❆❏❆❳✿ ❋r♦♠ t❤❡ ❈❧✐❡♥t✲s✐❞❡ ✇✐t❤ ❏❛✈❛❙❝r✐♣t✱ ❇❛❝❦ t♦ t❤❡ ❙❡r✈❡r ❆s②♥❝❤r♦♥♦✉s s❡r✈❡r ❝❛❧❧s ❛♥❞ r❡❧❛t❡❞ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❡s ❈❙ ✸✼✵ ❙❊ Pr❛❝t✐❝✉♠✱ ❈❡♥❣✐③ ●ü♥❛② ✭❙♦♠❡ s❧✐❞❡s ❝♦✉rt❡s② ♦❢ ❊✉❣❡♥❡ ❆❣✐❝❤t❡✐♥ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ■♥t❡r♥❡ts✮ ❈❙ ✸✼✵✱ ●ü♥❛② ✭❊♠♦r②✮ ❆❏❆❳ ❙♣r✐♥❣ ✷✵✶✹ ✶ ✴ ✶✻
❖♥❧✐♥❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s✿ ❨♦✉ ❝❛♥ st✐❧❧ ✇❛t❝❤ t❤❡♠✱ ■✬❧❧ ❛❝❝❡♣t ❧❛t❡ s✉r✈❡②s ✉♥t✐❧ ✹✴✽ ✭✐♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ ❢♦r t❤♦s❡ ♦❢ ②♦✉ ✇❤♦ ❣♦t ♥♦ ♣♦✐♥ts✮ ❚♦❞❛②✿ ❈❧❡❛♥ ②♦✉r ✇❡❜❛♣♣ ✇✐t❤ ❆❏❆❳ ▲❡❛r♥ ❛❧❧ t❤❡ ❧✐♥❣♦✿ ❏❙❖◆✱ ❙❖❆P✱ ❳▼▲✱ ❘❊❙❚ ❋✐rst✱ ❛❜♦✉t ♥❡①t ✇❡❡❦✬s ❞❡❧✐✈❡r❛❜❧❡ ❆❣❡♥❞❛ ❉✉❡ ✹✴✶✵✿ ■♥✲❝❧❛ss ❞❡♠♦ ❛♥❞ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥❛❧ ♣r♦t♦t②♣❡ ❞❡♣❧♦②❡❞ ❍❛✈❡ ②♦✉ ♠❡t ✇✐t❤ ❇♦❜❄ ❆r❡ ②♦✉ ❣❡tt✐♥❣ r❡❛❞② t♦ ❞❡♣❧♦②❄ ●r❛❞✐♥❣ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡s t❡st✐♥❣ ♣❧❛♥ ❛♥❞ ❢❡❡❞❜❛❝❦ s✉r✈❡②s✳ ❈❙ ✸✼✵✱ ●ü♥❛② ✭❊♠♦r②✮ ❆❏❆❳ ❙♣r✐♥❣ ✷✵✶✹ ✷ ✴ ✶✻
❋✐rst✱ ❛❜♦✉t ♥❡①t ✇❡❡❦✬s ❞❡❧✐✈❡r❛❜❧❡ ❆❣❡♥❞❛ ❉✉❡ ✹✴✶✵✿ ■♥✲❝❧❛ss ❞❡♠♦ ❛♥❞ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥❛❧ ♣r♦t♦t②♣❡ ❞❡♣❧♦②❡❞ ❍❛✈❡ ②♦✉ ♠❡t ✇✐t❤ ❇♦❜❄ ❆r❡ ②♦✉ ❣❡tt✐♥❣ r❡❛❞② t♦ ❞❡♣❧♦②❄ ●r❛❞✐♥❣ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡s t❡st✐♥❣ ♣❧❛♥ ❛♥❞ ❢❡❡❞❜❛❝❦ s✉r✈❡②s✳ ❖♥❧✐♥❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s✿ ❨♦✉ ❝❛♥ st✐❧❧ ✇❛t❝❤ t❤❡♠✱ ■✬❧❧ ❛❝❝❡♣t ❧❛t❡ s✉r✈❡②s ✉♥t✐❧ ✹✴✽ ✭✐♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ ❢♦r t❤♦s❡ ♦❢ ②♦✉ ✇❤♦ ❣♦t ♥♦ ♣♦✐♥ts✮ ❚♦❞❛②✿ ❈❧❡❛♥ ②♦✉r ✇❡❜❛♣♣ ✇✐t❤ ❆❏❆❳ ▲❡❛r♥ ❛❧❧ t❤❡ ❧✐♥❣♦✿ ❏❙❖◆✱ ❙❖❆P✱ ❳▼▲✱ ❘❊❙❚ ❈❙ ✸✼✵✱ ●ü♥❛② ✭❊♠♦r②✮ ❆❏❆❳ ❙♣r✐♥❣ ✷✵✶✹ ✷ ✴ ✶✻
❆❣❡♥❞❛ ❉✉❡ ✹✴✶✵✿ ■♥✲❝❧❛ss ❞❡♠♦ ❛♥❞ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥❛❧ ♣r♦t♦t②♣❡ ❞❡♣❧♦②❡❞ ❍❛✈❡ ②♦✉ ♠❡t ✇✐t❤ ❇♦❜❄ ❆r❡ ②♦✉ ❣❡tt✐♥❣ r❡❛❞② t♦ ❞❡♣❧♦②❄ ●r❛❞✐♥❣ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡s t❡st✐♥❣ ♣❧❛♥ ❛♥❞ ❢❡❡❞❜❛❝❦ s✉r✈❡②s✳ ❖♥❧✐♥❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s✿ ❨♦✉ ❝❛♥ st✐❧❧ ✇❛t❝❤ t❤❡♠✱ ■✬❧❧ ❛❝❝❡♣t ❧❛t❡ s✉r✈❡②s ✉♥t✐❧ ✹✴✽ ✭✐♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ ❢♦r t❤♦s❡ ♦❢ ②♦✉ ✇❤♦ ❣♦t ♥♦ ♣♦✐♥ts✮ ❚♦❞❛②✿ ❈❧❡❛♥ ②♦✉r ✇❡❜❛♣♣ ✇✐t❤ ❆❏❆❳ ▲❡❛r♥ ❛❧❧ t❤❡ ❧✐♥❣♦✿ ❏❙❖◆✱ ❙❖❆P✱ ❳▼▲✱ ❘❊❙❚ ❋✐rst✱ ❛❜♦✉t ♥❡①t ✇❡❡❦✬s ❞❡❧✐✈❡r❛❜❧❡ ❈❙ ✸✼✵✱ ●ü♥❛② ✭❊♠♦r②✮ ❆❏❆❳ ❙♣r✐♥❣ ✷✵✶✹ ✷ ✴ ✶✻
❍♦✇ t♦ ❣❡t ❢❡❡❞❜❛❝❦❄ ❑♥♦✇ ②♦✉r ❝❧✐❡♥ts✿ ❲❤♦ ✇✐❧❧ ✉s❡ ②♦✉r s❡r✈✐❝❡❄ ❋✐♥❞ t❤❡♠ ❛♥❞ ♠❛r❦❡t ②♦✉r ❞❡♠♦ t♦ t❤❡♠ ❈r❡❛t❡ ❛ ❢♦❝✉s ❣r♦✉♣❄ ❍♦✇ t♦ ❣❡t ❡✣❝✐❡♥t ❢❡❡❞❜❛❝❦❄ Pr❡♣❛r❡ ❛ ❣✉✐❞❡ ❢♦r ②♦✉r t❡st❡rs ✭♣❛rt ♦❢ ②♦✉r t❡st✐♥❣ ♣❧❛♥✮ Pr❡♣❛r❡ ❛♥ ❡①✐t s✉r✈❡② ✭❡①❛♠♣❧❡ q✉❡st✐♦♥s✿ ✇❤❛t✬s t❤❡ ♠♦st ✉s❡❢✉❧ ❢❡❛t✉r❡✱ ✇❤❛t✬s ♠♦st ❛♥♥♦②✐♥❣✱ ✇♦✉❧❞ ②♦✉ ❜✉②✴✉s❡ t❤✐s✱ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✮ ❖t❤❡r ✐❞❡❛s❄ ✭❡✳❣✳✱ ❜✉❣ ❜♦✉♥t✐❡s✮ ❈❧❛ss ❣r❛❞❡ ✇✐❧❧ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ♣♦st✲❞❡♣❧♦②♠❡♥t ❛❝t✐✈✐t✐❡s ✭s❡❡ ❝♦✉rs❡ ✇❡❜s✐t❡✮✿ r❡♣♦rt✐♥❣ ✐ss✉❡s ❢♦r ♦t❤❡rs✬ ❛♥❞ ②♦✉r ♦✇♥ ♣r♦❥❡❝ts st✉❞❡♥t ✈♦t❡s ❢♦r ❜❡st ♣r♦❥❡❝t ✭❡①tr❛✮ ❤❛❝❦✐♥❣ ✐♥t♦ ♦t❤❡rs✬ ♣r♦❥❡❝ts ✭❡①tr❛✮ ✶st ❋✉♥❝t✐♦♥❛❧ Pr♦t♦t②♣❡✿ ❍♦✇ t♦ ♠❛❦❡ t❤❡ ♠♦st ♦✉t ♦❢ ✐t❄ ❨♦✉ ❣♦t s♦♠❡t❤✐♥❣ t♦ ✇♦r❦✱ s♦ ✇❤❛t❄ ❈❙ ✸✼✵✱ ●ü♥❛② ✭❊♠♦r②✮ ❆❏❆❳ ❙♣r✐♥❣ ✷✵✶✹ ✸ ✴ ✶✻
❑♥♦✇ ②♦✉r ❝❧✐❡♥ts✿ ❲❤♦ ✇✐❧❧ ✉s❡ ②♦✉r s❡r✈✐❝❡❄ ❋✐♥❞ t❤❡♠ ❛♥❞ ♠❛r❦❡t ②♦✉r ❞❡♠♦ t♦ t❤❡♠ ❈r❡❛t❡ ❛ ❢♦❝✉s ❣r♦✉♣❄ ❍♦✇ t♦ ❣❡t ❡✣❝✐❡♥t ❢❡❡❞❜❛❝❦❄ Pr❡♣❛r❡ ❛ ❣✉✐❞❡ ❢♦r ②♦✉r t❡st❡rs ✭♣❛rt ♦❢ ②♦✉r t❡st✐♥❣ ♣❧❛♥✮ Pr❡♣❛r❡ ❛♥ ❡①✐t s✉r✈❡② ✭❡①❛♠♣❧❡ q✉❡st✐♦♥s✿ ✇❤❛t✬s t❤❡ ♠♦st ✉s❡❢✉❧ ❢❡❛t✉r❡✱ ✇❤❛t✬s ♠♦st ❛♥♥♦②✐♥❣✱ ✇♦✉❧❞ ②♦✉ ❜✉②✴✉s❡ t❤✐s✱ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✮ ❖t❤❡r ✐❞❡❛s❄ ✭❡✳❣✳✱ ❜✉❣ ❜♦✉♥t✐❡s✮ ❈❧❛ss ❣r❛❞❡ ✇✐❧❧ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ♣♦st✲❞❡♣❧♦②♠❡♥t ❛❝t✐✈✐t✐❡s ✭s❡❡ ❝♦✉rs❡ ✇❡❜s✐t❡✮✿ r❡♣♦rt✐♥❣ ✐ss✉❡s ❢♦r ♦t❤❡rs✬ ❛♥❞ ②♦✉r ♦✇♥ ♣r♦❥❡❝ts st✉❞❡♥t ✈♦t❡s ❢♦r ❜❡st ♣r♦❥❡❝t ✭❡①tr❛✮ ❤❛❝❦✐♥❣ ✐♥t♦ ♦t❤❡rs✬ ♣r♦❥❡❝ts ✭❡①tr❛✮ ✶st ❋✉♥❝t✐♦♥❛❧ Pr♦t♦t②♣❡✿ ❍♦✇ t♦ ♠❛❦❡ t❤❡ ♠♦st ♦✉t ♦❢ ✐t❄ ❨♦✉ ❣♦t s♦♠❡t❤✐♥❣ t♦ ✇♦r❦✱ s♦ ✇❤❛t❄ ❍♦✇ t♦ ❣❡t ❢❡❡❞❜❛❝❦❄ ❈❙ ✸✼✵✱ ●ü♥❛② ✭❊♠♦r②✮ ❆❏❆❳ ❙♣r✐♥❣ ✷✵✶✹ ✸ ✴ ✶✻
❍♦✇ t♦ ❣❡t ❡✣❝✐❡♥t ❢❡❡❞❜❛❝❦❄ Pr❡♣❛r❡ ❛ ❣✉✐❞❡ ❢♦r ②♦✉r t❡st❡rs ✭♣❛rt ♦❢ ②♦✉r t❡st✐♥❣ ♣❧❛♥✮ Pr❡♣❛r❡ ❛♥ ❡①✐t s✉r✈❡② ✭❡①❛♠♣❧❡ q✉❡st✐♦♥s✿ ✇❤❛t✬s t❤❡ ♠♦st ✉s❡❢✉❧ ❢❡❛t✉r❡✱ ✇❤❛t✬s ♠♦st ❛♥♥♦②✐♥❣✱ ✇♦✉❧❞ ②♦✉ ❜✉②✴✉s❡ t❤✐s✱ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✮ ❖t❤❡r ✐❞❡❛s❄ ✭❡✳❣✳✱ ❜✉❣ ❜♦✉♥t✐❡s✮ ❈❧❛ss ❣r❛❞❡ ✇✐❧❧ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ♣♦st✲❞❡♣❧♦②♠❡♥t ❛❝t✐✈✐t✐❡s ✭s❡❡ ❝♦✉rs❡ ✇❡❜s✐t❡✮✿ r❡♣♦rt✐♥❣ ✐ss✉❡s ❢♦r ♦t❤❡rs✬ ❛♥❞ ②♦✉r ♦✇♥ ♣r♦❥❡❝ts st✉❞❡♥t ✈♦t❡s ❢♦r ❜❡st ♣r♦❥❡❝t ✭❡①tr❛✮ ❤❛❝❦✐♥❣ ✐♥t♦ ♦t❤❡rs✬ ♣r♦❥❡❝ts ✭❡①tr❛✮ ✶st ❋✉♥❝t✐♦♥❛❧ Pr♦t♦t②♣❡✿ ❍♦✇ t♦ ♠❛❦❡ t❤❡ ♠♦st ♦✉t ♦❢ ✐t❄ ❨♦✉ ❣♦t s♦♠❡t❤✐♥❣ t♦ ✇♦r❦✱ s♦ ✇❤❛t❄ ❍♦✇ t♦ ❣❡t ❢❡❡❞❜❛❝❦❄ ❑♥♦✇ ②♦✉r ❝❧✐❡♥ts✿ ❲❤♦ ✇✐❧❧ ✉s❡ ②♦✉r s❡r✈✐❝❡❄ ❋✐♥❞ t❤❡♠ ❛♥❞ ♠❛r❦❡t ②♦✉r ❞❡♠♦ t♦ t❤❡♠ ❈r❡❛t❡ ❛ ❢♦❝✉s ❣r♦✉♣❄ ❈❙ ✸✼✵✱ ●ü♥❛② ✭❊♠♦r②✮ ❆❏❆❳ ❙♣r✐♥❣ ✷✵✶✹ ✸ ✴ ✶✻
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