PRODUCTION, COST, AND SUPPLY FUNCTIONS Production function Firm: - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
PRODUCTION, COST, AND SUPPLY FUNCTIONS Production function Firm: - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
PRODUCTION, COST, AND SUPPLY FUNCTIONS Production function Firm: transform inputs into outputs Production funciton : q = f ( x 1 , ..., x n ) In what follows, two inputs: K , L Isoquants Contour lines that connect points with same
Production function
- Firm: transform inputs into outputs
- Production funciton:
q = f (x1, ..., xn)
- In what follows, two inputs: K, L
Isoquants
- Contour lines that connect points with same in (K, L) space
producing same output level.
- Similarly to indifference curves, generally convex (diminishing
marginal returns).
- The more convex, the the more complementary the inputs; the
flatter, the closer substitutes.
Production functions: two extreme cases
1 2 3 1 2 3
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
# planes # pilots q = 1 q = 2 1 2 3 1 2 3 Nebraska beef (tons) Texas beef (tons) q = 3
Isoquants and cost minimization
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 2 3 4 1.333 1 2 3 4 K L q = 1 q = 2 q = 3
- K∗=1.6
L∗=2.5
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
−w/r
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- K
L q = 2
Demand for inputs
- For given input prices r, w, and for a given output level q, find
- ptimal input mix K, L.
- The resulting L, for example, is demand for labor: Ld
- How does Ld depend on w, p and especially r?
- Example 1: desktop computer and demand for labor
- Example 2: Compare two industries (hydroelectric dam
construction; aircraft construction) in two countries (U.S. and India)
Productivity
- Cobb-Douglas production function
qi = ωi K α
i Lβ i
- Labor productivity: qi/Li
- Total factor productivity (TFP): ωi
Estimating TFP
- Estimate coefficients from (e.g.) Cobb-Douglas production
function:
- α = r Ki
qi
- β = w Li
qi where r, w is cost of capital, labor
- Take logarithms and solve production function w.r.t. ωi:
ln ωi = ln qi − α ln Ki − β ln Li
Cost functions
- For given input prices r, w, and for a given output level q, find
- ptimal input mix K, L
- Determine cost r K + w L
- C(q): minimum cost required to achieve output level q
Cost concepts
- Fixed cost (FC): the cost that does not depend on the output
level, C(0)
- Variable cost (VC): that cost which would be zero if the output
level were zero, C(q) − C(0)
- Average cost (AC) (a.k.a. “unit cost”): total cost divided by
- utput level, C(q)/q
- Marginal cost (MC): the unit cost of a small increase in output
− Definition: derivative of cost with respect to output, d C/d q − Approximated by C(q) − C(q − 1)
Examples
- Bagels: modest fixed cost (space), relatively constant marginal
cost (labor and materials)
- Electricity generation: large fixed cost (plant), initially declining
marginal cost (large plants are more efficient, and many plants have startup costs)
- Music CDs: large fixed cost (recording), small marginal cost
(production and distribution)
Example: the T-shirt factory
T-shirt factory example
To produce T-shirts:
- Lease one machine at $20/week
- Machine requires one worker, produces one T-shirt per hour
- Worker is paid $1/hour on weekdays (up to 40 hours), $2/hour on
Saturdays (up to 8 hours), $3 on Sundays (up to 8 hours)
T-shirt factory costs
Suppose output level is 40 T-shirts per week. Then,
- Fixed cost: FC = $20. Variable cost: VC = 40 × $1 = $40
- Average cost: AC = ($20+$40)/40 = $1.5
- Marginal cost: MC = $2
(Note that producing an extra T-shirt would imply working on Saturday, which costs more.) Similar calculations can be made for other output levels, leading to the cost function . . .
T-shirt factory cost function
1 2 3 40 48 56 p q
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
AC MC
Cost functions: more general case
p◦ p′ q◦ q′ p q
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
AC MC
T-shirt factory output choice
- Scenario A: Benetton
TM, sole buyer of T-shirts, offers price
p = $1.8 per T-shirt (for any number of T-shirts)
- Should factory increase output beyond 40 T-shirts/week, thus
- perating on Saturdays?
- p = 1.8, AC = 1.5, MC = 2.
- Although factory is making money at q=40 (because p > AC),
profits would be lower if it produced more (because p < MC); it would lose money at the margin. (Verify this: compute profit at q=40, 41.)
T-shirt factory output choice
- Scenario B: Benetton
TM, sole buyer of T-shirts, offers price
p = $1.3 per T-shirt (for any number of T-shirts)
- No matter how much factory produces, price is below per-unit
cost; i.e., no matter how much factory produces, it will lose money: p < AC implies q × p < q × AC implies Revenue < Cost
- Optimal decision is not to produce at all
Use marginal cost to decide how much to produce. Use average cost to decide whether to produce.
T-shirt factory supply function
1 2 3 40 48 56 p q
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
AC MC SLR
T-shirt factory supply function
- Suppose fixed cost has already been paid for the week;
then it’s a sunk cost
- Define Average Variable Cost (AVC) as average cost
excluding fixed cost
- Short-run supply switches to zero at min AVC
T-shirt factory supply function
1 2 3 40 48 56 p q AVC MC SSR
Supply by price taking firm
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- min AVC
min AC q◦
SR
q◦
LR
p q AVC AC MC SLR SSR
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Takeaways
- Use marginal cost when deciding how much to produce, average