Precision Neutrino Physics of the Future Alfons Weber University of - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Precision Neutrino Physics of the Future Alfons Weber University of - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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DUNE Precision Neutrino Physics of the Future Alfons Weber University of Oxford, UKRI/STFC Rutherford Appleton Lab Birmingham, 27-February-2019 Neutrino Mixing The PMNS Matrix Assume that neutrinos do have mass: - mass eigenstates weak

slide-1
SLIDE 1

DUNE Precision Neutrino Physics of the Future

Alfons Weber University of Oxford, UKRI/STFC Rutherford Appleton Lab Birmingham, 27-February-2019

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SLIDE 2

Neutrino Mixing The PMNS Matrix

  • Assume that neutrinos do have mass:
  • mass eigenstates  weak interaction eigenstates
  • Analogue to CKM-Matrix in quark sector!

27-Feb-2018 A.Weber | DUNE 2

1 2 3 e

U

 

              =            

2 2 ij

with cos( ), sin , mixing angle and mass difference

ij ij ij ij ij

c s (θ ) θ Δm  = = = =

2 3

1 2 3 13 13 12 12 1 2 3 23 23 12 12 1 2 3 23 23 13 13

1 1 1 1

i e e e i i i

U U U c s e c s U U U U c s s c e U U U s c s e c e

          −

                  = = −                   − −         

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SLIDE 3

The Who-is-Who

27-Feb-2018 A.Weber | DUNE

U = 1 c23 s23

  • s23

c23 æ è ç ç ç ç ö ø ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ c13 s13e-id 1

  • s13eid

c13 æ è ç ç ç ç ö ø ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ c12 s12

  • s12

c12 1 æ è ç ç ç ç ö ø ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ 1 e

id2

e

id3

æ è ç ç ç ç ö ø ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷

νμ disappearance ν–less double beta decay Solar neutrino oscillation νe appearance in νμ beam Or reactor neutrino experiments

3

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SLIDE 4

Mass Ordering

27-Feb-2018 A.Weber | DUNE 4

Normal Inverted

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SLIDE 5

Oscillations for Dummies

  • Measure prob.
  • Survival
  • Appearance
  • Result
  • Mixing angle
  • Mass differences

27-Feb-2018 A.Weber | DUNE 5

2 2 2 1.27

( ) sin (2 )sin m L P E

  

      → =    

1 2

cos sin sin cos

 

              =       −     

  • r

 

 

1 2

,  

km 735 1 ) 2 ( sin eV 10 3

2 2 3 2

= =  = 

−

L m 

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SLIDE 6

Matter Effects

  • Simplified treatment: two neutrinos only

In vacuum in matter

  • Matter modifies oscillation probability
  • Sign of mass difference matters (opposite for anti-v)
  • Larger effect at higher energies

27-Feb-2018 A.Weber | DUNE 6

         = → E L m P

e

4 sin ) 2 ( sin ) (

2 2 2

   

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 sin 2 cos 2 sin 2 cos 2 sin 2 sin with 4 sin ) 2 ( sin ) ( m E N G A A m m A E L m P

e F m m m m e

  = − −  =  − − =          = →          

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SLIDE 7

The Full Monty

  • Life isn’t that easy
  • 3 Flavour oscillations
  • Matter effects
  • The full formula

27-Feb-2018 A.Weber | DUNE 7

         = → E L m P

e

4 sin ) 2 ( sin ) (

2 2 2

   

slide-8
SLIDE 8

The T2K Experiment

  • Neutrino Beam from j-parc
  • Beam power 50 – 480 kW
  • Far Detector
  • SuperKamiokande
  • 40 kton water Cherenkov

27-Feb-2018 A.Weber | DUNE 8

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SLIDE 9

Producing Neutrinos

27-Feb-2018 A.Weber | DUNE 9

π→μν

118 m

  • ff-axis (2.5°)

(30 GeV from MR synchrotron)

0º

2 2

0.43 1 E E

π ν

γ θ = +

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SLIDE 10

Super-Kamiokande PID

27-Feb-2018 A.Weber | DUNE 10

e -

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SLIDE 11

Muon Neutrino Disappearance

27-Feb-2018 A.Weber | DUNE 11

2 2 2

( ) 1 sin (2 )sin 1.27 L P m E

  

     → = −     

Oscillation probability

neutrinos anti-neutrinos

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SLIDE 12

NOvA

27-Feb-2018 A.Weber | DUNE 12

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SLIDE 13

NOvA Detector Concept

27-Feb-2018 A.Weber | DUNE 13

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SLIDE 14

NOvA Events

27-Feb-2018 A.Weber | DUNE 14

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SLIDE 15

NOvA Disappearance

27-Feb-2018 A.Weber | DUNE 15

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SLIDE 16

A word of caution

27-Feb-2018 A.Weber | DUNE 16

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SLIDE 17

The Happy Family

27-Feb-2018 A.Weber | DUNE 17

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SLIDE 18

Electron Neutrino Appearance

27-Feb-2018 A.Weber | DUNE 18

T2K NOvA

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SLIDE 19

The Full Monty

sin(δ) changes sign for anti-neutrinos

  • δ is CP-violating phase
  • Matter  anti-matter difference

27-Feb-2018 A.Weber | DUNE 19

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SLIDE 20

T2K Results

27-Feb-2018 A.Weber | DUNE 20

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SLIDE 21

NOvA Results

27-Feb-2018 A.Weber | DUNE 21

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SLIDE 22
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SLIDE 23

General Setup

  • LBNF/DUNE will consist of
  • An intense 1.2 MW upgradeable 𝜉-beam fired from Fermilab
  • A massive 68 kt (40kt instrumented) deep underground LAr detector

in South Dakota and a large Near Detector at Fermilab

  • A large international collaboration

27-Feb-2018 A.Weber | DUNE 23

Magnet Coils Forward ECAL End RPCs Backward ECAL Barrel ECAL STT Module Barrel
  • RPCs
End RPCs

FD ND   & e 1300 km Chicago South Dakota

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SLIDE 24

Physics Program

  • Neutrino Oscillations
  • Search for leptonic CP violation
  • Determine neutrino mass ordering
  • Precision PMNS measurements
  • Supernova Physics
  • Observation of time and flavour profile provides insight

into collapse and evolution of supernova

  • Unique sensitivity to electron neutrinos
  • Baryon number violation
  • Predicted by many BSM theories
  • LAr TPC technology well-suited to certain proton

decay channels (e.g., p→K+𝜉)

  • 𝛦(B-L) ≠ 0 channels accessible (e.g., n→n̅)

27-Feb-2018 A.Weber | DUNE 24

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SLIDE 25

The DUNE Collaboration

27-Feb-2018 25 A.Weber | DUNE

Sep 2018

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SLIDE 26

27-Feb-2018 26 A.Weber | DUNE

The DUNE Collaboration

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SLIDE 27

Beam

27-Feb-2018 A.Weber | DUNE 27

  • Proton beam energy

60-120 GeV

  • Power

1.2 MW ➔ 2.4 MW

  • Neutrinos and anti-neutrinos
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SLIDE 28

How to Measure Oscillations

  • Oscillation probabilities
  • Number of events/energy spectrum
  • In reality
  • Folding of detector effects
  • Prevents (easy) cancellations of many systematic effects
  • Needs unfolding

May-2018 A.Weber | DUNE ND Status 28

𝑒𝑂𝜉

𝑒𝑓𝑢

𝑒𝐹𝜉 = 𝜚𝜉𝜈

𝑒𝑓𝑢 𝐹𝜉 ∗ 𝜏𝜉𝜈 𝐵𝑠 𝐹𝜉

𝑒𝑂𝜉

𝑒𝑓𝑢

𝑒𝐹𝑠𝑓𝑑 = න 𝜚𝜉

𝑒𝑓𝑢 𝐹𝜉 ∗ 𝜏𝜉 𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑕𝑓𝑢 𝐹𝜉 ∗ 𝑈 𝜉𝜈 𝑒𝑓𝑢 𝐹𝑤, 𝐹𝑠𝑓𝑑

𝑒𝐹𝜉 𝑄

𝜉𝜈→𝜉𝑓 𝐹𝜉 =

𝜚𝜉𝑓

𝑔𝑏𝑠 𝐹𝜉

𝜚𝜉𝜈

𝑔𝑏𝑠,𝑜𝑝−𝑝𝑡𝑑 𝐹𝜉

= 𝜚𝜉𝑓

𝑔𝑏𝑠 𝐹𝜉

𝜚𝜉𝜈

𝑜𝑓𝑏𝑠 𝐹𝜉 ∗ 𝐺 𝑔𝑏𝑠/𝑜𝑓𝑏𝑠 (𝐹𝜉)

Well known (1-2%)

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SLIDE 29

Are there cancellations?

  • Oscillation signal
  • Near muon/electron ratio
  • Need to know
  • Flux & cross section ratios
  • Far/near extrapolation

May-2018 A.Weber | DUNE ND Status 29

൚ 𝑒𝑂𝜉𝑓

𝑜𝑓𝑏𝑠

𝑒𝐹𝑤 𝑒𝑂𝜉𝜈

𝑜𝑓𝑏𝑠

𝑒𝐹𝑤 = 𝜏𝜉𝑓

𝐵𝑠 𝐹𝜉

𝜏𝜉𝜈

𝐵𝑠 𝐹𝜉

∗ 𝜚𝜉𝑓

𝑜𝑓𝑏𝑠 𝐹𝜉

𝜚𝜉𝜈

𝑜𝑓𝑏𝑠 𝐹𝜉

൚ 𝑒𝑂𝜉𝑓

𝑔𝑏𝑠

𝑒𝐹𝑤 𝑒𝑂𝜉𝜈

𝑜𝑓𝑏𝑠

𝑒𝐹𝑤 = 𝑄

𝜉𝜈→𝜉𝑓 𝐹𝜉 ∗

𝜏𝜉𝑓

𝐵𝑠 𝐹𝜉

𝜏𝜉𝜈

𝐵𝑠 𝐹𝜉

∗ 𝐺

𝑔𝑏𝑠/𝑜𝑓𝑏𝑠 (𝐹𝜉)

1-2% uncertainty Small theo. uncertainty

  • r measurement

Not so small uncertainty

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SLIDE 30

But in Reality

  • No cancellations
  • Unless you unfold
  • Need to understand especially
  • Detector effects in near and far detector
  • Relation of visible to neutrino energy
  • Cross section ratios
  • Near to far flux extrapolation
  • Flux normalisation cancels
  • Shape is more important

May-2018 A.Weber | DUNE ND Status 30

𝑒𝑂𝜉𝑓

𝑔𝑏𝑠

𝑒𝐹𝑠𝑓𝑑 𝑒𝑂𝜉𝜈

𝑜𝑓𝑏𝑠

𝑒𝐹𝑠𝑓𝑑 = ׬ 𝑄

𝜉𝜈→𝜉𝑓 𝐹𝜉 ∗ 𝜚𝜉𝜈 𝑜𝑓𝑏𝑠 𝐹𝜉 ∗ 𝐺 𝑔𝑏𝑠/𝑜𝑓𝑏𝑠 (𝐹𝜉) ∗ 𝜏𝜉𝑓 𝐵𝑠 𝐹𝜉 ∗ 𝑈 𝜉𝑓 𝑔𝑏𝑠 𝐹𝑤, 𝐹𝑠𝑓𝑑

𝑒𝐹𝜉 ׬ 𝜚𝜉𝜈

𝑜𝑓𝑏𝑠 𝐹𝜉 ∗ 𝜏𝜉𝜈 𝐵𝑠 𝐹𝜉 ∗ 𝑈 𝜉𝜈 𝑜𝑓𝑏𝑠 𝐹𝑤, 𝐹𝑠𝑓𝑑

𝑒𝐹𝜉

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SLIDE 31

Near Detector Complex

27-Feb-2018 A.Weber | DUNE 31

  • Multiple Near Detectors
  • characterise beam & neutrino interactions & detector response
  • LAr TPC (similar to FD)
  • High pressure gaseous argon TPC tracker
  • Calorimeter and muon systems
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SLIDE 32

ArgonCube 2X2 prototype (proto-DUNE-ND)

1/28/2019 Alan Bross | NDDG Status 32

Engineering concept In the laboratory in Bern First cool down starts next week Will be brought to Fermilab after testing at Bern. To be placed in the NuMI beam MINOS ND Hall

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SLIDE 33

Multi-purpose detector

1/28/2019 Alan Bross | NDDG Status 33

  • 10 ATM Ar-CH4 TPC inside

cylindrical pressure vessel

  • ECAL
  • Scintillator-Pb or Scintillator Cu
  • ½ inside pressure vessel, ½
  • utside
  • SC Helmhotz coil magnet system
  • 3 coils for central field
  • 2 bucking coils
  • Note: continuing optimization

study for NC magnet (BARC, Mumbai)

  •  tagging system

HPgTPC pressure vessel surrounded by the 5 coils comprising the Helmholtz coil system. Not shown: ECAL and  tagger. Raaf, Junk, Mohayai, Bellantoni

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SLIDE 34

ECAL Concept

27-Feb-2018 A.Weber | DUNE 34

slide-35
SLIDE 35

Far Detector

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SLIDE 36

DUNE Far Detector site

  • Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF), South Dakota
  • Four caverns on 4850 level (~ 1 mile underground)

Underground Laboratory SURF

27-Feb-2018 A.Weber | DUNE 36

Davis Campus:

  • LUX
  • Majorana
  • …
  • LZ

Ross Campus:

  • CASPAR
  • …
  • DUNE

Green = new excavation commenced in 2017

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SLIDE 37

It’s real!

27-Feb-2018 A.Weber | DUNE 37

21st July 2017: Ground breaking at SURF

slide-38
SLIDE 38

DUNE Far Detector

27-Feb-2018 A.Weber | DUNE 38

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SLIDE 39

Far Detector

39

1500 m 400 m

27-Feb-2018 A.Weber | DUNE

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SLIDE 40

A Walk Through the Tunnels

40 27-Feb-2018 A.Weber | DUNE

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SLIDE 41

Four 10 Kton fiducial mass (17 Kton total) Liquid Argon TPCs

27-Feb-2018 A.Weber | DUNE 41

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SLIDE 42

Single Phase Technology

27-Feb-2018 A.Weber | DUNE 42

slide-43
SLIDE 43

Dual Phase Technology

27-Feb-2018 A.Weber | DUNE 43

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SLIDE 44

Why Liquid Argon ?

  • Dense:

40% denser than water

  • Cheap:

abundant (1% of atmos.)

  • Ionizes easily:

55,000 electrons/cm

  • Excellent scintillation:

20,000 photons/MeV

44

(@ 500 V/cm)

27-Feb-2018 A.Weber | DUNE

slide-45
SLIDE 45

12 m

ANODE CATHODE ANODE CATH. AN.

Far detectors: 1st module

45

180,000 volts between cathode and anode

Single-Phase

27-Feb-2018 A.Weber | DUNE

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SLIDE 46

ANODE CATHODE ANODE CATHODE ANODE

Photon Detectors integrated in APA

46

slide-47
SLIDE 47

Far detectors: 2nd module

47

  • S. Murphy

, https://indico.cern.ch/event/649662/

Charge Readout Plane (Anode)

600,000 volts between cathode and anode Photon detectors below cathode

signal amplification in the gas phase Dual-Phase

27-Feb-2018 A.Weber | DUNE

slide-48
SLIDE 48

Un-oscillated spectrum

Probability CP=+90°, 0, -90° dashed=inverted MH

▪

Produce a pure wide band νμ muon-neutrino beam with energy spectrum matched to the 1st and 2nd oscillation maximum

▪

Measure spectrum of νμ and νe at a distant detector

Probability ->e CC events/GeV/ 100kt/MW-yr

 e

7,000 evts 750 evts (330 IH) 700 kW beam

μ

Experimental Technique

27-Feb-2018 A.Weber | DUNE 48

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SLIDE 49

Measurement Strategy

27-Feb-2018 A.Weber | DUNE 49

slide-50
SLIDE 50

CP Sensitivity

27-Feb-2018 A.Weber | DUNE 50

slide-51
SLIDE 51

Mass Ordering

27-Feb-2018 A.Weber | DUNE 51

slide-52
SLIDE 52

Other Physics

  • Dark matter
  • Large extra dimensions
  • Dark photons
  • NS interactions

27-Feb-2018 A.Weber | DUNE 52

supernova atmospherics atmospherics

slide-53
SLIDE 53

Two Technologies

53

Single-Phase Dual-Phase

3.6 m horizontal drift

6 m vertical drift

Field Cage Field Cage Field Cage Charge Readout Planes Cathode Photon Detectors

6 m

27-Feb-2018 A.Weber | DUNE

slide-54
SLIDE 54

March 2016

54

CERN EHN1 extension

27-Feb-2018 A.Weber | DUNE

slide-55
SLIDE 55

October 2016

55 27-Feb-2018 A.Weber | DUNE

slide-56
SLIDE 56

July 2018

56

11 m

27-Feb-2018 A.Weber | DUNE

slide-57
SLIDE 57

Empty Cryostat

57 27-Feb-2018 A.Weber | DUNE

The worlds largest LAr TPC 7 x 7 x 6 m3 ~ 770,000 kg

slide-58
SLIDE 58

ProtoDUNE-DP

58

Field cage fully assembled and tested April 2018

27-Feb-2018 A.Weber | DUNE

slide-59
SLIDE 59

Yellow light becomes green

59

LAr surface Ground planes August 13th

27-Feb-2018 A.Weber | DUNE

slide-60
SLIDE 60

Yellow light becomes green

60

Ground planes Field cage profiles August 14th

27-Feb-2018 A.Weber | DUNE

slide-61
SLIDE 61

Liquid Argon temperature

61

Temperature varies < 0.01 K across the cryostat

27-Feb-2018 A.Weber | DUNE

slide-62
SLIDE 62

The First Event

27-Feb-2018 A.Weber | DUNE 62

slide-63
SLIDE 63

Real Events

27-Feb-2018 A.Weber | DUNE 63

slide-64
SLIDE 64

Automatic Reconstruction

27-Feb-2018 A.Weber | DUNE 64

slide-65
SLIDE 65

Liquid Argon Purity

65

Electrons need 3 ms to cross the drift volume > 5 ms lifetime is achieved

The purity is measured as the electron lifetime

27-Feb-2018 A.Weber | DUNE

slide-66
SLIDE 66

APAs and Cold Electronics

66

6m

Exceptionally low noise operation and scalable cryostat design ~ 15000 wires, only 4 channels dead (0.03%)

ENC < 750 e- S/N ~ 20

meets DUNE requirements (S/N>10) Electronics on top of APAs submerged in LAr at 87 K

27-Feb-2018 A.Weber | DUNE

slide-67
SLIDE 67

dE/dx

67

Very preliminary !!!

dE/dx for 1 GeV/c beam protons

Preliminary Preliminary

27-Feb-2018 A.Weber | DUNE

slide-68
SLIDE 68

ProtoDUNE status

  • ProtoDUNE-SP detector was completed at the end of June,

filling of the cryostat completed on September 13th, TPC activated and on data taking since September 21st

  • ProtoDUNE-SP took beam data until November 11th, followed

by an endurance run with cosmics to assess the stability and performances of the detector

  • ProtoDUNE-DP installation ongoing, with cryostat closure

foreseen for March 2019 and physics run for July 2019

  • Once filled, ProtoDUNE-DP will go for an extended cosmic run

to assess the stability and performances of the detector

68

ProtoDUNEs have submitted a proposal to the SPSC for taking data with beam after Long Shutdown 2

27-Feb-2018 A.Weber | DUNE

slide-69
SLIDE 69

Summary and Conclusion

  • DUNE has an ambitious physics program
  • Precision oscillation parameter measurements
  • CPV, mass ordering
  • Nucleon decay, SN
  • Truly international project with strong support
  • US & internationally
  • UK and RAL are leading
  • Technology is well understood
  • Prototyping and verifications are well underway
  • DUNE is the neutrino physics of the future

27-Feb-2018 A.Weber | DUNE 69

slide-70
SLIDE 70

Backup

slide-71
SLIDE 71

Oscillation Highlights (I)

27-Feb-2018 A.Weber | DUNE 71

slide-72
SLIDE 72

Oscillation Highlights (II)

27-Feb-2018 A.Weber | DUNE 72

slide-73
SLIDE 73

Oscillation Highlights (III)

27-Feb-2018 A.Weber | DUNE 73

slide-74
SLIDE 74

Schedule/Timeline

27-Feb-2018 74 A.Weber | DUNE

Costs and technical schedule are understood

▪ Multiple independent reviews ▪ FD excavation started

Schedule based on a realistic funding profile

▪ DOE planning line (including large contingency) ▪ Planned CERN contributions ▪ Anticipated international contributions

International Key Milestones:

▪ 2017: start of construction at SURF ▪ 2018: operation of two large-scale prototypes at CERN

▪ 2019: International approval of DUNE funding matrix

▪ 2021: start of installation of first 17-kt far detector module ▪ 2024: start of operation of 17-kt far detector module ▪ 2026: start of beam operation (1.2 MW) with two 17-kt FD modules