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Presentation for the Research Network for Refugee Health Troms - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Presentation for the Research Network for Refugee Health Troms University ANNABELLE BTTCHER 5.2.2018 CENTER FOR MELLEMOSTLER STUDIER INSTITUTE FOR HISTORIE SYDDANSK UNIVERSITET ODENSE BOTTCHER@SDU.DK 1 What happens, when Muslim


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ANNABELLE BÖTTCHER CENTER FOR MELLEMOSTLER STUDIER INSTITUTE FOR HISTORIE SYDDANSK UNIVERSITET ODENSE BOTTCHER@SDU.DK

Presentation for the Research Network for Refugee Health Tromsø University 5.2.2018

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Ø What happens, when Muslim actors (patients/physicians/nurses) from the Middle East interact with the Danish health system? Ø What role does Islamic/Middle Eastern culture/religion play? Ø What concepts about body and space might be relevant during these encounters (clinic/hospital)?

Annabelle Böttcher, SDU, Odense, Denmark 5.2.2018

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3 Annabelle Böttcher, SDU, Odense, Denmark 5.2.2018

Dietrich Jung, CCMES, History, SDU Morten Sodemann/Dorthe Nielsen, Global Health/MigrantClinic, SDU Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin Institute for Islamic Studies, Free University, Berlin Muslim scholars Muslim health staff Association of Syrian Doctors in Germany

SDU EXTERNAL OTHERS

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4 Annabelle Böttcher, SDU, Odense, Denmark 5.2.2018

In-depth interviews (interview guideline) with 50-100 male and female MEM patients & experts (medical staff & religious authorities) Interviews last 2-5 hours, Arabic, English, French; Consulting printed sources & social media (Facebook etc.)

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Ø Find out, which interactions go smoothly and where tensions/challenges exist Ø Contribute to successful patient & health staff diversity management by translating the findings into tools Ø Increase patient and health staff satisfaction Ø Save money and time Ø Increase interdisciplinary collaboration between health studies and humanities/ Middle Eastern Studies Ø Publish and contribute to scientific debate

6 Annabelle Böttcher, SDU, Odense, Denmark 5.2.2018

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Influence of MEM culture and religion on Danish/Scandinavian health care increases, because

  • f the
  • 1. increase in number of MEM health actors in

Denmark/Scandinavia

  • 2. Strong social, economic, and political ties with the

Middle East region

  • 3. Strong affinity of this network of health actors for

portable communication devices (smart phones, tabletts, laptops)

7 Annabelle Böttcher, SDU, Odense, Denmark 5.2.2018

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9 Annabelle Böttcher, SDU, Odense, Denmark 5.2.2018

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10 Annabelle Böttcher, SDU, Odense, Denmark 5.2.2018

MEM concepts of body and space management ARE relevant for the Danish/Scandinavian/ European health landscape

  • 1. Space Management:

Ø Gender mixing +2(Arab. ikhtilât) Ø Privacy of mixed gender, gender mixing 2 (Arab. khalwa)

  • 2. Body Management:

Ø Covering of private body parts by male/females in front of strangers (Arab. awra / aura)

  • 6. First Results
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12 Annabelle Böttcher, SDU, Odense, Denmark 5.2.2018

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10 Annabelle Böttcher, SDU, Odense, Denmark 5.2.2018

Ø A „Muslim“ is born a Muslim to a Muslim father or converted to Islam Ø Different degrees of following Islamic dogma (prayer, fasting etc.) / change over time Ø Different degrees of influence of (Muslim) Middle Eastern culture / change over time Ø „Muslim-ness“ is not the only factor defining identity and influencing interactions in the Danish health system. Ø Other factors are gender, age, social class, education etc. Ø Middle Eastern societies, like the Syrian, and Iraqi, are not closed rooms with a consens about religion and culture.

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„Muslim“ women in Denmark

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„Muslim“ men in Denmark

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13 Annabelle Böttcher, SDU, Odense, Denmark 5.2.2018

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14 Annabelle Böttcher, SDU, Odense, Denmark 5.2.2018

Islam is the 2nd biggest religion in Denmark (4%) In 2017; among the eight major countries of origin of immigrants to Denmark, five have a Muslim majority population: Syria (33.616) Turkey (32.606) Iraq (21.383), Bosnia and Herzegovia (17.104) and Iran (15.970)

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15 Annabelle Böttcher, SDU, Odense, Denmark 5.2.2018

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16 Annabelle Böttcher, SDU, Odense, Denmark 5.2.2018

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17 Annabelle Böttcher, SDU, Odense, Denmark 5.2.2018

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Space Management

in Middle Eastern Muslim Culture in Denmark

Interplay between visibility in space by

  • thers, number of people

present, gender and family relation Boundaries not static, shifting

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PROBLEMATIC in Middle Eastern Muslim culture: gender-

mixing of 2 non-related, male & female, individuals in closed space

Annabelle Böttcher, SDU, Odense, Denmark 5.2.2018 27

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Ø Taking another person along as a chaperone is vital pillar of Muslim space-management. Ø Often a husband, son or female relative. Ø Rules are clear, but a very widely interpreted.

Annabelle Böttcher, SDU, Odense, Denmark 5.2.2018 30

Strategies

  • f Space

Management

in Middle Eastern Muslim Culture in Denmark

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Annabelle Böttcher, SDU, Odense, Denmark 5.2.2018

UNPROBLEMATIC

gender-mixing of 3+ non-related male & female

in closed space

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Woman with a chaperone (mahram) in a clinic in Lebanon/Syria/Tur key

Annabelle Böttcher, SDU, Odense, Denmark 5.2.2018 31

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Annabelle Böttcher, SDU, Odense, Denmark 5.2.2018

UNPROBLEMATIC

gender-mixing of 3+ non-related male & female

in closed space

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Annabelle Böttcher, SDU, Odense, Denmark 5.2.2018 33

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Ø As a rule most Muslim women are aware of the gender-mixing with one unrelated man alone in a closed room (male doctor- female patient, female doctor- male patient). Ø It is usually the cause of unease and discomfort. Ø Strategies vary and deal with the space (keep door open, have a glass front/window etc.) or with the individuals in it (take a chaperone along).

Annabelle Böttcher, SDU, Odense, Denmark 5.2.2018 29

First Results Space Management

in Middle Eastern Muslim Culture in Denmark

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Intimate parts of the male and female body are called in Arabic aura / awra. They need to be covered in front

  • f strangers, unless there is a

pressing need (Arab. darûra), like a medical emergency. The pressing need (Arab. darûra) is subject to interpretation.

Annabelle Böttcher, SDU, Odense, Denmark 5.2.2018 37

Body Management

in Middle Eastern Muslim Culture in Denmark

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Intimate parts

  • f the body of

the nubile male (male aura): from navel to the knee

Annabelle Böttcher, SDU, Odense, Denmark 5.2.2018 38

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Intimate Parts of the body of the nubile woman (female aura): entire body, except the palms

  • f her hands, her

feet, and her face

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Ø All interviewees were aware

  • f the concept.

Ø Relevance is gendered, meaning it is more relevant for females than males. Ø Correlation between tension and covered surface. Ø Source of much unease, possibly tension.

Annabelle Böttcher, SDU, Odense, Denmark 5.2.2018 40

Body Management

in Middle Eastern Muslim Culture in Denmark

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Annabelle Böttcher, SDU, Odense, Denmark 5.2.2018 41

Religious (non- binding) edict (fatwa) from a Danish (Moroccan) Muslim scholar about the permissibility of short sleeves for female staff working in Danish health services

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Example: High number of cesarian sections for Syrian women in Denmark Hypothesis: Women do not want to be exposed with uncovered aura in gender- mixed birth-rooms.

Annabelle Böttcher, SDU, Odense, Denmark 5.2.2018

Body Management

in Middle Eastern Muslim Culture in Denmark

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