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Jun 29, 2023 434 likes •1.21k views

rt sts ssts r r t s tr sst tr

SLIDE 1

❢s ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥

❋s ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ✉s✉❛❧❧② st❛rts ❛t t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❜❧♦❝❦ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❞❡✈✐❝❡ ❬❚❤❡ ✜rst ❞❡✈✐❝❡ ❜❧♦❝❦ ✐s ✉s✉❛❧❧② r❡s❡r✈❡❞ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❜♦♦t s❡❝t♦r❪ ❋s ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❡s t❤❡ ❞❡✈✐❝❡ ✐♥ ❢s ❜❧♦❝❦s ✵✱ ✶✱ · · · ❋s ❜❧♦❝❦ ❂ ♦♥❡ ♦r ♠♦r❡ ❞❡✈✐❝❡ ❜❧♦❝❦s✱ ♦r ✈✐❝❡ ✈❡rs❛ ❤❡♥❝❡❢♦rt❤✱ ✏❜❧♦❝❦✑ ✇✐t❤♦✉t q✉❛❧✐✜❡r ♠❡❛♥s ✏❢s ❜❧♦❝❦✑ ❋s ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ❛ ❣r❛♣❤ ♦✈❡r ❜❧♦❝❦s✱ r♦♦t❡❞ ❛t ❛ s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❜❧♦❝❦ ✭t❤❡ ✏s✉♣❡r❜❧♦❝❦✑✮ ❬■♥ ❝♦♥tr❛st✱ ❢s ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ✐s ❛ ❣r❛♣❤ ♦✈❡r ✜❧❡s ❛♥❞ ❞✐r❡❝t♦r✐❡s❪ ❊❛❝❤ ✜❧❡ ♦r ❞✐r❡❝t♦r② x ♠❛♣s t♦ ❛ s✉❜❣r❛♣❤ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❢s✲✐♠♣ ❣r❛♣❤✱ ❛tt❛❝❤❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ❢s✲✐♠♣ ❣r❛♣❤ ❛t ❛ ✏r♦♦t✑ ❜❧♦❝❦ s✉❜❣r❛♣❤✬s ❜❧♦❝❦s ❤♦❧❞ x✬s ❞❛t❛✱ x✬s ♠❡t❛❞❛t❛✱ ♣♦✐♥t❡rs t♦ s✉❜❣r❛♣❤✬s ❜❧♦❝❦s ♣♦✐♥t❡rs t♦ t❤❡ r♦♦ts ♦❢ ♦t❤❡r s✉❜❣r❛♣❤s ✐❢ x ❞✐r❡❝t♦r②

SLIDE 20

❖✈❡r✈✐❡✇ ♦❢ ❋s ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ✕ ✸

❢s ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥

1 2

boot 0

1 2 fs-blk contains

metadata
data
ptrs to data
ptrs to other subgraphs

(for dir-node subgraph)

fs interface / a c b d e f g h fs implementation device blocks fs blocks

graph over nodes (tree or acyclic) graph over fs-blks superblk /.subgraph a.subgraph

perations
mount, unmout, ...
create, link, unlink, delete
open, read, write, sync, close

implementations of operations

SLIDE 30

❡❡❦❖❙✿ ❍✐❡r❛r❝❤② ✐♥ ❋✐❧❡s②st❡♠

❇♦♦t ❜❧♦❝❦s ✴✴ ❢❡✇ ❜❧♦❝❦s ❛t st❛rt ❙✉♣❡r❜❧♦❝❦ ✴✴ ❛❢t❡r ❜♦♦t ❜❧♦❝❦s ♠❛❣✐❝ ♥✉♠❜❡r ✜❧❡s②st❡♠ ❣❡♦♠❡tr② ✭❡❣✱ ❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❣r♦✉♣s✮ ✜❧❡s②st❡♠ st❛t✐st✐❝s✴t✉♥✐♥❣ ♣❛r❛♠s

r♦✉♣s✱ ❡❛❝❤ ❝♦♥s✐st✐♥❣ ♦❢

❋✐❧❡s②st❡♠ ■♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ P❡rs✐st❡♥t ❙t♦r❛❣❡ ❉❡✈✐❝❡s ❋✐❧❡s②st❡♠ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❋❆❚ ❋✐❧❡s②st❡♠ ❋❋❙✿ ❯♥✐① ❋❛st ❋✐❧❡s②st❡♠ ◆❚❋❙✿ ▼✐❝r♦s♦❢t ❋✐❧❡s②st❡♠ ❈r❛s❤ ❈♦♥s✐st❡♥❝② ✭❖❙❚❊P ✹✷✮ ▲♦❣✲str✉❝t✉r❡❞ ✜❧❡s②st❡♠s ✭❖❙❚❊P ✹✸✮ ❋❧❛s❤✲❜❛s❡❞ ❙❙❉s ✭❖❙❚❊P ✹✸✮

SLIDE 52

❈r❛s❤ ❈♦♥s✐st❡♥❝②

❝r❛s❤ ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥❝②

♦❛❧✿ t♦ ❜r✐♥❣ ✉♣ ❛ ❝r❛s❤❡❞ ❢s ✐♥ ❛ ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t r❡❝❡♥t st❛t❡

❋✐❧❡s②st❡♠ ❝❤❡❝❦❡r ✭❋❙❈❑✮ ♥♦ ❡①tr❛ ✇♦r❦ ❞♦♥❡ ❞✉r✐♥❣ ♥♦r♠❛❧ ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥ r❡❝♦✈❡r②✿ ❡①❛♠✐♥❡ ❢s ♠❡t❛❞❛t❛ ✭❜✐t♠❛♣s✱ ✐♥♦❞❡s✮ t♦ ❞❡t❡❝t ✐♥❝♦♥s✐st❡♥❝✐❡s t♦♦ s❧♦✇ ❢♦r ❝✉rr❡♥t ❞✐s❦s ❏♦✉r♥❛❧✐♥❣✿ ❉❛t❛ ♦r ▼❡t❛❞❛t❛ ❞♦ ❡①tr❛ ✇♦r❦ ❞✉r✐♥❣ ♥♦r♠❛❧ ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥ r❡❝♦✈❡r②✿ ❝❤❡❝❦ ♦♥❧② t❤❡ ♠♦❞✐✜❡❞ ♣❛rt

SLIDE 53

❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ✇♦r❦❧♦❛❞

❝r❛s❤ ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥❝②

❋s✿ ✽✲❜✐t ✐♥♦❞❡ ❜✐t♠❛♣✱ ✽✲❜✐t ❞❛t❛ ❜✐t♠❛♣✱ ✽ ✐♥♦❞❡s✱ ✽ ❞❛t❛ ❜❧♦❝❦s

Inode Bmap Data Bmap

Inodes Data Blocks

I[v1] Da

❆♣♣❡♥❞ ♦❢ ❛ s✐♥❣❧❡ ❞❛t❛❜❧♦❝❦ t♦ t❤❡ ❡①✐st✐♥❣ ✜❧❡ r❡q✉✐r❡s ✸ ✇r✐t❡s✿ ❜✐t♠❛♣ ❜❧♦❝❦✱ ✐♥♦❞❡ ❜❧♦❝❦✱ ❞❛t❛ ❜❧♦❝❦ ✇r✐t❡ ✜rst t♦ ♠❡♠♦r② ❝❛❝❤❡✱ ❧❛t❡r t♦ ❞✐s❦

Inode Bmap Data Bmap

❝r❛s❤ ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥❝②

❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ✇r✐t❡

Journal TxB

id=1

I[v2] B[v2] Db

❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ❝♦♠♠✐t / / st❛rt ❛❢t❡r ❥♦✉r♥❛❧ ✇r✐t❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡s

Journal TxB

id=1

I[v2] B[v2] Db TxE

id=1

❈❤❡❝❦♣♦✐♥t✿ ✇r✐t❡ ❧♦❣ ♠❡t❛❞❛t❛ ✫ ❞❛t❛ t♦ ✜♥❛❧ ♦♥✲❞✐s❦ ❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥s / / st❛rt ❛❢t❡r ❥♦✉r♥❛❧ ❝♦♠♠✐t ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡s ❋♦r ❜❡tt❡r ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡✿ ❜❛t❝❤ ❧♦❣ ✉♣❞❛t❡s ❚♦ ❦❡❡♣ t❤❡ ❧♦❣ ❜♦✉♥❞❡❞✿ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛r ❧♦❣ ❥♦✉r♥❛❧ s✉♣❡r❜❧♦❝❦✿ st♦r❡s st❛rt ❛♥❞ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ ❧♦❣

Journal Journal Super Tx1 Tx2 Tx3 Tx4 Tx5 ...

SLIDE 58

▼❡t❛❞❛t❛ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧✐♥❣

❝r❛s❤ ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥❝②

❉❛t❛ ✇r✐t❡✿ t♦ ✜♥❛❧ ♦♥✲❞✐s❦ ❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥s ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♠❡t❛❞❛t❛ ✇r✐t❡✿ ✇r✐t❡ ♠❡t❛❞❛t❛ ✐♥t♦ ❧♦❣ / / ❛❢t❡r ❛❜♦✈❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡s ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ❝♦♠♠✐t / / ❛❢t❡r ❛❜♦✈❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡s

Journal TxB I[v2] B[v2] TxE

❈❤❡❝❦♣♦✐♥t ♠❡t❛❞❛t❛✿ ✇r✐t❡ ♠❡t❛❞❛t❛ t♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥s / / ❛❢t❡r ❛❜♦✈❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡s ❋r❡❡✿ ❧❛t❡r✱ ♠❛r❦ tr❛♥s❛❝t✐♦♥ ❢r❡❡ ✐♥ ❥♦✉r♥❛❧ s✉♣❡r❜❧♦❝❦

SLIDE 59

❚r✐❝❦②✿ ♠❡t❛❞❛t❛ ❥♦✉r♥❛❧✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❜❧♦❝❦ r❡✉s❡

❝r❛s❤ ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥❝②

❯s❡r ❛❞❞s ❛♥ ❡♥tr② t♦ ❞✐r❡❝t♦r② foo ✭❞❛t❛❜❧♦❝❦ ✶✵✵✵✮

Journal TxB

id=1

I[foo]

ptr:1000

D[foo]

[final addr:1000]

TxE

id=1

◆♦t❡✿ ❞✐r❡❝t♦r② ❞❛t❛ ✐s tr❡❛t❡❞ ❛s ♠❡t❛❞❛t❛ ❯s❡r ❞❡❧❡t❡s ❞✐r❡❝t♦r② foo ❛♥❞ ✐ts ❝♦♥t❡♥ts ❯s❡r ❝r❡❛t❡s ♥❡✇ ✜❧❡ foobar ✇❤✐❝❤ ❡♥❞s ✉♣ ✉s✐♥❣ ❜❧♦❝❦ ✶✵✵✵

Journal TxB

id=1

I[foo]

ptr:1000

D[foo]

[final addr:1000]

TxE

id=1

TxB

id=2

I[foobar]

ptr:1000

TxE

id=2

❈r❛s❤ ♦❝❝✉rs ❛❢t❡r ❧♦❣ ✐s ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡ r❡❝♦✈❡r② ❛❝t✐♦♥ ♦✈❡r✇r✐t❡s ❢♦♦❜❛r ❞❛t❛ ✇✐t❤ ❢♦♦ ❞❛t❛

SLIDE 60

CR D

I[k]

blk[0]:A0 A1

imap

map[k]:A1 A2

SLIDE 64

❉✐r❡❝t♦r② ✉♣❞❛t❡ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡

❧❢s

❈r❡❛t❡ ✜❧❡ ❢♦♦ ✐♥ ❛ ❞✐r❡❝t♦r② ❞✐r D[k]

I[k]

blk[0]:A0

(foo, k)

D[dir]

I[dir]

blk[0]:A2

map[k]:A1 map[dir]:A3

imap

SLIDE 65

❛r❜❛❣❡ ❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥

❧❢s

❊①❛♠♣❧❡✿ ❣✐✈❡♥ ✜❧❡ ❦ ✇✐t❤ ✶ ❞❛t❛❜❧♦❝❦✱ ✉♣❞❛t❡ t❤❡ ❞❛t❛❜❧♦❝❦ D0

map[k]:A1

ss

A0: (k,0)

❉ ✐s ❣❛r❜❛❣❡ ✐❢ ❉✳❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❙❙ = ❉✳♦✛s❡t ❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❝✉rr❡♥t ✐♥♦❞❡

SLIDE 67

■♥✈❛r✐❛♥t ❢♦r ♦♥✲❞✐s❦ ❝♦♥t❡♥t

❧❢s

checkpointed

On-disk log (in successive disk blocks)

segment

moves right upon garbage collection moves right upon writes of in-memory log

log start log end ptrs to imap chunks

1 2 Block: Page: Content: 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11

P❛❣❡ ✐s ✐♥✈❛❧✐❞ ✭✐✮✱ ❡r❛s❡❞ ✭❊✮ ♦r ✈❛❧✐❞ ✭❱✮ ❛♥② ♣❛❣❡ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ r❡❛❞ / / ≈ ✷✺µs ❛♥ ❡r❛s❡❞ ♣❛❣❡ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✇r✐tt❡♥ / / ≈ ✸✵✵µs ♦♥❧② ❜❧♦❝❦s ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❡r❛s❡❞✱ ♥♦t ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧ ♣❛❣❡s / / ≈ ✷✵✵✵µs ◆♦ ♠♦✈✐♥❣ ♣❛rts✿ r❡❧✐❛❜❧❡ ❇❧♦❝❦ ✇❡❛rs ♦✉t ❛❢t❡r r❡♣❡❛t❡❞ ❡r❛s❡✲✇r✐t❡ ❝②❝❧❡s

SLIDE 72

❘❛✇ ❋❧❛s❤ t♦ ❋❧❛s❤✲❜❛s❡❞ ❙❙❉

❧❢s

♦❛❧✿ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡ ❛♥ ❛rr❛② ♦❢ r❡❛❞✲✇r✐t❡ ♣❛❣❡s

❆❝❤✐❡✈❡❞ ✈✐❛ ❛ ✢❛s❤ tr❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥ ❧❛②❡r ✭❋❚▲✮

Host Interface Logic

Flash Controller Memory

Flash Flash Flash Flash Flash Flash

Figure 44.3: A Flash-based SSD: Logical Diagram

SLIDE 73

▲♦❣✲str✉❝t✉r❡❞ ❋❚▲ ✕ ✶

❧❢s

❊❣✿ ✇r✐t❡ ❜❧♦❝❦s ✶✵✵✱ ✶✵✶✱ ✷✵✵✵✱ ✷✵✵✶ ✇✐t❤ ❝♦♥t❡♥t ❛✶✱ ❛✷✱ ❜✶✱ ❜✷

1 2 Block: Page: Content: State: 00 i 01 i 02 i 03 i 04 i 05 i 06 i 07 i 08 i 09 i 10 i 11 i Content: State: E E E E i i i i i i i i Memory Flash Chip Table: 100 101 1 2000 2 2001 3 1 2 Block: Page: Content: State: 00 a1 V 01 a2 V 02 b1 V 03 b2 V 04 i 05 i 06 i 07 i 08 i 09 i 10 i 11 i

SLIDE 74

▲♦❣✲str✉❝t✉r❡❞ ❋❚▲ ✕ ✷

❧❢s

❛r❜❛❣❡ ❝♦❧❧❡❝t✐♦♥

s✉♣♣♦s❡ ✉s❡r ♦✈❡r✇r✐t❡s ✉s❡r ❜❧♦❝❦s ✐♥ ♣❛❣❡s x✵✱ x✶✱ · · · ♥❡✇ ❝♦♥t❡♥t ❣♦❡s ✐♥t♦ ♥❡✇ ✭❡r❛s❡❞✮ ♣❛❣❡s y✵✱ y✶✱ · · · ♠❛♣ ✐s ✉♣❞❛t❡❞ ♦❧❞ ♣❛❣❡s ❛r❡ ❣❛r❜❛❣❡ ❝♦❧❧❡❝t❡❞ ❧✐✈❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥t ✐♥ ♦❧❞ ❜❧♦❝❦s ❛r❡ ♠♦✈❡❞ t♦ ♥❡✇ ❜❧♦❝❦s ❜❧♦❝❦ ♦❢ ♦❧❞ ♣❛❣❡s ✐s ❡r❛s❡❞ ❍②❜r✐❞ ♠❛♣♣✐♥❣ ♣❛❣❡ ♠❛♣ ♦♥❧② ✇♦✉❧❞ ❜❡❝♦♠❡ t♦♦ ❧❛r❣❡ ❛❧s♦ ✉s❡ ❜❧♦❝❦ ♠❛♣ tr❡❛t ✉s❡r ❜❧♦❝❦ n ❛s [n✶, n✷]✱ ✇❤❡r❡ n✶ ♠❛♣s t♦ ❛ ✢❛s❤ ❜❧♦❝❦ ✉s❡r ❜❧♦❝❦s [n✶, ✵]✱ [n✶, ✶]✱ · · · ✐♥ ♣❛❣❡s ✵✱ ✶✱ · · · ♦❢ ❛ ❜❧♦❝❦ ▼❛♣ st♦r❡❞ ✐♥ ✢❛s❤ / / ❛s ✐♥ ❧♦❣✲str✉❝t✉r❡❞ ✜❧❡s②st❡♠s ❛t ✉♥♠♦✉♥t ❢♦r ♣❡rs✐st❡♥❝❡ ♣❡r✐♦❞✐❝❛❧❧② ❢♦r ❝r❛s❤ r❡❝♦✈❡r②

SLIDE 75

❍②❜r✐❞ ♠❛♣♣✐♥❣ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ✕ ✶

❧❢s

❙✉♣♣♦s❡ ❜❧♦❝❦s ✶✵✵✵✕✶✵✵✸ ❛r❡ st♦r❡❞ ✐♥ ♣❛❣❡s ✽✕✶✶

and 1003 are a, b, c, and d, respectively.

Memory Flash Chip Log Table: Data Table: 250 8 1 2 Block: Page: Content: State: 00 i 01 i 02 i 03 i 04 i 05 i 06 i 07 i 08 a V 09 b V 10 c V 11 d V

❙✉♣♣♦s❡ ✉s❡r ♦✈❡r✇r✐t❡s t❤❡s❡ ❜❧♦❝❦s ✇✐t❤ ♥❡✇ ❝♦♥t❡♥t

Memory Flash Chip Log Table: 1000 1001 1 1002 2 1003 3 Data Table: 250 8 1 2 Block: Page: Content: State: 00 a’ V 01 b’ V 02 c’ V 03 d’ V 04 i 05 i 06 i 07 i 08 a V 09 b V 10 c V 11 d V

SLIDE 76

❍②❜r✐❞ ♠❛♣♣✐♥❣ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ✕ ✷

❧❢s

❛r❜❛❣❡ ❝♦❧❧❡❝t✐♦♥ t❤❡♥ ②✐❡❧❞s

Memory Flash Chip Log Table: Data Table: 250 1 2 Block: Page: Content: State: 00 a’ V 01 b’ V 02 c’ V 03 d’ V 04 i 05 i 06 i 07 i 08 i 09 i 10 i 11 i

SLIDE 77

❙❙❉s ✈s ❍❉❉s

❧❢s

P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡

Random Sequential Reads Writes Reads Writes Device (MB/s) (MB/s) (MB/s) (MB/s) Samsung 840 Pro SSD 103 287 421 384 Seagate 600 SSD 84 252 424 374 Intel SSD 335 SSD 39 222 344 354 Seagate Savvio 15K.3 HDD 2 2 223 223