Present Status of Landslides in Nepal and way forward Kabi Raj - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Present Status of Landslides in Nepal and way forward Kabi Raj - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Present Status of Landslides in Nepal and way forward Kabi Raj Paudyal, PhD Coordinator: Master in Engineering Geology Program, Central Department of Geology Immediate Past President: Nepal Geological Society. PhD Research: Geological Map and

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Present Status of Landslides in Nepal and way forward

Kabi Raj Paudyal, PhD Coordinator: Master in Engineering Geology Program, Central Department of Geology Immediate Past President: Nepal Geological Society. PhD Research: Geological Map and Tectonics Ongoing Research

  • 1. Mapping of Active faults in Nepal
  • 2. Geological Sensitivity Analysis in Chure-Bhabar-Terai Regions
  • 3. Mountain Aquifers in Hilly Regions
  • 4. Mineral Resources Mapping

Kabi Raj Paudyal, Centrral Department of Geology, Email: paudyalkabi1976@gmail.com 1

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Kabi Raj Paudyal, Centrral Department of Geology, Email: paudyalkabi1976@gmail.com 2

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Geological Map of Nepal (modified after Upreti and Le Fort, 1999)

Kabi Raj Paudyal, Centrral Department of Geology, Email: paudyalkabi1976@gmail.com 3

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Kabi Raj Paudyal, Centrral Department of Geology, Email: paudyalkabi1976@gmail.com 4

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Kabi Raj Paudyal, Centrral Department of Geology, Email: paudyalkabi1976@gmail.com 5

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Active Faults of Nepal (Modified after Hoppe et al., )

Kabi Raj Paudyal, Centrral Department of Geology, Email: paudyalkabi1976@gmail.com 6

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(Amatya and Jnawali, 1994)

Kabi Raj Paudyal, Centrral Department of Geology, Email: paudyalkabi1976@gmail.com 7

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Kabi Raj Paudyal, Centrral Department of Geology, Email: paudyalkabi1976@gmail.com 8

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CCT: Central Churia Thrust MFT: Main Frontal Thrust MBT: Main Boundary Thrust

Recent Sediments Middle and Upper Siwalik Lower Siwalik Siwalik Lesser Himalaya

Kabi Raj Paudyal, Centrral Department of Geology, Email: paudyalkabi1976@gmail.com 9

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Regio ional l Geolo logic ical l Se Sensit itiv ivit ity Map of f Provin vince No.-5

Kabi Raj Paudyal, Centrral Department of Geology, Email: paudyalkabi1976@gmail.com 10

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Ge Geological l Con

  • ntrol of
  • f Se

Sensitivit ity

Kabi Raj Paudyal, Centrral Department of Geology, Email: paudyalkabi1976@gmail.com 11

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Natural l Dis isasters in in Tectonic Unit its of Nepal

Tectonic Unit Geodisasters Indo Gangetic Plain Inundation, Flood Siwalik Landslide (mostly rock fall), Erosion Lesser Himalaya Landslide, LDOF, land subsidence Higher Himalaya Landslide (Mostly rock slide), GLOF Tibetan Tethys Himalaya Less common landslide (failure of colluvial and morainic material on steep valley slope)

But most of the perturbation is controlled by adverse geological structrures.

Kabi Raj Paudyal, Centrral Department of Geology, Email: paudyalkabi1976@gmail.com 12

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Control of f La Landslide

  • Cloud burst induced landslide
  • Structure induced landslide
  • Earthquake induced landslide

Potential region for frequent landslide occurrences

  • River bank due to toe cutting by river
  • Haphazardly constructed roadways
  • Area proximal to Active fault
  • Steep slope covered with soil

Kabi Raj Paudyal, Centrral Department of Geology, Email: paudyalkabi1976@gmail.com 13

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Landslides Types

Different landslide types can be identified as shown in following Figure (USGS, 2004) Falls: Rock falls, Debris falls, Earth fall Topples: Slides: Rotational slides Translational slides Slumps Lateral spreads Flows Rock flows Debris flowing Debris avalanches Earth flows Mud flows Complex movements Schematic illustration of the major types of landslide movement (USGS, 2004)

Kabi Raj Paudyal, Centrral Department of Geology, Email: paudyalkabi1976@gmail.com 14

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Geological Map of Ridi-Shantipur Area

As Aslew lewa Shear Zone Shear Zone Eksingau Shear Zone Juhan Shear Zone Gultung Shear Zone Rupakot Shear Zone

Kabi Raj Paudyal, Centrral Department of Geology, Email: paudyalkabi1976@gmail.com 15

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Eksingau Shear Zone (ES): The Eksingau Shear Zone lies in the village of Eksingau and Pipal Dada area of Limgha VDC. In this area, a large active landslide is

  • bserved. In the middle part of landslide, fault gauge

is observed.

Eksingau landslide area at the top-middle part shows a fault gauge and slickensides

Development of Eksingh Pahiro

Kabi Raj Paudyal, Centrral Department of Geology, Email: paudyalkabi1976@gmail.com 16

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Juhan Shear Zone

Kabi Raj Paudyal, Centrral Department of Geology, Email: paudyalkabi1976@gmail.com 17

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Ulli Khola Shear Zone

Kabi Raj Paudyal, Centrral Department of Geology, Email: paudyalkabi1976@gmail.com 18

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Rupakot Shear Zone (RS): lies in uphill section of Rupakot VDC. In this shear zone a large landslide occurs. At middle part of this landslide has a wide zone of fault gauge and a number of slickenside were observed. Outline of Rupakot landslide

Kabi Raj Paudyal, Centrral Department of Geology, Email: paudyalkabi1976@gmail.com 19

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  • Google

earth clearly shows the extension of the Badi Gad Fault in the present study area which is also verified in the field.

Displacement of Terraces (Terrace Tilting)

Kabi Raj Paudyal, Centrral Department of Geology, Email: paudyalkabi1976@gmail.com 20

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Fig : landslide fig : lake formed by landslide Source: Prativa

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Fig: lake before outbrust fig: lake after outbrust Source: Prativa

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  • Fig. Collapsed Road portion of Mid Hill High Way after natural failure of

Turture dam.

  • Fig. Generalize stratigraphy of the study area

Geological map of Burtibang – Turture Area

Kabi Raj Paudyal, Centrral Department of Geology, Email: paudyalkabi1976@gmail.com 23

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Turture Landslide

  • Fig. Engineering Geological map of Turture Landslide.
  • Fig. Cross – section view of Turture landslide

RMR=55 (L1) RMR=53 (L2) RMR = 45 (L3)

Kabi Raj Paudyal, Centrral Department of Geology, Email: paudyalkabi1976@gmail.com 24

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Large Landslide along the Lakhandehi River Toe cutting of hill side by river during flood at Tintale. Rainfall induced land damage around Pathharkot.

Kabi Raj Paudyal, Centrral Department of Geology, Email: paudyalkabi1976@gmail.com 25

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Terai Plain Siwalik Khutti Khola, Siraha Main Frontal Thrust

Kabi Raj Paudyal, Centrral Department of Geology, Email: paudyalkabi1976@gmail.com 26

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Kabi Raj Paudyal, Centrral Department of Geology, Email: paudyalkabi1976@gmail.com 27

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Different landlside Location of Thulo Lumpek at 2076 Shrawan 7/8

Kabi Raj Paudyal, Centrral Department of Geology, Email: paudyalkabi1976@gmail.com 28

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Kabi Raj Paudyal, Centrral Department of Geology, Email: paudyalkabi1976@gmail.com 29

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Kabi Raj Paudyal, Centrral Department of Geology, Email: paudyalkabi1976@gmail.com 30

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Dry landslide claims two in Narayangadh-Mugling road, April 4 2017 (Source: Nepal Media Online)

Kabi Raj Paudyal, Centrral Department of Geology, Email: paudyalkabi1976@gmail.com 31

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Dry landslide claims two in Narayangadh-Mugling road, April 4 2017 (Source: Nepal Media Online)

Kabi Raj Paudyal, Centrral Department of Geology, Email: paudyalkabi1976@gmail.com 32

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Landslide due to weak geological formation, torrential rainfall (141mm) and steep topology at Jure, Sindhupalchowk (source: Case Study Report by UNU)

156 human losses, 2 dozen houses were swept away About 5.5 million cubic meters of Earth mass were slide

Geological Weakness: Presence

  • f 4 sets of joints, lithology of

phyllite with quartz veins and presence of spring, surface water seeped intro joints and increase the pore water pressure

Kabi Raj Paudyal, Centrral Department of Geology, Email: paudyalkabi1976@gmail.com 33

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Rapid Landslides triggered by the Gorkha/Dolakha sequences

Landslides triggered by the Gorkha/Dolakha sequence, Roback et al., 2018 25000 landslides Co and post-seismic Mapped in the years after the landslide by team of Pascal Lacroix

Kabi Raj Paudyal, Centrral Department of Geology, Email: paudyalkabi1976@gmail.com 34

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Rock fall in Rasuwa after Gorkha Earthquake

14th July 2016, Bhotekoshi Flood: Damaged slope and houses (Himalaya Times) Combined effect of weakening of rock mass by Gorkha Earthquake and LDOF in Tibet. 67 houses swept away

Kabi Raj Paudyal, Centrral Department of Geology, Email: paudyalkabi1976@gmail.com 35

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Ground Rupture and Landslide Induced by Gorkha Earthquakes (2015)

Duguna Gadhi, Sindhupalchowk, Gorkha EQ-2015 Tatopani, Sindhupalchowk, Gorkha EQ-2015

Photograph Supported by: Keshav Bhattarai

Kabi Raj Paudyal, Centrral Department of Geology, Email: paudyalkabi1976@gmail.com 36

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Presenter: Group- 1 Bibek Dhakal Mohan Raj Shrestha Keshav Bhattarai Prakash Bhusal Prithivi Bir Thapa

Kabi Raj Paudyal, Centrral Department of Geology, Email: paudyalkabi1976@gmail.com 37

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Rock Falls at Siddhababa, Siddartha Highway (The Kathmandu Post)

Dry landslide claims two in Narayangadh-Mugling road, April 4 2017 (Source: Nepal Media Online)

Kabi Raj Paudyal, Centrral Department of Geology, Email: paudyalkabi1976@gmail.com 38

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Landslide due to Human causes

Slope failure at BP highway, no any human loss but highway was block about 4-5 months

Bolero buried due to landslide, driver was injured at Doti (25th Ashad 077)

Kabi Raj Paudyal, Centrral Department of Geology, Email: paudyalkabi1976@gmail.com 39

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Improper practice of road excavation

Slope Failure at Mallesi village, Bajhang where 6 people were killed and 1 are missing as per police and several houses were also swept away.

Landslide at Dhovan, Palpa-Butwal Road Section, road blockage, possibly plane failure with big boulder, increased unit weight due to heavy rainfall, results due to unscientific road excavation practices though CCT.

Kabi Raj Paudyal, Centrral Department of Geology, Email: paudyalkabi1976@gmail.com 40

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Landslide incept after rainfall due to unscientific slope cutting

Cultivation land slide down due to slope cutting

Slope failure due to road cutting at Dordi, Lamjung (10th Ashad 077)

Interbedding of Quartzite and Schist, highly fragile rock mass, presence of minor fold,

Kabi Raj Paudyal, Centrral Department of Geology, Email: paudyalkabi1976@gmail.com 41

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Kabi Raj Paudyal, Centrral Department of Geology, Email: paudyalkabi1976@gmail.com 42

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Kabi Raj Paudyal, Centrral Department of Geology, Email: paudyalkabi1976@gmail.com 43

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Ramche Landslide

Kabi Raj Paudyal, Centrral Department of Geology, Email: paudyalkabi1976@gmail.com 44

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Kabi Raj Paudyal, Centrral Department of Geology, Email: paudyalkabi1976@gmail.com 45

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Some Representative Example of Major Landslide That Occurs This Years

Kabi Raj Paudyal, Centrral Department of Geology, Email: paudyalkabi1976@gmail.com 46

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Kabi Raj Paudyal, Centrral Department of Geology, Email: paudyalkabi1976@gmail.com 47

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परॎवत पहिरो अपडेट : ९ जनाको शरॎ भेहटयो

Read more at: https://thahakhabar.com/news/100554 बझाङ पहिरो अपडेट : उदॎधार गनव गएको नेपाली सेनाको गाडी दुरॎवटनामा, ३ जना रॎाइते, Nishan News

6 death 1 missing, Source : Kantipur News.

Kabi Raj Paudyal, Centrral Department of Geology, Email: paudyalkabi1976@gmail.com 48

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Aerial view of landslides of Jajarkot (Source: https://www.eadarsha.com/ ससनॎधुपालॎचोक पहिरो : 4 death, 20 still missing (Source: from different online media) जाजरकोट पहिरो अपडेट : बेपत्थामधॎये ११ जनाको शरॎ भेहटयो, एक जनाको खोजी चलॎदै, 500 house displaced. Source: Ujyalo online , RSS and Nayapage

Kabi Raj Paudyal, Centrral Department of Geology, Email: paudyalkabi1976@gmail.com 49

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Tanahun Landslide, 10 death, 2 missing (Asar 29, 2077), Source: Annapurna Post. कासॎकी पहिरो (Image Source: Vishwanews.com)- Total 7 death and 11 injured (Source: Kathmandu Press

  • nline)

Kabi Raj Paudyal, Centrral Department of Geology, Email: paudyalkabi1976@gmail.com 50

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Myagdi Landslide (28 death, Marang and Bim), Source: Annapurna post and online media

मॎयागॎदी पहिरो : जॎयान गुमाउनेको सङ्ग्या २८ पुगॎयो, मराङमा १९ जनाको सामूहिक अनॎ्येषॎटट, Ujyalo Online

Kabi Raj Paudyal, Centrral Department of Geology, Email: paudyalkabi1976@gmail.com 51

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एक रॎरॎव नपुगॎदै भाससयो नारायणगढ-मुषॎगॎलन सडक (29 Asar 2077) at 17 Kilo Siddababa Landslide

मनाङको नासोः गाउँपासलका १ तालडाँडा नषॎजक ै चामे र रॎेराङ जाने सडकमा खसेको पहिरो । तषॎसॎबर: काषॎनॎतपुर ।

Several roadway are blocked by landslide this year

Kabi Raj Paudyal, Centrral Department of Geology, Email: paudyalkabi1976@gmail.com 52

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Mitigation Measures of Landslide

Kabi Raj Paudyal, Centrral Department of Geology, Email: paudyalkabi1976@gmail.com 53

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Video .....

Kabi Raj Paudyal, Centrral Department of Geology, Email: paudyalkabi1976@gmail.com 54

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La Landslide Mit itigation: Rock Sl Slope

Drainage Protection Measures

Rockfall Netting Embankment and rockfall netting

Kabi Raj Paudyal, Centrral Department of Geology, Email: paudyalkabi1976@gmail.com 55

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La Landslide Mit itigation: Soil Slope

Retaining Wall Embankment: Gabion Wall

Geometric modification Surface erosion control

Bionets Geomats Brushwood Solution

Slope treatment by jute/coir netting

Kabi Raj Paudyal, Centrral Department of Geology, Email: paudyalkabi1976@gmail.com 56

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Case Study: : Krishna Bhir Landslide

Stone Masonry Wall with Weep Holes for Drainage

Cascade Structure Artificial Drain Pipes in the Gabion Walls Culvert Gabion wall Bioengineering with gabion wall. Photograph: Sabin Bhattarai

Stabilization Measures

  • Bio-Engineering
  • Cascade

Structure

  • Gabion wall
  • Stone Masonry

wall

  • Shallow and

deep drainage through culprit and pipes.

Picture Credit: Sumit Maskey, Maskey 2016

Kabi Raj Paudyal, Centrral Department of Geology, Email: paudyalkabi1976@gmail.com 57

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Case Stu tudy: BP Hig ighway

Picture collected by Devraj Badal from various online sources.

Kabi Raj Paudyal, Centrral Department of Geology, Email: paudyalkabi1976@gmail.com 58

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Case Study: : BP Hig ighway

Bioengineering Methods

Case Stu tudy: BP Hig ighway

Various structural techniques such as shotcrete, embankment, etc Various Landslide techniques used for the sustainable road akong BP Highway, Sindhuli, Picture Collection: Devraj Badal From internet,

Kabi Raj Paudyal, Centrral Department of Geology, Email: paudyalkabi1976@gmail.com 59

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ROCK Bolting Mitigation of Landslide with various techniques viz. Rock Bolting, Netting and gabion wall. Picture Collection: Sujan Neupane Gabion Wall

Case Stu tudy: Narayanghat-Mugling Road

Kabi Raj Paudyal, Centrral Department of Geology, Email: paudyalkabi1976@gmail.com 60

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Dry stone wall Drainage management with riprap and cascade wall drainage Wire bolster cylinder Grass seeding Jute netting Road

Amriso, Nigalo, Kush plantation Amriso, Nigalo, Kush, Dabdabe, Faledo plantation Nigalo, Amriso, Kush, Siuidi, Areri, Tilka plantation Jute netting on crown Kush, Amriso plantation Khayer plantation Drainage management with riprap and cascade wall drainage Nigalo plantation

Kabi Raj Paudyal, Centrral Department of Geology, Email: paudyalkabi1976@gmail.com 61

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Case Stu tudy: Various La Landslide in in Sig igas Gaunpalika

Toe Protection

Mitigation Measure for Naturally Triggered Landslide

Dhum Landslide, Sigas – 3 Baitadi. Animation & Photograph: Sabin Bhattarai

Kabi Raj Paudyal, Centrral Department of Geology, Email: paudyalkabi1976@gmail.com 62

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Case Stu tudy: Various La Landslide in in Sig igas Gaunpalika

Mitigation Measure for Landslide Triggered by Anthropogenic Factor

Importance

  • f Trees

Mitigation of road cut slide by various process, such as embankment and bioengineering. First priority is not to excavate in this geologically unstable region. PC: Sabin Bhattarai

Kabi Raj Paudyal, Centrral Department of Geology, Email: paudyalkabi1976@gmail.com 63

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Conclusion

  • Though there are several causes for landslide occurrences in Nepal

Himalaya, Geology is the major cause.

  • The location of concentration of landslides are controlled by

weathering of rocks in steep and rugged slope, active faults, shear zones, axis of antiform, fractured terrain and the position of mountain aquifers.

  • Major triggering factors of landslides are concentrated precipitation,

developmental activity, quarry and deforestration.

  • The immediate steps for mitigation of landslides should be cost

effective and of public participatory approach.

  • Proper drainage management and use of extensive bioengineering

should be adopted for the sustainable mitigation of landslides.

Kabi Raj Paudyal, Centrral Department of Geology, Email: paudyalkabi1976@gmail.com 64

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Recommendations

  • Stop haphazard construction of mountain roads.
  • Stop haphazard mining of construction materials.
  • Investigate the potential zones of landslides rigorously, both from

government and non-governmental agencies.

  • Settlement should be avoid from the risk area
  • Possibilities of rockfall and landslides throughout all the road

networks should be identified and mitigation measures should be adopted.

Kabi Raj Paudyal, Centrral Department of Geology, Email: paudyalkabi1976@gmail.com 65

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Role of Central and Province Government

  • Study and identification of vulnerable zone, preparation of expert (1 hour

Helicopter survey by geologist as per the direction from government should be stopped after landslide)

  • Central and Province Government should include landslide in school level

curriculum

  • Development without geological study should be stopped. DOR should establish

vacancies of geologist

  • ICIMOD Study on 14 district marked 1,55,000 houses in vulnerable condition.

What are the preparation?

Kabi Raj Paudyal, Centrral Department of Geology, Email: paudyalkabi1976@gmail.com 66

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G-to-G/P-to-P Research with University

Kabi Raj Paudyal, Centrral Department of Geology, Email: paudyalkabi1976@gmail.com 67

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Role of Local Government

  • Settlement located in old landslides due to many advantage
  • Social data bank preparation from local community
  • Local practices such as sealing of crack, filling of holes, drainage management,

management of overland flow of rainwater at and around the communities should be strictly implemented, bioengineering practices of ethnobotanical plants like Amriso, Kush, Nigalo, Khayer, Siudi, Kimbu, Tilka, Dabdabe, Areri, Phaledo, etc.

  • Unscientific road construction practices. Sediment influx along with water

from gulleys

  • Settlement located below house and agricultural land should be avoided.

Kabi Raj Paudyal, Centrral Department of Geology, Email: paudyalkabi1976@gmail.com 68

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Kabi Raj Paudyal, Centrral Department of Geology, Email: paudyalkabi1976@gmail.com 69

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Kabi Raj Paudyal, Centrral Department of Geology, Email: paudyalkabi1976@gmail.com 70

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Kabi Raj Paudyal, Centrral Department of Geology, Email: paudyalkabi1976@gmail.com 71