■♥tr♦ ❉❛t❛ ▼♦❞❡❧ ◗✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈❡ ❊①❡r❝✐s❡s ❆❞❞❡♥❞❛ ✏■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❧❛❜♦r ♠♦❜✐❧✐t② ❛♥❞ ✐♥❡q✉❛❧✐t② ❛❝r♦ss ♥❛t✐♦♥s✑ ❈❧❡r♠♦♥t✲❋❡rr❛♥❞✱ ❏❛♥✉❛r② ✷✸✲✷✹✱ ✷✵✶✹ ■♠♠✐❣r❛t✐♦♥✱ ❙❡❛r❝❤ ❋r✐❝t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ❘❡❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ❆ ◗✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈❡ ❲❡❧❢❛r❡ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ▼✐❝❤❡❧❡ ❇❛tt✐st✐✱ ❈❊❙✐❢♦ ●❛❜r✐❡❧ ❋❡❧❜❡r♠❛②r✱ ▲▼❯ ❛♥❞ ❈❊❙✐❢♦ ●✐♦✈❛♥♥✐ P❡r✐✱ ❯❈ ❉❛✈✐s P❛♥✉ P♦✉t✈❛❛r❛✱ ▲▼❯ ❛♥❞ ❈❊❙✐❢♦ ❏❛♥✉❛r② ✷✸✱ ✷✵✶✹ ✶ ✴ ✸✹
■♥tr♦ ❉❛t❛ ▼♦❞❡❧ ◗✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈❡ ❊①❡r❝✐s❡s ❆❞❞❡♥❞❛ ◗✉❡st✐♦♥ ❖✉t❧✐♥❡ ❚❤❡ ❊❝♦♥♦♠✐❝ ❊✛❡❝ts ♦❢ ■♠♠✐❣r❛t✐♦♥ ♦♥ ◆❛t✐✈❡s ❲❡❧❢❛r❡ ❛♥❞ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ❡✛❡❝ts ♦❢ ❡①♦❣❡♥♦✉s ❧❛❜♦✉r ♠♦❜✐❧✐t② ❲❛❣❡ ❡✛❡❝ts ❇♦r❥❛s✱ ✷✵✵✸❀ ❖tt❛✈✐❛♥♦ ❛♥❞ P❡r✐✱ ✷✵✶✷✱ ✳✳✳ ◆♦ ❧❛❜♦✉r ♠❛r❦❡t ❢r✐❝t✐♦♥s ♦r r❡❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ❊♠♣❧♦②♠❡♥t ❡✛❡❝ts ❋❡❧❜❡r♠❛②r ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✵❀ ❈❤❛ss❛♠❜♦✉❧❧✐ ❛♥❞ P❛❧✐✈♦s✱ ✷✵✶✹ ❘❡❞✉❝❡❞ ❢♦r♠✱ ♥♦ ✜s❝❛❧ r❡❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ❋✐s❝❛❧ ❡✛❡❝ts ❘❛③✐♥ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✶✶❀ ❉✉st♠❛♥♥ ❛♥❞ ❋r❛tt✐♥✐✱ ✷✵✶✸ ◆♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r✐t② ❡✛❡❝ts✱ ♥♦ ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❧❛❜♦✉r ♠❛r❦❡t ❡✛❡❝ts ❛♥❞ r❡❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥✳ ✷ ✴ ✸✹
■♥tr♦ ❉❛t❛ ▼♦❞❡❧ ◗✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈❡ ❊①❡r❝✐s❡s ❆❞❞❡♥❞❛ ◗✉❡st✐♦♥ ❖✉t❧✐♥❡ ❖✉t❧✐♥❡ ❛♥❞ ❋✐♥❞✐♥❣s ✶ ❉❛t❛ ✿ ❝r♦ss✲❝♦✉♥tr② ❤❡t❡r♦❣❡♥❡✐t② ✐♥ ❧❛❜♦✉r ♠❛r❦❡t ♦✉t❝♦♠❡s ❛♥❞ r❡❧❡✈❛♥t ✐♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s ✷ ❋❧❡①✐❜❧❡ ✉♥✐✜❡❞ ●✳❊✳ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ✿ s❡❛r❝❤ ❢r✐❝t✐♦♥s✱ ❢❛❝t♦r ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r✐t②✱ r❡❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ⇒ ■♠♠✐❣r❛♥ts ❝❛♥ ❣r❡❛s❡ t❤❡ ✇❤❡❡❧s ♦❢ ❧❛❜♦✉r ♠❛r❦❡t = = ⇒ ◆❡❣❛t✐✈❡ ✜s❝❛❧ ❡✛❡❝ts ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛t❡❞ ❜② ❜❡♥❡✜❝✐❛❧ ❡✛❡❝ts ♦♥ ❧❛❜♦✉r ♠❛r❦❡t ✸ ◗✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❢♦r ✷✵ ❖❊❈❉ ❝♦✉♥tr✐❡s ✱ ❝❛♣t✉r✐♥❣ str♦♥❣ ❝r♦ss✲❝♦✉♥tr② ❤❡t❡r♦❣❡♥❡✐t② = ⇒ ❍✐❣❤❧② ❤❡t❡r♦❣❡♥❡♦✉s ❡✛❡❝ts ❢♦r ♥❛t✐✈❡s = ⇒ ▲❛❜♦✉r ♠❛r❦❡t ❢r✐❝t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t = ⇒ P♦s✐t✐✈❡ ♠✐❣r❛t✐♦♥ ❡✛❡❝ts ❞❡s♣✐t❡ r❡❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ✸ ✴ ✸✹
■♥tr♦ ❉❛t❛ ▼♦❞❡❧ ◗✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈❡ ❊①❡r❝✐s❡s ❆❞❞❡♥❞❛ ❈r♦ss ❝♦✉♥tr② ❍❡t❡r♦❣❡♥❡✐t② ❖✉r ❉❛t❛ ❲❡ ✉s❡ ❞❛t❛ ❢r♦♠ ✷✵ ❖❊❈❉ ❝♦✉♥tr✐❡s✿ ✶✻ ❊❯ ❝♦✉♥tr✐❡s✱ ♣❧✉s t❤❡ ❯❙✱ ❈❛♥❛❞❛✱ ❆✉str❛❧✐❛ ❛♥❞ ❙✇✐t③❡r❧❛♥❞✳ ❖♥ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡✿ ✭▲❡❣❛❧✮ ✐♠♠✐❣r❛♥ts ❛r❡ ✶✼ ♣❡r❝❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧❛❜♦✉r ❢♦r❝❡ ❚❤❡ ✐♠♠✐❣r❛♥t ✇❛❣❡ ❣❛♣ ✐s ✶✽ ♣❡r❝❡♥t ▲❛r❣❡ ❤❡t❡r♦❣❡♥❡✐t② ✹ ✴ ✸✹
■♥tr♦ ❉❛t❛ ▼♦❞❡❧ ◗✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈❡ ❊①❡r❝✐s❡s ❆❞❞❡♥❞❛ ❈r♦ss ❝♦✉♥tr② ❍❡t❡r♦❣❡♥❡✐t② ❍❡t❡r♦❣❡♥❡✐t② ✐♥ ▼✐❣r❛♥t ❙❤❛r❡ ❙❤❛r❡ ♦❢ ❢♦r❡✐❣♥ ❜♦r♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧❛❜♦✉r ❢♦r❝❡ Portugal 9.9% Italy 11.8% Denmark 12.0% France 13.0% Slovenia 13.1% United States 13.5% Greece 14.0% Netherlands 14.0% United Kingdom 14.2% Estonia 14.7% Ireland 15.3% Germany 15.3% Spain 17.7% Sweden 17.8% Belgium 17.8% Austria 18.3% Canada 19.9% Australia 21.0% Switzerland 29.2% Luxembourg 39.1% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% ❉❛t❛ s♦✉r❝❡s✿ ❊✉r♦st❛t✱ ❈❛♥❛❞✐❛♥ ❛♥❞ ❯❙ ❈❡♥s✉s✱ ❍■▲❉❆✳ ✺ ✴ ✸✹
■♥tr♦ ❉❛t❛ ▼♦❞❡❧ ◗✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈❡ ❊①❡r❝✐s❡s ❆❞❞❡♥❞❛ ❈r♦ss ❝♦✉♥tr② ❍❡t❡r♦❣❡♥❡✐t② ❍❡t❡r♦❣❡♥❡✐t② ✐♥ ❙❦✐❧❧ ❈♦♠♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ❙❤❛r❡ ♦❢ ❤✐❣❤ s❦✐❧❧❡❞ ✇♦r❦❡rs .5 Ireland Denmark Australia .4 45−degree line Estonia Immigrants Sweden Canada Luxembourg United States SwitzerlandUnited Kingdom .3 Belgium Netherlands France Spain .2 Portugal Germany Austria Greece Italy .1 Slovenia .15 .2 .25 .3 .35 .4 Natives ❍✐❣❤✲s❦✐❧❧❡❞ ❛r❡ ■❙❈❊❉ ✺✰✻❀ s❤❛r❡s ✐♥ ❧❛❜♦✉r ❢♦r❝❡✳ ❙♦✉r❝❡s✿ ▲❋❙s✱ ❯❙ ❈❡♥s✉s✱ ❍■▲❉❆✳ ✻ ✴ ✸✹
■♥tr♦ ❉❛t❛ ▼♦❞❡❧ ◗✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈❡ ❊①❡r❝✐s❡s ❆❞❞❡♥❞❛ ❈r♦ss ❝♦✉♥tr② ❍❡t❡r♦❣❡♥❡✐t② ❍❡t❡r♦❣❡♥❡✐t② ✐♥ ❲❛❣❡ ●❛♣s .4 Italy Immigrant wage gap of high−skilled .3 Greece Estonia Spain β = 0.49, p−value = 0.08 .2 Ireland Portugal R squared = 0.16 Canada Germany Austria Denmark United Kingdom Netherlands Belgium Sweden .1 Luxembourg Slovenia France United States 0 Australia Switzerland 0 .1 .2 .3 Immigrant wage gap of low−skilled ✷✵✵✺✲✷✵✶✶ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡s✳ ❙♦✉r❝❡s✿ ❊❯✲❙■▲❈✱ ❯❙ ❛♥❞ ❈❛♥❛❞✐❛♥ ❈❡♥s✉s✱ ❍■▲❉❆ ✼ ✴ ✸✹
■♥tr♦ ❉❛t❛ ▼♦❞❡❧ ◗✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈❡ ❊①❡r❝✐s❡s ❆❞❞❡♥❞❛ ❈r♦ss ❝♦✉♥tr② ❍❡t❡r♦❣❡♥❡✐t② ❍❡t❡r♦❣❡♥❡✐t② ✐♥ ❯♥❡♠♣❧♦②♠❡♥t ❘❛t❡s ▲♦✇ s❦✐❧❧❡❞ ✇♦r❦❡rs .25 Spain .2 Belgium 45−degree line Immigrants Sweden Germany Ireland France .15 Greece Portugal Estonia Denmark Italy Austria .1 United Kingdom Netherlands Canada United States Slovenia Switzerland Luxembourg .05 Australia 0 .05 .1 .15 .2 Natives ✷✵✵✺✲✷✵✶✶ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡s✳ ❙♦✉r❝❡s✿ ▲❋❙s✱ ❯❙ ❈❡♥s✉s✱ ❍■▲❉❆✳ ✽ ✴ ✸✹
■♥tr♦ ❉❛t❛ ▼♦❞❡❧ ◗✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈❡ ❊①❡r❝✐s❡s ❆❞❞❡♥❞❛ ❈r♦ss ❝♦✉♥tr② ❍❡t❡r♦❣❡♥❡✐t② ❍❡t❡r♦❣❡♥❡✐t② ✐♥ ❯♥❡♠♣❧♦②♠❡♥t ❘❛t❡s ❍✐❣❤ s❦✐❧❧❡❞ ✇♦r❦❡rs Spain .15 Greece Germany Sweden France .1 45−degree line Belgium Immigrants Estonia Portugal Ireland Italy Denmark Canada Netherlands Austria United Kingdom .05 Switzerland Slovenia Luxembourg United States Australia 0 .02 .04 .06 .08 .1 Natives ✷✵✵✺✲✷✵✶✶ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡s✳ ❙♦✉r❝❡s✿ ▲❋❙s✱ ❯❙ ❈❡♥s✉s✱ ❍■▲❉❆✳ ✾ ✴ ✸✹
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