤ ❈♦♥s✐st❡♥❝② ❘ ① , ② = { ( ✶ , ✶ )( ✷ , ✷ ) } , ❘ ① , ③ = { ( ✶ , ✶ )( ✶ , ✷ )( ✷ , ✶ ) } , ❘ ② , ③ = ✐✲❝♦♥s✐st❡♥❝② { ( ✶ , ✶ )( ✷ , ✷ ) }

  5. P❛t❤ ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥❝②✿ ❉❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ❈♦♥s✐st❡♥❝② ❊♥❢♦r❝✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❈♦♥str❛✐♥t Pr♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥✿ ❉❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ✭P❛t❤ ❈♦♥s✐st❡♥❝② ❢♦r ① , ② r❡❧❛t✐✈❡ t♦ ③ ✮ P❛t❤ ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥❝② ❛♥❞ ✐✲❝♦♥s✐st❡♥❝② ❈♦✉♣❧❡ ♦❢ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ① , ② ❛♥❞ ❛ t❤✐r❞ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ③ ❈♦♥str❛✐♥ts ❘ ① , ② , ❘ ① , ③ , ❘ ② , ③ ✭✐❢ ❛ ❝♦♥str❛✐♥t ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ❡①✐sts P❛t❤ ❛❧❧ ✈❛❧✉❡s ❛r❡ ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡✮ ❈♦♥s✐st❡♥❝② ✐✲❝♦♥s✐st❡♥❝② ① , ② ✐s ♣❛t❤ ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t ✇✳r✳t✳ ③ ✐✛✿ ∀ < ❛ , ❜ > ∈ ❘ ① , ② ∧ ❛ ∈ ❉ ① ∧ ② ∈ ❉ ② ∃ ❝ ∈ ❉ ③ | < ❛ , ❝ > ∈ ❘ ① , ③ ∧ < ❜ , ❝ > ∈ ❘ ② , ③ ●r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧❧②✿ ❛ tr✐❛♥❣❧❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♠❛t❝❤✐♥❣ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠

  6. ❲❤② P❛t❤ ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥❝② ✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ❈♦♥s✐st❡♥❝② ❊♥❢♦r❝✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❈♦♥str❛✐♥t Pr♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥✿ P❛t❤ ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥❝② ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ♣❛t❤ ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥❝② ❛♥❞ ✐✲❝♦♥s✐st❡♥❝② ■❢ ♣❛t❤ ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥❝② ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ❤♦❧❞ ❢♦r ① = ❛ , ② = ❜ r❡❧❛t✐✈❡ t♦ ③ t❤❡♥ < ❛ , ❜ > ❝❛♥ ♥♦t ❜❡ ♣❛rt ♦❢ ❛♥② s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ P❛t❤ ❈♦♥s✐st❡♥❝② ■❢ ✇❡ ✜① ❛ , ❜ ✇❡ ❝❛♥ ♥♦t ✜♥❞ ❛♥② ✈❛❧✉❡ ❢♦r ③ ✐✲❝♦♥s✐st❡♥❝② ❇✉t ✇❡ ♥❡❡❞ t♦ ❛ss✐❣♥ ③ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ♠✉st s❛t✐s❢② ❛❧❧ ❝♦♥str❛✐♥ts

  7. P❛t❤ ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥❝② ❢♦r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ❈♦♥s✐st❡♥❝② ❊♥❢♦r❝✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❈♦♥str❛✐♥t Pr♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥✿ P❛t❤ P❛t❤ ❈♦♥s✐st❡♥❝② ❢♦r R ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥❝② ❛♥❞ R ♣❛t❤ ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t ✐✛ ✐✲❝♦♥s✐st❡♥❝② ❢♦r ❡✈❡r② ❝♦✉♣❧❡ ♦❢ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ① , ② ❛♥❞ ❡✈❡r② ♦t❤❡r ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ③ P❛t❤ ① , ② ♣❛t❤ ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t r❡❧❛t✐✈❡ t♦ ③ ❈♦♥s✐st❡♥❝② ✐✲❝♦♥s✐st❡♥❝② P❛t❤ ❈♦♥s✐st❡♥❝② ❢♦r ❘ ① , ② r❡❧❛t✐✈❡ t♦ ③ ❈♦♥str❛✐♥t ❘ ① , ② ✐s ♣❛t❤ ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t r❡❧❛t✐✈❡ t♦ ③ ❡✈❡r② ❝♦✉♣❧❡ ✐♥ ❘ ① , ② ✐s ♣❛t❤ ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t r❡❧❛t✐✈❡ t♦ ③

  8. ❊♥❢♦r❝✐♥❣ ♣❛t❤ ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥❝② ❈♦♥s✐st❡♥❝② ❊♥❢♦r❝✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❈♦♥str❛✐♥t Pr♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥✿ P❛t❤ ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥❝② ❊♥❢♦r❝✐♥❣ P❛t❤ ❈♦♥s✐st❡♥❝② ❢♦r R ❛♥❞ ✐✲❝♦♥s✐st❡♥❝② ■❢ R ✐s ♥♦t ♣❛t❤ ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t ❡①✐sts ❛ ❝♦✉♣❧❡ ♦❢ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ① = ❛ , ② = ❜ t❤❛t ❝❛♥ ♥♦t ❜❡ P❛t❤ ❈♦♥s✐st❡♥❝② ❡①t❡♥❞❡❞ t♦ ③ ✐✲❝♦♥s✐st❡♥❝② ① = ❛ , ② = ❜ ❝❛♥ ♥♦t ❜❡ ♣❛rt ♦❢ ❛♥② s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ❜✉t ✇❡ ❝❛♥ ♥♦t r❡♠♦✈❡ ❛ , ❜ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡✐r r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡ ❞♦♠❛✐♥s✦

  9. ❊♥❢♦r❝✐♥❣ ♣❛t❤ ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥❝②✿ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ❈♦♥s✐st❡♥❝② ❊♥❢♦r❝✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❈♦♥str❛✐♥t Pr♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥✿ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ✭❊♥❢♦r❝✐♥❣ P❛t❤ ❈♦♥s✐st❡♥❝②✮ P❛t❤ ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥❝② ❛♥❞ ✐✲❝♦♥s✐st❡♥❝② ❱❛r✐❛❜❧❡s✿ ① , ② , ③ ❉♦♠❛✐♥s✿ ❉ = { ✶ , ✷ } ❈♦♥str❛✐♥ts ❘ ① , ② = { ( ✶ , ✶ )( ✶ , ✷ )( ✷ , ✶ ) } , ❘ ① , ③ = P❛t❤ { ( ✶ , ✶ )( ✷ , ✶ )( ✷ , ✷ ) } , ❘ ② , ③ = { ( ✶ , ✷ )( ✷ , ✶ )( ✷ , ✷ ) } ❈♦♥s✐st❡♥❝② ✐✲❝♦♥s✐st❡♥❝② ① = ✶ , ② = ✶ ❝❛♥ ♥♦t ❜❡ ❡①t❡♥❞❡❞ t♦ ❛♥② ✈❛❧✉❡ ♦❢ ③ ❜✉t ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s ✇✐t❤ ① = ✶ ❛♥❞ ② = ✶ ❘❡♠♦✈✐♥❣ ① = ✶ ✭♦r ② = ✶✮ ❝♦✉❧❞ ♠❛❦❡ ♦t❤❡r s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s ❞✐s❛♣♣❡❛r

  10. ❊♥❢♦r❝✐♥❣ ♣❛t❤ ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥❝② ❈♦♥s✐st❡♥❝② ❊♥❢♦r❝✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❈♦♥str❛✐♥t Pr♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥✿ ❊♥❢♦r❝✐♥❣ P❛t❤ ❈♦♥s✐st❡♥❝② ❢♦r R P❛t❤ ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥❝② ●✐✈❡♥ ① = ❛ , ② = ❜ ♥♦t ♣❛t❤ ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t r❡❧❛t✐✈❡ t♦ ③ ❛♥❞ ✐✲❝♦♥s✐st❡♥❝② ✇❡ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛t❡ < ❛ , ❜ > ❢r♦♠ ❘ ① , ② ❘ ① , ② ♥♦✇ ✐s ♣❛t❤ ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t ✇✐t❤ r❡♣s❡❝t t♦ ③ P❛t❤ ❈♦♥s✐st❡♥❝② ✇❡ ❞✐❞ ♥♦t r❡♠♦✈❡ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s✿ ✐✲❝♦♥s✐st❡♥❝② ❛ , ❜ ❝♦✉❧❞ ♥♦t ❜❡ ✐♥ ❛♥② s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ❛ ∈ ❉ ① ❛♥❞ ❜ ∈ ❉ ② ❝❛♥ st✐❧❧ ❜❡ ✉s❡❞ ❢♦r ♦t❤❡r s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s ❙✐♠♣❧❡r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠✿ ❞♦ ♥♦t ♥❡❡❞ t♦ ❝❤❡❝❦ ③ t♦ r❡❛❧✐s❡ ❛ , ❜ ♥♦t ❛ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥

  11. ❊♥❢♦r❝✐♥❣ ♣❛t❤ ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥❝②✿ ❘❡✈✐s❡✲✸ ❈♦♥s✐st❡♥❝② ❊♥❢♦r❝✐♥❣ ❘❡✈✐s❡✲✸ ♣r♦❝✳ ❛♥❞ ❈♦♥str❛✐♥t Pr♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥✿ P❛t❤ ❆❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ✶ ❘❡✈✐s❡✲✸✭✭ ① , ② ✮✱ ③ ✮ ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥❝② ❛♥❞ ❘❡q✉✐r❡✿ ❆ t❤r❡❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ s✉❜♥❡t✇♦r❦ ♦✈❡r ① , ② , ③ ✱ ✐✲❝♦♥s✐st❡♥❝② ❘ ① , ② , ❘ ② , ③ , ❘ ① , ③ ❊♥s✉r❡✿ ❘❡✈✐s❡❞ ❘ ① , ② ♣❛t❤ ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t r❡❧❛t✐✈❡ t♦ ③ P❛t❤ ❈♦♥s✐st❡♥❝② ❢♦r ❛❧❧ < ❛ , ❜ > ∈ ❘ ① , ② ❞♦ ✐✲❝♦♥s✐st❡♥❝② ✐❢ ¬∃ ❝ ∈ ❉ ③ | ( ❛ , ❝ ) ∈ ❘ ① , ③ ∧ ( ❜ , ❝ ) ∈ ❘ ② , ③ t❤❡♥ ❞❡❧❡t❡ ❛ , ❜ ❢r♦♠ ❘ ① , ② ❡♥❞ ✐❢ ❡♥❞ ❢♦r ❊q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t t♦ ❘ ①② ← ❘ ①② ∩ π ①② ( ❘ ①③ ⊲ ⊳ ❘ ③② ) ⊳ ❉ ③ ⊲

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