r st - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

◆✉♠❡r✐❝❛❧ s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❝♦❛❧ ❣❛s✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❛ ❝♦✉♥t❡r✢♦✇ ✢✉✐❞✐③❡❞ ❜❡❞ r❡❛❝t♦r ❘♦♥❛❦ ●❤❛♥❞r✐③ ❛♥❞ ❘❡③❛ ❙❤❡✐❦❤✐ ▼❡❝❤❛♥✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❞ ■♥❞✉str✐❛❧ ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣ ❉❡♣❛rt♠❡♥t ◆♦rt❤❡❛st❡r♥ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ◆❊❚▲ ❲♦r❦s❤♦♣ ♦♥ ▼✉❧t✐♣❤❛s❡ ❋❧♦✇ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡ ❆✉❣✉st ✾✱ ✷✵✶✻ ✶ ✴ ✶✾

❖❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡ ◮ ❙t✉❞② t❤❡ ❝♦✉♥t❡r✢♦✇ ❤②❞r♦❞②♥❛♠✐❝s ✐♥ t❤❡ r❡❛❝t♦r ❛♥❞ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡ t❤❡ ❝♦❛❧ ❣❛s✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ r❡s✉❧ts ✇✐t❤ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ❞❛t❛✳ ◮ ◆✉♠❡r✐❝❛❧ s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✢✉✐❞✐③❡❞ ❜❡❞ ❣❛s✐✜❡r ✉s✐♥❣ ❚✇♦✲❋❧♦✇ ▼♦❞❡❧ ✭❚❋▼✮✳ ◮ ❯t✐❧✐③✐♥❣ ❈❋❉ ❝♦❞❡✱ ▼✉❧t✐♣❤❛s❡ ❋❧♦✇ ✇✐t❤ ✐♥t❡r♣❤❛s❡ ❡❳❝❤❛♥❣❡s ✭▼❋✐❳✮✱ ❛❧♦♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ❛ ♥❡✇ ♠♦❞✉❧❡✱ ▼✉❧t✐♣❤❛s❡ ❈❤❡♠✐str② ❛♥❞ ❘❡❛❝t✐♦♥ ❙♦❧✈❡r ✭▼❈❤❛❘❙✮ t♦ ❛❝❝♦✉♥t ❢♦r ❝❤❡♠✐❝❛❧ ❦✐♥❡t✐❝s ✉s✐♥❣ t✐♠❡ s♣❧✐tt✐♥❣ ♠❡t❤♦❞✳ ✷ ✴ ✶✾

❚✇♦✲✢✉✐❞ ♠♦❞❡❧ ◮ ❱♦❧✉♠❡ ❢r❛❝t✐♦♥ M ∑ ε g + ε sm = ✶ m = ✶ ◮ ❈♦♥t✐♥✉✐t② ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥ N g ∂ ε g ρ g ∑ + ∇ . ( ε g ρ g ✈ ❣ ) = R gn ∂ t n = ✶ N sm ∂ ε sm ρ sm ∑ + ∇ . ( ε sm ρ sm ✈ s♠ ) = R smn ( m = ✶ ,..., M ) ∂ t n = ✶ ◮ ▼♦♠❡♥t✉♠ ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥ M ∂ ε g ρ g ✈ ❣ ∑ + ∇ . ( ε g ρ g ✈ ❣ ✈ ❣ ) = ∇ . σ ❣ + ε g ρ g ❣ − ■ ❣♠ ∂ t m = ✶ M ∂ ε sm ρ sm ✈ s♠ ∑ + ∇ . ( ε sm ρ sm ✈ s♠ ✈ s♠ ) = ∇ . σ s♠ + ε sm ρ sm ❣ + ■ ❣♠ − ■ ♠❧ ✶ ∂ t l = ✶ ✸ ✴ ✶✾

� − P smv ✐ + τ smv ✐❢ ε g > ε g ∗ σ s♠ = σ ❣ = − P ❣ ✐ + τ ❣ , − P smp ✐ + τ smp ✐❢ ε g ≤ ε g ∗ ■ ❣♠ = − F gm ( ✈ s♠ − ✈ ❣ )+ R gm [ ζ gm ✈ s♠ + ζ gm ✈ ❣ ] ■ ♠❧ = − F sml ( ✈ s❧ − ✈ s♠ )+ R ml [ ζ ml ✈ sl + ζ ml ✈ sm ] ◮ ❙♣❡❝✐❡s tr❛♥s♣♦rt ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥ ∂ ( ε g ρ g X gn ) + ∇ . ( ε g ρ g X gn ✈ g ) = R gn ∂ t ∂ ( ε sm ρ sm X smn ) + ∇ . ( ε sm ρ sm X smn ✈ sm ) = R smn ∂ t ✹ ✴ ✶✾

❚✐♠❡✲s♣❧✐tt✐♥❣ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ◮ ❆ ♥❡✇ r❡❛❝t✐♦♥ ♠♦❞✉❧❡✱ ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ▼✉❧t✐♣❤❛s❡ ❈❤❡♠✐str② ❛♥❞ ❘❡❛❝t✐♦♥ ❙♦❧✈❡rs ✭▼❈❤❛❘❙✮✱ ✐s ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❝♦✉♣❧❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ▼❋✐❳ t♦ ❤❛♥❞❧❡ t❤❡r♠♦❝❤❡♠✐str② ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t✐♦♥s✳ ◮ ❈❤❡♠✐❝❛❧ r❡❛❝t✐♦♥ s♦✉r❝❡ t❡r♠ ✐s ✐♥t❡❣r❛t❡❞ ✉s✐♥❣ st✐✛ ♦r❞✐♥❛r② ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t✐❛❧ ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥ s♦❧✈❡rs✳ d Ψ dt = S (Ψ)+ T (Ψ) Ψ = [ ρ k , ε k , X kn ] d Ψ d Ψ dt = T (Ψ) dt = S (Ψ) → Ψ ∗ ( t + δ t ) → Ψ( t + δ t ) Ψ( t ) T S − − ✺ ✴ ✶✾

❘❡❛❝t✐♦♥ st❡♣s ❊q✉❛t✐♦♥s s♦❧✈❡❞ ✐♥ ▼❈❤❛❘❙✿ N sm d ε sm ✶ ∑ = R smn ρ sm dt n = ✶ � N g � N sm M d ρ g ✶ ✶ ∑ ∑ ∑ dt = R gn + ρ g R smn ✶ − ∑ M ρ sm m = ✶ ε sm n = ✶ m = ✶ n = ✶ N g d X gn = R gn − X gn ∑ R gn ε g ρ g ε g ρ g dt n = ✶ N sm d X smn = R smn − X smn ∑ R smn dt ε sm ρ sm ε sm ρ sm n = ✶ ✻ ✴ ✶✾

k ◆✉♠❡r✐❝❛❧ s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ r z ◮ ❋✐♥✐t❡ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ♠❡t❤♦❞ θ j i ◮ ✸❉ ❈②❧✐♥❞r✐❝❛❧ ❝♦♦r❞✐♥❛t❡ s②st❡♠ ◮ ❙✉♣❡r❜❡❡ ◮ ❙❡♠✐✲■♠♣❧✐❝✐t ▼❡t❤♦❞ ❢♦r Pr❡ss✉r❡✲▲✐♥❦❡❞ ❊q✉❛t✐♦♥s ✭❙■▼P▲❊✮ ◮ ▲❙❖❉❆ ✭st✐✛ ❛♥❞ ♥♦♥ st✐✛ ❖❉❊ s♦❧✈❡r✮ ◮ ■s♦✲t❤❡r♠❛❧ ◮ ❈♦♥st❛♥t ♣r❡ss✉r❡ ❛t ♦✉t❧❡t ◮ P❛rt✐❛❧✲s❧✐♣ ❛♥❞ ♥♦✲s❧✐♣ ❜♦✉♥❞❛r② ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥s ❚❛❜❧❡✿ ▼❡s❤ r❡s♦❧✉t✐♦♥✳ ▼❡s❤ ∆ r [ cm ] ∆ z [ cm ] ∆ θ [ rad ] ✷✵ d p ✵ . ✺ ✶ . ✵ ✵ . ✺✷ ✶✺ d p ✵ . ✸✾ ✵ . ✸✾ ✵ . ✹✹ ✶✷ d p ✵ . ✸✺ ✵ . ✸✻ ✵ . ✸✹ ✼ ✴ ✶✾

❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ st✉❞② ◆❡♦❣✐ ✭✶✾✽✹✮ ❈♦❛❧ ❚❛❜❧❡✿ ❖♣❡r❛t✐♥❣ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥s ❋❡❡❞ ❈♦❛❧ ❢❡❡❞ r❛t❡ [ g / s ] ✵ . ✵✽✺ ❙t❡❛♠ s✉♣♣❧② r❛t❡ [ g / s ] ✵ . ✷✷ ✷✵ ❝♠ ❖♣❡r❛t✐♥❣ ♣r❡ss✉r❡ [ atm ] ✶ . ✵ ✶✹ ❝♠ ❊♥tr❛♥❝❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❡ [ K ] ✶✵✼✸ ✸ ❝♠ ❈❤❛r s✉r❢❛❝❡ ❛r❡❛ [ cm ✷ / g ] ✶✸ , ✶✸✵ ❈♦❛❧ ♣❛rt✐❝❧❡ ❞✐❛♠❡t❡r [ cm ] ✵ . ✵✷✾✼ ❈♦❛❧ ❞❡♥s✐t② [ g / cm ✸ ] ✶ . ✺✽ ❇❡❞ ❖♣❡r❛t✐♥❣ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❡ [ K ] ✶✵✼✸ ✸✵ ❝♠ ▼✐♥✐♠✉♠ ✢✉✐❞✐③❛t✐♦♥ ✈♦✐❞ ❢r❛❝t✐♦♥ ✵ . ✹✸ ✶✵ ❝♠ ▼✐♥✐♠✉♠ ✢✉✐❞✐③❛t✐♦♥ ✈❡❧♦❝✐t② [ cm / s ] ✶✷ ✶✽ ❝♠ ❙✉♣❡r✜❝✐❛❧ ✈❡❧♦❝✐t② [ cm / s ] ✶✻ . ✺ ❙t❛t✐❝ ❜❡❞ ❤❡✐❣❤t [ cm ] ✶✵ ❇❡❞ ❞❡♥s✐t② [ g / cm ✸ ] ✷ . ✻✵✽ ❙t❡❛♠ ✽ ✴ ✶✾

❉❡✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s Pr♦❞✉❝ts ❈♦♠♣♦s✐t✐♦♥s Pr♦①✐♠❛t❡ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ✪ ❈❤❛r ✭✇t✳ ✪ ❉❆❋✮ ✻✺✳✷ ❈❤❛r ✭❉❆❋ ∗ ✮ ✺✺✳✹ ❱♦❧❛t✐❧❡s ✭✇t✳ ✪ ❉❆❋✮ ✸✹✳✽ ❱♦❧❛t✐❧❡s ✭❉❆❋✮ ✹✹✳✻ ❆s❤ ✭❉r②✮ ✽✳✹ ❱♦❧❛t✐❧❡s ✭✇t✳ ✪ ❉❆❋✮ ▼♦✐st✉r❡ ✼✳✽ ❉r② ❣❛s ✶✺✳✶ ❚❛r ✶✸✳✽ ❯❧t✐♠❛t❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ✭✪ ❉❆❋✮ ❲❛t❡r ✺✳✾ ❈ ✼✺ ❍ ✺✳✸ ❉r② ❣❛s ✭✈♦❧✳ ✪✮ ◆ ✶✳✹ ❈❖ ✶✾✳✷ ❖ ✭❜② ❞✐✛✳✮ ✶✵✳✾ ❈❖ ✷ ✶✾✳✷ ❙ ✼✳✺ ❍ ✷ ✹✸✳✶ ❈❍ ✹ ✶✽✳✺ ∗ ❉❆❋ ❞❡♥♦t❡s ❞r② ❛s❤ ❢r❡❡ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐t✐♦♥s✳ ✾ ✴ ✶✾

❈❤❡♠✐❝❛❧ ❦✐♥❡t✐❝s ◮ ◆❡♦❣✐ ✭✶✾✽✹✮ R i [ mol / ( cm ✸ . s )] ◆♦✳ ❘❡❛❝t✐♦♥ E i [ J / mol ] A i K eq A p k ∗ ✶ C + H 2 O − − → CO + H 2 ✶✷✶✱✹✶✼ ✶✸✳✾ ❬❝♠✴s❪ ✲ ✶ C H 2 O ✷ C + CO 2 − ✸✻✵✱✵✻✺ ✺ . ✺✻ × ✶✵ ✻ [ cm / s ] ✲ − → 2CO A p k ✷ C CO 2 ✸ C + 2H 2 − → CH 4 ✷✸✵✱✷✼✹ ✷✵✳✽✸ ❬❝♠✴s❪ ✲ A p k ✸ C H 2 − ⇀ ✷ . ✼✽ × ✶✵ ✻ [ cm ✸ / mol . s ] ✶ ✹ CO + H 2 O − ↽ − − CO 2 + H 2 ✶✷✱✺✻✵ ✵ . ✵✷✻✺❡①♣ ( ✸✾✺✺ . ✼ / T ) ε g k ✹ ( C CO C H 2 O − K eq C CO 2 C H 2 ) − ◮ ❲❡♥ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✶✾✽✷✮ R i [ mol / ( cm ✸ . s )] ◆♦✳ ❘❡❛❝t✐♦♥ E i [ J / mol ] A i K eq ✶ C + H 2 O − → CO + H 2 ✶✼✺✱✺✻✵ ✸✱✵✵✵ ❬✶✴✭❛t♠✳s✮❪ ❡①♣ ( ✶✼ . ✷✾ − ✶✻ , ✸✸✵ / T ) k ✶ C char ( P H 2 O − P H 2 P CO / K eq ) − ✷ C + CO 2 − → 2CO ✶✼✺✱✺✻✵ ✸✱✵✵✵ ❬✶✴✭❛t♠✳s✮❪ ❡①♣ ( ✷✵ . ✾✷ − ✷✵ , ✷✽✵ / T ) k ✷ C char ( P CO 2 − P CO / K eq ) − ✸ C + 2H 2 − − → CH 4 ❡①♣ ( − ✶✸ . ✹✸ + ✶✵ , ✶✵✵ / T ) C char ❡①♣ ( − ✼ . ✵✽✼ − ✽✵✼✽ / T ) ( P H 2 − ( P CH 4 / K eq ) ✵ . ✺ ) ⇀ ✹ CO + H 2 O − ↽ − − CO 2 + H 2 ❡①♣ ( − ✸ . ✻✽✾ + ✹ , ✵✶✽ . ✽✾ / T ) ✹✹✺✾ . ✸✺❡①♣ ( − ✶✶✻ , ✵✸✻ . ✽ / ( R u T )) × − ❡①♣ ( − ✽ . ✾✶ + ✺✺✺✸ / T ) ε s ρ coal × P ( ✵ . ✺ − P / ✷✺✵ ) × ❡①♣ ( − ✽ . ✾✶ + ✺ , ✺✺✸ / T ) X ash × ( Y CO Y H 2 O − Y CO 2 Y H 2 / K eq ) ∗ k i = A i ❡①♣ ( − Ei RuT ) ❚❛❜❧❡✿ ❊♥t❤❛❧♣② ❛♥❞ ❡♥tr♦♣② ❛t ❡q✉✐❧✐❜r✐✉♠ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥ ❙❚❆◆❏❆◆ ◆♦✳ ❘❡❛❝t✐♦♥ ∆ h ( ✶✵✼✸ K )[ J / mol ] ∆ s ( ✶✵✼✸ K )[ J / mol . K ] K eq ✶ ●❛s✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ✲✶✽✾✱✽✸✸✳✹✸ ✲✸✳✵✶✼ ✲ ✷ ❲❛t❡r✲❣❛s s❤✐❢t ✲✶✳✻✶ ✵ ✶ ✶✵ ✴ ✶✾