[PPT] - Prof. Dr. Atilla Ansal MICROZONATION MAIN PURPOSE: To estimate PowerPoint Presentation

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MICROZONATION WITH RESPECT GEOTECHNICAL HAZARDS Lecture Notes by

Prof. Dr. Atilla Ansal

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MAIN PURPOSE:

To estimate variation of the selected parameters for land use and urban planning for the mitigation

f earthquake risk to man-made environment

MICROZONATION

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1. Use of seismic microzonation maps as guidelines to specify building and population density and for functional layouts

2. Selection of new locations for important buildings

URBAN AND LAND USE PLANNING

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Seismic Macrozonation National Seismic Zoning Maps

in small scales such as 1:1,000,000 or less and mostly based on

seismic source zones defined in similar scales

Independent of site conditions
Used in the earthquake codes for seismic design
zonation with respect to ground motion characteristics

taking into account source and site conditions

major purpose is to estimate the variation of the

earthquake ground motion characteristics at a scale of 1:5,000

Seismic Microzonation

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REGIONAL EARTHQUAKE HAZARD SITE CHARACTERIZATION SITE RESPONSE ANALYSIS ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

MICROZONATION WITH RESPECT TO:

 GROUND SHAKING

 LIQUEAFACTION SUSCEPTIBILITY  LANDSLIDE HAZARD

ADDITIONAL PURPOSE: To calculate elastic acceleration response spectra of the acceleration time history, for the assessment of the vulnerability of the building stock.

MICROZONATION METHODOLOGY

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 Regional earthquake hazard  Site characterisation  1D site response analyses  Selection of input ground motion  Microzonation for ground shaking

intensity

 Earthquake characteristics on the

ground surface Basic Stages of Earthquake Hazard Scenarios

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Fault Segmentation Model (Erdik et al., 2005)

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SA (T=0.2sec) Contour Map at NEHRP B/C Boundary for 475 Years Return Period

REGIONAL EARTHQUAKE HAZARD

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 Regional geology of the area  Local geology of the region  Detailed geotechnical characterisation  Site classification with respect to

equivalent shear wave velocity, NEHRP, Borcherdt (1994), and Turkish Earthquake Code

Geological and Geotechnical Site Characterisation

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SITE CHARACTERIZATION

Assigning partly hypothetical boreholes at the centre of each cell

1. to utilise all available data in each cell to have more

comprehensive and reliable data for the soil profile;

2. to eliminate the effects of distance among boreholes or site

investigation points during the GIS mapping

G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W 4

SK21 SK23 SK26 SK26

4 5

SK15 SK21 SK23 SK26 S16

5 6

SK4 SK4 SK6 SK15 SK15 SK22 S18 S18 S16

6 7

SK3 SK3 S7 SK5 SK11 SK11 SK13 SK18 SK18 SK24 SK27 SK27

7 8

SK2 SK2 S8 S9 SK10 SK10 SK13 SK17 SK16 SK25 SK25 S14 SK29

8 9

S10 S10 SK2 SK2 SK7 S6 SK9 SK12 SK14 SK17 SK20 SK25 SK28 SK28 SK29 SK29

9 10

SK1 SK1 SK1 SK2 SK7 SK7 SK9 SK12 SK14 S5 SK20 SK20 SK30 SK30 S12 SK29

10 11

SK7 SK7 SK7 SK9 S11 S11 SK30 SK31 SK31 SK31

11 12

SK7 SK7 S11 SK32 SK32 SK32

12 13

SK32 SK32 SK33 SK33

13 14

SK32 SK33 SK33 SK33

14 15

SK34 SK34 SK34

15 16

SK34 SK34

16 G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W

BANDIRMA

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Site Characterisation

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Local Site Class Soil Group according to Table 12.1 and Topmost Layer Thickness (h1) Z1 Group (A) soils Group (B) soils with h1  15 m Z2 Group (B) soils with h1 > 15 m Group (C) soils with h1  15 m Z3 Group (C) soils with 15 m < h1  50 m Group (D) soils with h1  10 m Z4 Group (C) soils with h1 > 50 m Group (D) soils with h1 > 10 m Two Stage Site Classification in Turkish Earthquake Code

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Site Classification according to TEC

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Site classification according to NEHRP

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Site classification according to EC8

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0.03 0.06 0.09 0.12 0.375 0.425 0.475 0.525 0.575 0.625 0.675 0.725 0.775 0.825 0.875 0.925

Average Spectral Acceleration (g) Frequency Distribution

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Cumulative Distribution

Frequency Distribution Cumulative Distribution

Relative microzonation procedure C Upper 33% percentile B Intermediate 34 % percentile A Lower 33% percentile

ZONE A ZONE C ZONE B

NOTE: If the difference between 33% and 67% percentiles is smaller than 20%, the area is divided into two zones using 50% percentile (median).

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Microzonation with respect to equivalent (average) shear wave velocity*

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Dynamic shear modulus and damping ratio*

Material No Soil Type Reference 1 Clay (CH) PI=60% Vucetic ve Dobry (1991) 2 Clay (CL) PI=45% Vucetic ve Dobry (1991) 3 Clay (CH) PI=30% Vucetic ve Dobry (1991) 4 Clay (CL) PI=15% Vucetic ve Dobry (1991) 5 Silt Darendeli (2001) 6 Sand (SC-SM) Darendeli (2001) 7 Sand Seed and Idriss 8 Gravel Seed 9 Gravel Menq 10 Rock 0-6 m EPRI 11 Rock 6-16 m EPRI 12 Rock 16-37 m EPRI 13 Rock 37-76 m EPRI

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1

Material Damping Ratio (%) Dynamic Shear Modulus Ratio G/Gmax Shear Strain (%)

Material No.1 Material No.2 Material No.3 Material No.4 Material No.5 Material No.6 Material No.7 Material No.8 Material No.9 Material No.10 Material No.11 Material No.12 Material No.13

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Selection of Input Ground Motion*

Simulated

 Hazard compatibility with respect to

calculated acceleration spectra on rock

utcrop

Real Acceleration Records

 Compatibility with probable fault type,

fault distance, and magnitude

 Scaled with respect to calculated peak

ground acceleration on rock outcrop

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Scaling real acceleration records

Set of earthquake hazard compatible

real acceleration records,

Scaled to different intensity

measures; peak ground acceleration, peak ground velocity and Arias intensity

To evaluate the response variability

back

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SPECTRAL ACCELERATIONS ON THE GROUND SURFACE

Spectral accelerations (short period) based on average shear wave velocity ( Borcherdt, 1994) Average spectral accelerations (0.1-1s) calculated by site response analysis

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 0.01 0.1 1 10 PERIOD (s) ACCELERATION (g)

 

a

m a

v F 760 

BY SUPERPOSITION OF

s a a

S F S 

Ground shaking intensity

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AGS = AB & AS + AB& BS + BB & AS BGS = BB & BS + CB & AS + AB & CS CGS = CB & CS + CB & BS + BB & CS

Microzonation with respect to ground shaking

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Microzonation with respect to ground shaking

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Microzonation wrt maximum average SA and average PGV

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ZONATION MAP wrt GROUND SHAKING

In comparison with Surface Geology

TEKİRDAĞ MUNICIPALITY 25

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Site Classification - NEHRP

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Variation of PGA and spectral acceleration at 0.2s based on NEHRP GEMLIK MUNICIPALITY Variation of PGA and spectral acceleration at 0.2s by site response analysis

NEHRP versus Site Response Analysis

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MICROZONATION WRT LIQUEFACTON

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A: PL>15; B: 5>PL>15; C: PL<5

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BANDIRMA BAKIRKÖY KÖRFEZ

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MICROZONATION WRT LANDSLIDE

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Siyahi and Ansal (1993)

α = 50, ..., 850 β = 100, 10.50,..., 600 λ = 100,…, 550 n = 0 (toe failure presumption) A (g) = 0.00, 0.02, ..., 1.00

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2 4 6 8 10 12 10 20 30 40 50 60

STABILITY NUMBER, N1

SLOPE ANGLE (degrees)

PGA=0 PGA=0.1 g PGA=0.2 g PGA=0.3 g PGA=0.4 g PGA=0.5 g

LANDSLIDE HAZARD DURING EARTHQUAKES, Siyahi & Ansal, 1993

Fs = N1 tan 

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1. MICROZONATION WITH RESPECT TO GROUND

SHAKING INTENSITY FOR URBAN PLANNING

Regional Earthquake Hazard, Site Characterization, Analysis and Interpretation

2. VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT OF BUILDING STOCK

FOR REHABILITATION

Spectral acceleration at 0.2s & 1.0s on the ground surface

ZEYTINBURNU PILOT PROJECT

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Probabilistic earthquake hazard estimation

For a return period of 475 years or 10% exceedance probability in 50 years

A grid system composed of 250 x 250m cells
Calculation of the spectral accelerations
Simulation of the spectrum compatible design

basis ground motion

REGIONAL EARTHQUAKE HAZARD

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Zeytinburnu Grid System INGV Stations

Site Response Analysis
Seismic Hazard Maps
Building Inventory Data Base
Vulnerabilities
Loss Estimation
Input Data Based on Geo-Cells (Grids)

METHODOLOGY

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Spectral accelerations at 0.2 sec Spectral accelerations at 1.0 sec PROBABILISTIC SEISMIC HAZARD: 10% EXCEEDANCE IN 50 YEARS 43

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NEHRP UNIFORM HAZARD SPECTRUM

RESPONSE SPECTRUM COMPATIBLE RANDOM HORIZONTAL GROUND MOTION

ACCELERATION TIME HISTORY ON THE GROUND SURFACE CALCULATED BY ONE DIMENSIONAL SITE RESPONSE ANALYSIS

0.6
0.4
0.2

0.2 0.4 0.6 10 20 30 TIME (second) ACCELERATION (g)

06A

PGA=0.481 g

0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2

0,2 0,4 0,6 5 10 15 20 25 30

TIME (seconds) ACCELERATIONS (g)

PGA=0.649 g

Simulated Input Ground Motion Acceleration Response Spectra Compatible: Tarscths, Rascal

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Effect of input motion on site response analyses on two soil profiles

Rascal

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0.01 0.1 1 10

PERIOD

U30

SPECTRAL ACCELERATION (g)

Tarscths

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0.01 0.1 1 10

PERIOD

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0.01 0.1 1 10

PERIOD

PGA Scaling

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0.01 0.1 1 10 PERIOD

V29

SPECTRAL ACCELERATION (g)

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0.01 0.1 1 10 PERIOD 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0.01 0.1 1 10 PERIOD

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COMPARISON WITH 17 AUGUST 1999 RECORD

0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 10 20 30

SIMULATED

ACCELERATION (g)

0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 0.01 0.1 1 10 PERIOD (sec) S (abs.acc/pga)

NS EW SM

ZEYTİNBURNU

17.8.1999 - NS Amax = 0.120 g

0.1
0.05

0.05 0.1 0.15 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120

ACCELERATION (g)

17.8.1999 - EW Amax = 0.109 g

0.15
0.1
0.05

0.05 0.1 0.15 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120

ACCELERATION (g)

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0.6
0.4
0.2

0.2 0.4 0.6

5 10 15 20 25 30 35

ACCELERATION (g)

375-EW

0.6
0.4
0.2

0.2 0.4 0.6 5 10 15 20 25 30

ACCELERATION (g)

SKR90

0.6
0.4
0.2

0.2 0.4 0.6

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

TIME (sec) ACCELERATION (g)

LCN275

0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 0.01 0.1 1 10

SPECTRAL ACC. (g)

0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 0.01 0.1 1 10

PERIOD (sec) SPECTRAL ACC. (g)

0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 0.01 0.1 1 10

SPECTRAL ACC. (g)

Max.NEHRP

Min. NEHRP

Scaled to ave.PGA

INPUT MOTION: EARTHQUAKE HAZARD COMPATIBLE

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25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 200 400 600

Shear wave velocity (m/s) Depth (m)

iyisan Vs model

B25

SITE CHARACTERISATION

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Combination of these two maps gives microzonation map with respect ground shaking.

Spectral Amplification based on equivalent shear wave velocity Average spectral acceleration between 0.1-1.0 sec 49

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MICROZONATION WITH RESPECT TO GROUND SHAKING

AGS =

AV & AS + AV & BS + BV & AS

BGS =

BV & BS + CV & AS + AV & CS

CGS =

CV & CS + CV & BS + BV & CS

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URBAN AND LAND USE PLANNING

1. To specify building and population

densities and

2. To evaluate functional layouts
3. For selection of locations for

important buildings and lifelines

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1. URBAN

PLANNING

Building and population density

1. EARTHQUAKE

SCENARIO

Vulnerability relationships

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0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.01 0.1 1 10

F17

SPECTRAL ACCELERATIONS (g)

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 0.01 0.1 1 10

G09

SPECTRAL ACCELERATIONS (g) 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 0.01 0.1 1 10 PERIOD (sec)

E12

SPECTRAL ACCELERATIONS (g)

Variation of PGA

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Variation of spectral accelerations at 0.2s determined by best envelop Variation of spectral accelerations at 1.0s determined by best envelop

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Two sets of scaled real and one set of simulated acceleration records used for site response analyses for one cell

0,6
0,4
0,2

0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 10 20 30

1061NS

ACCELERATION (g)

0,6
0,4
0,2

0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 10 20 30

531EW

ACCELERATION (g)

0,6
0,4
0,2

0,2 0,4 0,6 10 20 30

GBZ270

ACCELERATION (g) TIME (sec)

0,6
0,4
0,2

0,2 0,4 0,6 10 20 30

1062EW

0,6
0,4
0,2

0,2 0,4 0,6 10 20 30

GBZ000

0,6
0,4
0,2

0,2 0,4 0,6 10 20 30

375EW

TIME (sec)

0,6
0,4
0,2

0,2 0,4 0,6 10 20 30

SIMULATED

0,6
0,4
0,2

0,2 0,4 0,6 10 20 30

SIMULATED

0,6
0,4
0,2

0,2 0,4 0,6 10 20 30

SIMULATED

TIME (sec)

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PGA set2 PGA set1 2.2-2.4g 1.6-1.8g 1.8-2.0g 2.0-2.2g 1.0-1.2g 0.8-1.0g 0.6-0.8g 1.2-1.4g 1.4-1.6g SIMULATED

SHORT PERIOD SPECTRAL ACCELERATIONS

Microzonation maps for average short period spectral accelerations

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PGA scaled acceleration records

H-CPE147

0.3
0.2
0.1

0.1 0.2 0.3 10 20 30 40

H-CPE237

0.3
0.2
0.1

0.1 0.2 0.3 10 20 30 40

IZT-090

0.3
0.2
0.1

0.1 0.2 0.3 5 10 15 20 25 30

IZT-180

0.3
0.2
0.1

0.1 0.2 0.3 5 10 15 20 25 30

1058-E

0.3
0.2
0.1

0.1 0.2 0.3 5 10 15 20 25 30

İVME (g)

1058-N

0.3
0.2
0.1

0.1 0.2 0.3 5 10 15 20 25 30

1061-E

0.3
0.2
0.1

0.1 0.2 0.3 5 10 15 20 25 30

İVME (g)

1061-N

0.3
0.2
0.1

0.1 0.2 0.3 5 10 15 20 25 30

B-SUP045

0.3
0.2
0.1

0.1 0.2 0.3 5 10 15 20 25

B-SUP135

0.3
0.2
0.1

0.1 0.2 0.3 5 10 15 20 25

KJM000

0.3
0.2
0.1

0.1 0.2 0.3 5 10 15 20 25

KJM090

0.3
0.2
0.1

0.1 0.2 0.3 5 10 15 20 25

ARC000

0.3
0.2
0.1

0.1 0.2 0.3 5 10 15 20 25

İVME (g)

ARC090

0.3
0.2
0.1

0.1 0.2 0.3 5 10 15 20 25

GBZ270

0.3
0.2
0.1

0.1 0.2 0.3 5 10 15 20

GBZ000

0.3
0.2
0.1

0.1 0.2 0.3 5 10 15 20

LCN260

0.3
0.2
0.1

0.1 0.2 0.3 10 20 30 40

LCN345

0.3
0.2
0.1

0.1 0.2 0.3 10 20 30 40

C12050

0.3
0.2
0.1

0.1 0.2 0.3 10 20 30 40

İVME (g)

C12320

0.3
0.2
0.1

0.1 0.2 0.3 10 20 30 40

CLS220

0.3
0.2
0.1

0.1 0.2 0.3 5 10 15 20 25

CLS310

0.3
0.2
0.1

0.1 0.2 0.3 5 10 15 20 25

G06000

0.3
0.2
0.1

0.1 0.2 0.3 5 10 15

G06090

0.3
0.2
0.1

0.1 0.2 0.3 5 10 15

GIL067

0.3
0.2
0.1

0.1 0.2 0.3 5 10 15 20

SÜRE (san) İVME (g)

GIL337

0.3
0.2
0.1

0.1 0.2 0.3 5 10 15 20

SÜRE (san)

TMB205

0.3
0.2
0.1

0.1 0.2 0.3 5 10 15

SÜRE (san)

TMB295

0.3
0.2
0.1

0.1 0.2 0.3 5 10 15

SÜRE (san)

BOLU000

0.3
0.2
0.1

0.1 0.2 0.3 5 10 15

SÜRE (san)

BOLU090

0.3
0.2
0.1

0.1 0.2 0.3 5 10 15

SÜRE (san)

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0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.2 0.24 0.28 0.32 0.36 0.4 0.44 0.48 0.52 0.56 0.6 0.64

Spectral Acceleration (g) Frequency Distribution

1 10 100 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

Spectral Acceleration (g) Exceedance Probability (%)

SA=0.422g

0.5 1 1.5 2 0.01 0.1 1 10 PERIOD (s) SPECTRAL ACCELERATION (g 0.5 1 1.5 2 0.01 0.1 1 10 PERIOD (s) SPECTRAL ACCELERATION (g 0.5 1 1.5 2 0.01 0.1 1 10 PERIOD (s) SPECTRAL ACCELERATION (g

Probabilitic interpretation of multiple site response analyses

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0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

0.01 0.1 1 10

SPECTRAL ACC. (g)

0.5 1 1.5 2 0.01 0.1 1 10 PERIOD (s) SPECTRAL ACC. (g) 0.5 1 1.5 2 0.01 0.1 1 10 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 0.01 0.1 1 10 PERIOS(s)

CALCULATED SPECTRAL ACCELERATIONS

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Spectral acceleration at short period calculated as (a) the average of all site response analyses and (b) corresponding to 10% exceedance level (a) (b)

2.2 - 2.4 g 2.6 - 2.8 g 2.8 - 3.0 g 2.4 - 2.6 g 0.6 - 0.8 g 0.8 - 1.0 g 1.6 - 1.8 g 1.4 - 1.6 g 1.2 - 1.4 g 1.0 - 1.2 g 1.8 - 2.0 g 2.0 - 2.2 g

SHORT PERIOD SPECTRAL ACCELERATIONS

Spectral acceleration zonation*

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FIRST OPTION IS TO USE SIMPLIFIED ASSESSMENT BASED AVERAGE SHEAR WAVE VELOCITY

NEHRP
BORCHERDT (1994)

SMS = FaSS SM1 = FVS1

FOR ESTIMATING SPECTRAL ACCELERATIONS ON THE GROUND SURFACE

SECOND OPTION IS TO USE SPECTRAL ACCELERATIONS CALCULATED BY SITE RESPONSE ANALYSIS

FITTING A NEHRP SPECTRA BY AN OPTIMISATION SCHEME

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BEST FIT USING AN OPTIMIZATION SCHEME ALLOWING T0 TO BE INDEPENDENT OF T

s

Savg = 0.6821*Sa(0.2) + 0.1563 R2 = 0.9074

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

Sa (0.2 s) Savg (0.1-1.0 s)

Comparison of average spectral Accelerations with the calculated SS (0.2 s) based on best fit approach

G14

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 0.01 0.1 1 10 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 0.01 0.1 1 10

G19

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 0.01 0.1 1 10

J21

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 0.01 0.1 1 10

J20

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 0.01 0.1 1 10

J18

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 0.01 0.1 1 10

H21

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 0.01 0.1 1 10

I23

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0.01 0.1 1 10

G23

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J23

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 0.01 0.1 1 10 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 0.01 0.1 1 10

J21

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 0.01 0.1 1 10

J20

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 0.01 0.1 1 10

J15

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 0.01 0.1 1 10

J12

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 0.01 0.1 1 10

J10

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 0.01 0.1 1 10

I18

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0.01 0.1 1 10

I14

BEST FIT ENVELOPE USING AN OPTIMIZATION SCEME KEEPING ALL DEFINITIONS FOR NEHRP SPECTRUM Comparison of SS (0.2s) spectral accelerations calculated by best fit and best envelope approaches

Sms(BE) = 1.0601Sms(BF) + 0.2103 R

2 = 0.8198 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.5 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.5

Sms from best fit model Sms best envelope model

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0.5 1 1.5 2 0.01 0.1 1 10 PERIOD (s) SPECTRAL ACCELERATION (g 0.5 1 1.5 2 0.01 0.1 1 10 PERIOD (s) SITE RESPONSE ANALYSIS AVERAGE 10% EXCEEDANCE PROB. BEST FIT NEHRP SPEC.

BEST FIT NEHRP ENVELOPE SPECTRUM

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Sms

0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2

NEHRP (RP=475 years) SITE RESPONSE (BEST FIT)

0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5

NEHRP (RP=475 years)

Sm1

SITE RESPONSE (BEST FIT)

Sms

0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4

NEHRP (RP=475 years) SITE RESPONSE (ENVELOPE)

Sm1

0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5

NEHRP (RP=475 years) SITE RESPONSE (ENVELOPE)

COMPARISON OF SITE RESPONSE WITH NEHRP BASED EVALUATION OF GROUND MOTION CHARACTERISTICS

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0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

BORCHERDT (1994) BEST ENVELOP

SMS

0.5 0.8 1.1 1.4 1.7 2.0 2.3 0.5 0.8 1.1 1.4

BORCHERDT (1994) BEST ENVELOP

SM1

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

BORCHERDT (1994) BEST FIT

SMS

0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5

BORCHERDT (1994) BEST FIT

SM1

COMPARISON OF SITE RESPONSE WITH BORCHERDT (1994) BASED EVALUATION OF GROUND MOTION CHARACTERISTICS

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Ss

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5

NEHRP BEST FIT BAKIRKOY BANDIRMA GEMLIK KORFEZ TEKIRDAG

S1

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

NEHRP BEST FIT BAKIRKOY BANDIRMA GEMLIK KORFEZ TEKIRDAG

Comparison of Spectral Accelerations*

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0.5

0.5 1 1.5 2 1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 91 101 111 121 131 141 151 161 171 181 191 201 211 221

DIFFERENCE (g)

Envelop - NEHRP for Sms

0.4
0.2

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 91 101 111 121 131 141 151 161 171 181 191 201 211 221

DIFFERENCE (g)

Envelop - NEHRP for Sm1

0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 0.01 0.1 1 10

SPECTRAL ACCELERATION (g)

M14

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 0.01 0.1 1 10

SPECTRAL ACCLERATION (g)

G09

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 0.01 0.1 1 10

SPECTRAL ACCELERATION (g)

E12

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Correlations based on site response analysis

y = 0.017x0.6599 R = 0.627

0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 200 400 600 800 1000

Average Shear Wave Velocity Amplificaiton with respect to PGA

y = 4.2636e-0.001x R = 0.504

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 200 400 600 800 1000

Average Shear Wave Velocity Normalised Spectral Accelerations

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Purpose and Process The process of loss estimation due to earthquakes involves:

1. Compilation of building inventories,
2. Analysis of seismic hazard on the engineering bedrock,
3. Site dependent earthquake ground motion characteristics,
4. Estimation of vulnerability of the building inventories.

The purpose for earthquake loss estimation scenarios are for assigning the priorities in the implementation of the risk reduction, hazard mitigation measures, and for disaster preparedness.

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Istanbul site classification according to NEHRP based on 8125 cells

D B ISTANBUL NEHRP (2001) Site Classification C E-F A-B

10

kilometre

MARMARA SEA

20

BLACK SEA

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NEHRP ZEMİN SINIFLARI E-F D C B

ZEYTİNBURNU

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0.6g <= PGA < 0.7g 0.7g <= PGA < 0.8g PGA >0.8g

Zemin Davranış Analizleri İle Hesaplanmış En Büyük İvmeler

PGA <0.3g 0.3g <= PGA < 0.4g 0.4g <= PGA < 0.5g 0.5g <= PGA < 0.6g

73

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74

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75

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76

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MICROZONATION WITH RESPECT TO GROUND SHAKING INTENSITY Borings in all cells and site response analysis based on 28 real (hazard compatible) acceleration time histories

77

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2005

MICROZONATION WITH RESPECT TO GROUND SHAKING INTENSITY Limited number of borings and site response analysis based on 3 simulated acceleration time histories

78

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79

SLIDE 80

80

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81

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82

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83

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84