SLIDE 1
Tongan Samoan Rarotongan Hawaiian
1 tapu tapu tapu kapu ‘forbidden’ 2 pito pute pito piko ‘navel’ 3 puhi feula puɁi puhi ‘blow’ 4 tafaɁaki tafa taɁa kaha ‘side’ 5 taɁe tae tae kae ‘feces’ 6 taŋata taŋata taŋata kanaka ‘man’ 7 tahi tai tai kai ‘sea’ 8 malohi malosi kaɁa Ɂaha ‘strong’ 9 kalo Ɂalo karo Ɂalo ‘dodge’ 10 aka aɁa aka aɁa ‘root’ 11 Ɂahu au au au ‘gall’ 12 Ɂulu ulu uru poɁo ‘head’ 13 Ɂufi ufi uɁi uhi ‘yam’ 14 afi afi aɁi ahi ‘fire’ 15 faa faa Ɂaa haa ‘four’ 16 feke feɁe Ɂeke heɁe ‘octopus’ 17 ika iɁa ika iɁa ‘fish’ 18 ihu isu putaŋio ihu ‘nose’ 19 hau sau Ɂau hau ‘dew’ 20 tafuafi siɁa Ɂika hiɁa ‘firemaking’ 21 hiku siɁu Ɂiku hiɁu ‘tail’ 22 hake aɁe ake aɁe ‘up’ 23 huu ulu uru komo ‘enter’ 24 maŋa maŋa maŋa mana ‘branch’ 25 maɁu mau mau mau ‘constant’ 26 maa mala mara mala ‘fermented’ 27 naɁa faɁaŋa maninia naa ‘quieten’ 28 nofo nofo noɁo noho ‘sit’ 29 ŋalu ŋalu ŋaru nalu ‘wave’ 30 ŋutu ŋutu ŋutu nuku ‘mouth’ 31 vaka vaɁa vaka waɁa ‘canoe’ 32 vaɁe vae vae wae ‘leg’ 33 laho laso raɁo laho ‘scrotum’ 34 lohu lou rou lou ‘fruit picking pole’ 35 oŋo loŋo roŋo lono ‘hear’ 36 ua lua rua lua ‘two’
SLIDE 2 Tongan t a p u Samoan t a p u Rarotongan t a p u Hawaiian t a p u comparative method 1 set aside obvious non-cognates (but how do you know this? … do next step in parallel) 2 look for sound correspondences ... watch for mergers/splits (non unitary correspondence) ... watch for mergers only at this point (assume no splits)
Tongan Samoan Rarotongan Hawaiian
t t t k a a a a p p p p u u u u
Tongan Samoan Rarotongan Hawaiian
a a a a e e e e i i i i
u u u p p p p f f Ɂ h t t t k k Ɂ k Ɂ h s Ɂ h m m m m n n n n ŋ ŋ ŋ n v v v w l l r l Ø l r l
SLIDE 3 Tongan t a Ɂ e Samoan t a e Rarotongan t a e Hawaiian t a e
Tongan Samoan Rarotongan Hawaiian
Ɂ Ø Ø Ø Tongan Ɂ a h u Samoan a u Rarotongan a u Hawaiian a u
Tongan Samoan Rarotongan Hawaiian
h Ø Ø Ø 3 Reconstruct phonemes, with these guidelines: i - plausibility reconstruct protoform so as to assume a plausible change to have
ii – minimize changes parsimony: use same proto form if all reflexes have same form) majority rules: if only one of many daughter languages has a different sound, consider that an innovation) iii – inventory balance try to create a balanced system for the proto language iv – concreteness do not propose a sound seen nowhere unless absolutely necessary
Tongan Samoan Rarotongan Hawaiian PPN
p p p p *p (minimization / parsimony) m m m m *m (minimization / parsimony) n n n n *n (minimization / parsimony)
Tongan Samoan Rarotongan Hawaiian
t t t k *t (minimization / majority rules) ŋ ŋ ŋ n *ŋ (minimization / majority rules)
SLIDE 4
Tongan Samoan Rarotongan Hawaiian
k Ɂ k Ɂ *k
(plausibility, balanced inventory)
bilabial alveolar velar stop p t nasal m n ŋ
Tongan Samoan Rarotongan Hawaiian
f f Ɂ h *f (minimization / majority rules)
Tongan Samoan Rarotongan Hawaiian
l l r l *l (minimization / majority rules) Ø l r l *r (plausibility)
Tongan Samoan Rarotongan Hawaiian
Ɂ Ø Ø Ø *Ɂ (bec. assuming no splits) h Ø Ø Ø *h (bec. assuming no splits)
Tongan Samoan Rarotongan Hawaiian
h s Ɂ h *s (*Ɂ and *h are already “taken”) Inventory: p t k Ɂ m n ŋ f s h l r
Tongan Samoan Rarotongan Hawaiian
h s Ɂ h *Ɂ (*h is “taken”) h Ø Ø Ø *h (concreteness: avoid *x)
Tongan Samoan Rarotongan Hawaiian
v v v w *w (balance)
SLIDE 5
Summary
Tongan Samoan Rarotongan Hawaiian
p p p p *p f f Ɂ h *f t t t k *t k Ɂ k Ɂ *k h s Ɂ h *s Ɂ Ø Ø Ø *Ɂ h Ø Ø Ø *h m m m m *m n n n n *n ŋ ŋ ŋ n *ŋ v v v w *w l l r l *l Ø l r l *r 4 reconstruct protoforms
SLIDE 6 5 check for conditioned changes (splits)
- look for similar correspondence sets
- check for complementary distribution
37 fefine fafine ‘woman’ 38 fiefia fiafia ‘happy’ 39 moɁuŋa mauŋa ‘mountain’ 40 tuoŋaɁane tuaŋane ‘woman’s brother’ 41 tuofefine tuafefine ‘man’s sister’ Tongan Samoan e a *ɛ?
*ɔ? *fɛfine *fiɛfia *mɔɁuŋa *tuɔŋa(Ɂa)ne *tuɔfɛfine Tongan Samoan 1 tapu tapu ‘forbidden’ 5 taɁe tae ‘feces’ 6 taŋata taŋata ‘man’ 7 tahi tai ‘sea’ 8 malohi malosi ‘strong’ 9 kalo Ɂalo ‘dodge’ 10 aka aɁa ‘root’ 11 Ɂahu au ‘gall’ 14 afi afi ‘fire’
SLIDE 7
t ~ s in Sinaugoro, Motu (Data from Crowley 1997) t s t t Sinaugoro Motu 1. tama tama ‘father’ 2. tina sina ‘mother’ 3. taŋi tai ‘cry’ 4. tui tui ‘elbow, knee’ 5. ɣita ita ‘see’ 6. ɣate ase ‘liver’ 7. mate mase ‘die’ 8. natu natu ‘child’ 9. toi toi ‘three’ Back to l and r in PPN
Tongan Samoan Rarotongan Hawaiian
l l r l *l (minimization / majority rules) Ø l r l *r (plausibility) 9 kalo Ɂalo karo Ɂalo ‘dodge’ 12 Ɂulu ulu uru ‘head’ 29 ŋalu ŋalu ŋaru nalu ‘wave’ 33 laho laso raɁo laho ‘scrotum’ 34 lohu lou rou lou ‘fruit picking pole’ 23 huu ulu uru ‘enter’ 26 maa mala mara mala ‘fermented’ 35 oŋo loŋo roŋo lono ‘hear’ 36 ua lua rua lua ‘two’
SLIDE 8
Finnish Hungarian 1. puu fɔ ‘tree’ 2. pitæ- fyː ‘keep’ 3. poika fiuː ‘boy’ 4. pesæ føː ‘nest’ 5. puhu- fuː(j)- ‘blow’ 6. purki forr ‘snow flurry’ 7. tuo- toj ‘take’ 8. tutka- tøː(l)dj ‘tip, point’ 9. tunte- tud ‘know’ 10. tyvi tøː ‘base’ 11. talvi teːl ‘winter’ 12. kota haːz ‘house, hut’ 13. kuole- hɔl ‘die’ 14. kamara haːmlik ‘skin’ 15. kala hɔl ‘fish’ 16. koi hɔj ‘dawn’ 17. kolme haːrom ‘three’ 18. kalin haːloː ‘net’ 19. kusi huːdj ‘urinate’ 20. kivi køː ‘stone’ 21. keri keːreg ‘bark’ 22. kyynel kønnj ‘tear’ 23. kæte- keːz ‘hand’ 24. kii- keːj ‘mating, pleasure’ 25. pato fɔl ‘wall’ 26. ete- el ‘before’ 27. piti- fel ‘long’ 28. tæytæ- tel ‘fill’ 29. løytæ- lel ‘find’ 30. kuole- hɔl ‘die’ 31. nuoli njiːl ‘arrow’ 32. kala hɔl ‘fish’ 33. liemi leve- ‘broth’ 34. lintu luːd ‘bird, goose’
