PRODUCTION, COST, AND SUPPLY FUNCTIONS Production function Firm: - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

production cost and supply functions production function
SMART_READER_LITE
LIVE PREVIEW

PRODUCTION, COST, AND SUPPLY FUNCTIONS Production function Firm: - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

PRODUCTION, COST, AND SUPPLY FUNCTIONS Production function Firm: transform inputs into outputs Production funciton : q = f ( x 1 , ..., x n ) In what follows, two inputs: K , L Isoquants Contour lines that connect points with same


slide-1
SLIDE 1

PRODUCTION, COST, AND SUPPLY FUNCTIONS

slide-2
SLIDE 2

Production function

  • Firm: transform inputs into outputs
  • Production funciton:

q = f (x1, ..., xn)

  • In what follows, two inputs: K, L
slide-3
SLIDE 3

Isoquants

  • Contour lines that connect points with same in (K, L) space

producing same output level.

  • Similarly to indifference curves, generally convex (diminishing

marginal returns).

  • The more convex, the the more complementary the inputs; the

flatter, the closer substitutes.

slide-4
SLIDE 4

Production functions: two extreme cases

1 2 3 1 2 3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

# planes # pilots q = 1 q = 2 1 2 3 1 2 3 Nebraska beef (tons) Texas beef (tons) q = 3

slide-5
SLIDE 5

Isoquants and cost minimization

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1 2 3 4 1.333 1 2 3 4 K L q = 1 q = 2 q = 3

  • K∗=1.6

L∗=2.5

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

−w/r

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

  • K

L q = 2

slide-6
SLIDE 6

Demand for inputs

  • For given input prices r, w, and for a given output level q, find
  • ptimal input mix K, L.
  • The resulting L, for example, is demand for labor: Ld
  • How does Ld depend on w, p and especially r?
  • Example 1: desktop computer and demand for labor
  • Example 2: Compare two industries (hydroelectric dam

construction; aircraft construction) in two countries (U.S. and India)

slide-7
SLIDE 7

Productivity

  • Cobb-Douglas production function

qi = ωi K α

i Lβ i

  • Labor productivity: qi/Li
  • Total factor productivity (TFP): ωi
slide-8
SLIDE 8

Estimating TFP

  • Estimate coefficients from (e.g.) Cobb-Douglas production

function:

  • α = r Ki

qi

  • β = w Li

qi where r, w is cost of capital, labor

  • Take logarithms and solve production function w.r.t. ωi:

ln ωi = ln qi − α ln Ki − β ln Li

slide-9
SLIDE 9

Cost functions

  • For given input prices r, w, and for a given output level q, find
  • ptimal input mix K, L
  • Determine cost r K + w L
  • C(q): minimum cost required to achieve output level q
slide-10
SLIDE 10

Cost concepts

  • Fixed cost (FC): the cost that does not depend on the output

level, C(0)

  • Variable cost (VC): that cost which would be zero if the output

level were zero, C(q) − C(0)

  • Average cost (AC) (a.k.a. “unit cost”): total cost divided by
  • utput level, C(q)/q
  • Marginal cost (MC): the unit cost of a small increase in output

− Definition: derivative of cost with respect to output, d C/d q − Approximated by C(q) − C(q − 1)

slide-11
SLIDE 11

Examples

  • Bagels: modest fixed cost (space), relatively constant marginal

cost (labor and materials)

  • Electricity generation: large fixed cost (plant), initially declining

marginal cost (large plants are more efficient, and many plants have startup costs)

  • Music CDs: large fixed cost (recording), small marginal cost

(production and distribution)

slide-12
SLIDE 12

Example: the T-shirt factory

slide-13
SLIDE 13

T-shirt factory example

To produce T-shirts:

  • Lease one machine at $20/week
  • Machine requires one worker, produces one T-shirt per hour
  • Worker is paid $1/hour on weekdays (up to 40 hours), $2/hour on

Saturdays (up to 8 hours), $3 on Sundays (up to 8 hours)

slide-14
SLIDE 14

T-shirt factory costs

Suppose output level is 40 T-shirts per week. Then,

  • Fixed cost: FC = $20. Variable cost: VC = 40 × $1 = $40
  • Average cost: AC = ($20+$40)/40 = $1.5
  • Marginal cost: MC = $2

(Note that producing an extra T-shirt would imply working on Saturday, which costs more.) Similar calculations can be made for other output levels, leading to the cost function . . .

slide-15
SLIDE 15

T-shirt factory cost function

1 2 3 40 48 56 p q

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

AC MC

slide-16
SLIDE 16

Cost functions: more general case

p◦ p′ q◦ q′ p q

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

  • .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

AC MC

slide-17
SLIDE 17

T-shirt factory output choice

  • Scenario A: Benetton

TM, sole buyer of T-shirts, offers price

p = $1.8 per T-shirt (for any number of T-shirts)

  • Should factory increase output beyond 40 T-shirts/week, thus
  • perating on Saturdays?
  • p = 1.8, AC = 1.5, MC = 2.
  • Although factory is making money at q=40 (because p > AC),

profits would be lower if it produced more (because p < MC); it would lose money at the margin. (Verify this: compute profit at q=40, 41.)

slide-18
SLIDE 18

T-shirt factory output choice

  • Scenario B: Benetton

TM, sole buyer of T-shirts, offers price

p = $1.3 per T-shirt (for any number of T-shirts)

  • No matter how much factory produces, price is below per-unit

cost; i.e., no matter how much factory produces, it will lose money: p < AC implies q × p < q × AC implies Revenue < Cost

  • Optimal decision is not to produce at all

Use marginal cost to decide how much to produce. Use average cost to decide whether to produce.

slide-19
SLIDE 19

T-shirt factory supply function

1 2 3 40 48 56 p q

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

AC MC SLR

slide-20
SLIDE 20

T-shirt factory supply function

  • Suppose fixed cost has already been paid for the week;

then it’s a sunk cost

  • Define Average Variable Cost (AVC) as average cost

excluding fixed cost

  • Short-run supply switches to zero at min AVC
slide-21
SLIDE 21

T-shirt factory supply function

1 2 3 40 48 56 p q AVC MC SSR

slide-22
SLIDE 22

Supply by price taking firm

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

  • .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

  • min AVC

min AC q◦

SR

q◦

LR

p q AVC AC MC SLR SSR

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

slide-23
SLIDE 23

Takeaways

  • Use marginal cost when deciding how much to produce, average

cost when deciding whether to produce. In other words, marginal costs for marginal decisions.