10/15/2015 ASSET BUILDING POLICY AND FINANCIAL LEVERS Produced by: Dietrich C, Muir J, Kohler P University of Washington START Program | Asset Building: Financial and Policy Levers
Agenda Meeting Agenda Project Objectives and Deliverables Timeline Overview Sub-related Issues of Interest Methods Results Future Areas for Investigation Lessons Learned University of Washington START Program 10/15/2015 | 2 Asset Building: Financial and Policy Levers
Project Objectives and Deliverables Asset Building Work Order to the UW START Team OBJECTIVES To scope policy and finance levers that support women’s access to and ownership of productive assets, including financial assets, immovable property, and ICT. • Not interventions DELIVERABLES Phase I: Proposed taxonomy of known policy and finance levers Phase II: Literature review of existing case studies or synthesis on policy levers and finance tools Phase III: Short paper summarizing the evidence (Held) University of Washington START Program 10/15/2015 | 3 Asset Building: Financial and Policy Levers
Timeline Timeline Confirm Work Plan = Check-In Point Phase 1: Polish Typology Fill in and organize list provided with: • Expert input • Literature scan • Phase 2: Literature Review Case study literature review • Phase 3: Policy brief • Short paper for India, Ethiopia, Nigeria, and Tanzania University of Washington START Program 10/15/2015 | 4 Asset Building: Financial and Policy Levers
Phase I: Typology High Level Typology Financing and Financing and policies to policies to support mitigate shocks incomes Financing to Policies on the provide and broader support assets environment Social norms on Market/marketin women's property g solutions ownership and use Policies and Asset Financing and processes to policies to support protect property asset-building Building rights and loans property transfer University of Washington START Program 10/15/2015 | 5 Asset Building: Financial and Policy Levers
Asset Type and Policy Existence Two-by-two Prop F/P to support Financial/Physical rights/transfer incomes Social norms P on broader Govt Mobile environment Pay F to Valuation of Assets Market/Marketing Inheritance provide/suppo Reducing Liabilities SMEs rt assets F/P mitigate F/P to support loans Divorce Law Community Goods shocks Safety Marital Property Regimes Better Paid Nets Progressive Employment Tax De facto Subsidies & Tax Credits Inheritance Access Leasing/Renting Increase Ag Tailoring Productivity Assets Registration Unpaid Labor House Titling Address Constraints Transfer of Assets Insurance Migration & Pensions/Retirement Remittances Access to Employment HH Decision-making Identification Eliminating Dowry Supporting Women’s HoH Child Marriage Groups Theory Practice 10/15/2015 6 Human/Social
Asset Type and Policy Existence Two-by-two Prop F to Financial/Physical rights/transfer provide/suppo rt assets Social norms P on broader Govt Mobile environment Pay Inheritance Divorce Law Community Goods Marital Property Regimes Progressive Tax De facto Subsidies & Tax Credits Inheritance Access Registration * House Titling HH Decision-making Identification HoH* Child Marriage* Theory Practice 10/15/2015 7 Human/Social
Asset Type and Policy Existence Two-by-two Prop F to Financial/Physical rights/transfer provide/suppo rt assets Social norms P on broader Govt Mobile environment Pay Inheritance Divorce Law Community Goods Marital Property Regimes Progressive Tax De facto Subsidies & Tax Credits Inheritance Access Registration * House Titling HH Decision-making Identification HoH* Child Marriage* Theory Practice 10/15/2015 8 Human/Social
Asset Type and Policy Existence Two-by-two Prop F to Financial/Physical rights/transfer provide/suppo rt assets Social norms P on broader Govt Mobile environment Pay Inheritance Divorce Law Community Goods Marital Property Regimes Progressive Tax De facto Subsidies & Tax Credits Inheritance Access Registration * House Titling HH Decision-making Identification HoH* Child Marriage* Theory Practice 10/15/2015 9 Human/Social
Methodology Literature Review Timeframe: 2000-2015* Sources PAIS International World Bank eLibrary Web of Science Sociological Abstracts EconLit University of Washington START Program 10/15/2015 | 10 Asset Building: Financial and Policy Levers
Methodology Search Structure Terms Specific Sub-related topic of interest Priority Assets of AND (asset OR property OR savings) interest AND (women OR gender) Population AND (India) Country University of Washington START Program 10/15/2015 | 11 Asset Building: Financial and Policy Levers
Methodology Literature Review Title Review Head of Household 348 All “Hits” Marital Property Regimes 344 (n=1136) Subsidies and Tax Credits 444 Exclusions (n=956) Abstract Review: Head of Household 58 (n=180) Marital Property Regimes 48 Subsidies and Tax Credits 74 Full Text Scan (n=56) Head of Household* 3 Final Table Marital Property Regimes* 1 Inheritance Regimes (female) 7 Inclusions: Subsidies and Tax Credits 3 (n=14) University of Washington START Program 10/15/2015 | 12 Asset Building: Financial and Policy Levers
Methodology Inclusion Criteria India Identifying sub-related issue of interest Alluding to policy Examination of asset differences & preferably change in asset level for physical & financial assets Report gender-sensitive outcomes Primary data qualitative and quantitative highly preferred University of Washington START Program 10/15/2015 | 13 Asset Building: Financial and Policy Levers
Results: Deliverable Phase II: Deliverable Handout 14 studies: variety of study types, data, and analyses Main highlights and discussion are on handout MS Excel spreadsheet contains additional information University of Washington START Program 10/15/2015 | 14 Asset Building: Financial and Policy Levers
Results Marital Property Regimes Background (Women Business and the Law Report, 2014): Full Community of Property Partial Community of Property Deferred Full or Partial Community of Property Separation of Community of Property Defacto regime in India Policies to change India’s marital property regime were not identified Compensatory efforts potentially reflected by joint titling and evaluations of asset control Example: “My Home, My Land” or Nijo Griha, Nijo Bhumi (NGNB) program Joint titling associated with increased loan taking and investment in productive assets from women University of Washington START Program 10/15/2015 | 15 Asset Building: Financial and Policy Levers
Results Inheritance Regimes “Marital regimes interact with inheritance regimes to determine asset ownership when a spouse dies.“ – Deere et al. (2013) Key Legislation: Hindu Succession Act of 1956 Hindu Succession Act Amendment (HSAA) of 2005 Reviewed seven studies on HSAA Five comparison studies Two post studies Overall, studies demonstrate continued gender inequalities following the HSAA Comparison studies indicate increases in female property ownership after HSAA University of Washington START Program 10/15/2015 | 16 Asset Building: Financial and Policy Levers
Results Inheritance Regimes (continued) Comparison Studies of HSAA: Four of the five comparison studies find that property ownership increased for women Example: Deininger et al. (2013) finds that second generation Hindu females who married after HSAA received 17% more assets in value compared to those who married prior to HSAA Roy et al. (2015), one of the five comparison studies, finds evidence of asset compensation, but no meaningful increase in inherited land for females University of Washington START Program 10/15/2015 | 17 Asset Building: Financial and Policy Levers
Results Head of Household Policies to change defacto head of household (male) were not identified Only one article addressed a “head of household” policy that helps women increase their ability to build assets through shared ownership of residence Joint residence titling 65% of women reporting that they felt empowered to prevent their husbands from selling their residence 30% of women reporting higher activity in decision-making processes 18% of women reporting that they had actually succeeded in preventing their husbands from selling their residence University of Washington START Program 10/15/2015 | 18 Asset Building: Financial and Policy Levers
Results Head of Household (continued) Additional related studies: Deininger et al. (2008) - land rental restriction policies resulted in land being transferred from female-headed households to households headed by lower educated men. Subramanian (2008) - housing reform policies in which land was allotted to heads of household resulted in women gaining greater access and control of property as they increase in age and achieve higher social status, but their gains are consistently outpaced by men’s University of Washington START Program 10/15/2015 | 19 Asset Building: Financial and Policy Levers
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