Progress in the Development of Osmotic Power Presented at the 2011 - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Progress in the Development of Osmotic Power Presented at the 2011 Quingdao International Conference on Desalination and Water Reuse by Werner Kofod Nielsen, Senior Advisor, Statkraft STATKRAFT IS EUROPE'S LEADER IN RENEWABLE ENERGY. THE
Presented at the 2011 Quingdao International Conference
Werner Kofod Nielsen, Senior Advisor, Statkraft
Gas power
86% FLEXIBLE POWER GENERATION RENEWABLE ENERGY IN RENEWABLES IN EUROPE
98%
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100 % OWNED BY THE KINGDOM OF NORWAY
NORDIC POWER GENERATOR
Installed capacity (15.8 GW)
* Nordic excl. Norway, Europe excl. Nordic, World excl. Europe
NO
generator (35 %)
SE
(5%) UK Extensive w ind pow er initiatives
GER
Grow th outside Europe through SN Pow er Major player w ithin flexible pow er and trading
Hydropower Wind power Distribution grid District heating
Hydro 84 % Wind 2 % Gas 14 %
SE EUROPE
Hydropow er development
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PRESSURE RETARDED OSMOSIS (PRO) OR OSMOTIC POWER
5 Company presentation 2009
Forecast 2020
Hydro, running Biomass 65
115
Wind,
55 90 65 110 160
Solar, CSP Nuclear
85
Gas, CCGT Oil, CC
65
Wind,
80
Coal, PCC Hydro, dam
LCOE €/ MWh1
1. Levelized cost of Energy 2. Source: EU Second Strategic Energy Review (2008), Moderate fuel price scenario; BCG
Osmotic Power 50-100 €/ MWh
Potential of 16 - 1700 TWh, of which 180 in Europe
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In operation since November 2009 Main activities
Monitoring of membrane performance Cleaning and maintenance of membranes PX operation in PRO, pressure requirements Pretreatment fresh water optimization Pretreatment seawater optimization Design and start-up of single membrane module test units
Sea water filtration with 50 micron filter Fresh water filtration with CA UF membrane Back flushing Sanitation After one year low degree of fouling
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CA membranes, PRO spiral wound design Installed November 2009
TFC membranes, PRO spiral wound design Installed January 2011 28 m2 per element, 66 elements
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PRO MEMBRANE STRUCTURE FOR FLAT SHEET
Crosslinked Polyamide Based on m-Phenylene Diamine (MPD) and tri-Mesoyl Acid Chloride via Interfacial Polymerization
PS or PEI (Thickness ~ 40 - 60 μm) may have finger structure or foam structure
Non-woven Polyester, thickness < 100 μm
Support Web Based
( Mechanical Strength ) Micro-porous Support Based on PS or PEI ( Mechanical Strength ) Ultrathin Barrier Layer < 0.1 μm ( Water Flux and Selectivity ) Cross-section Illustration of TFC PRO Membrane
lab tests and in the Tofte prototype plant
measured in lab tests may exceed 4 W/m2
PRO MEMBRANE STRUCTURE HOLLOW FIBRE
Hollow fibre membranes May in principle be based on skin inside or outside the fibre The fibre is self supporting and does not require support web By proper adjustment of the spinning parameters and the bore liquid composition it is possible to manufacture fibre supports with dense structures both inside and outside the fibre tfc coating outside the fibre will be a challenge in manufacturing Fibres with S values < 1 mm has been developed
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The membrane support (and backing) gives an extra resistance to mass transport and should be minimized
mem
S can be minimised by:
support and reinforcement
Structure parameter Membrane thickness Porosity Tortuosity
S is just a physical way to describe the structure of the support for the surface
While conventional RO membranes may have S factors of 4 – 8 mm, PRO membranes should have S factors < 0.5 – 1 mm
CURRENT MODULE CONFIGURATION BASED ON FLAT SHEET
16 Statkraft presentation
Modified spiral wound Based on an old patent Foreman et. Al 1977
FW
FW
BW SW
FW
FW
BW SW
First generation element CA membrane on Hirose backing
This design is not adequate,- due to areas with low flow velocity and poor flow distribution in the envelope
MODULE CONFIGURATION BASED ON HOLLOW FIBRES
Hollow fibre configuration
BW BW SW FW BW BW
FW FW
FW SW FW BW BW
FW FW
FW
The hollow fibres are self supporting, which eliminates the need for seawater and fresh water spacers Advantages: compact design, reduced fouling, improved flow pattern for seawater and fresh water Challenges: potting, separation of fibres, packing density, manufacturing costs??
One single element may contain > 1,000 m2 membrane area
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TESTI NG OF MEMBRANES AND MEMBRANE ELEMENTS
balance salt water balance water high pressure pump low pressure pump back pressure valve V1 V2 V3 V4 p t,p,c,mi, T flow cell water bath crossflow cell membrane p
Membrane sample testing Membrane element testing
Wmax for ∆P = ½ ∆π
W = ∆P . Jwater
Flow through membrane [l/m2hr] Power production [W/m2] W/m2 = Flow (l/m2/h)* Pressure (bar)* 0.0278 Ex.: 9.0 (l/m2/h)* 11 (bar)* 0.0278 = 2.75 W/m2
Amsterdam 2008 San Diego 2010 TBA 2012
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Feasibility Prototype 2MW Pilot 25MW Demo
2011-13: 2017: 2020:
2009:
prototype
membrane
plant
400.000 m2 PRO membrane
plant
PRO membrane
commercial plant
m2 PRO membrane
Vision towards 2030
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Statkraft operated Other utility operated
Development and supply of membranes for osmotic power Nitto Denko/Hydranautics will develop membranes specifically designed for the use in large scale osmotic power plants The agreement will accelerate the development of the new renewable energy The development of more efficient membranes will contribute to making the technology competitive with other new, renewable energy sources and will bring osmotic power further towards future commercialization
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Osmotic Power is a promising renewable ocean energy source The estimated energy costs for Osmotic Power is comparable with other renewable energy sources Existing RO membranes, modules and pre-treatment are not suitable for Osmotic Power Key focus areas are PRO membranes, PRO membrane modules and pre-treatment of fresh and sea water Prototype and pilot demonstration plants are accelerating the development
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