POLI 142P: Crisis Areas in World Politics Class 1: Introduction and - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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POLI 142P: Crisis Areas in World Politics Class 1: Introduction and - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Aug 14, 2023 19 likes •283 views

POLI 142P: Crisis Areas in World Politics Class 1: Introduction and Concepts What is a crisis? a condition of instability or danger, as in social, economic, political, or international affairs, leading to a decisive change. What is

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POLI 142P: Crisis Areas in World Politics

Class 1: Introduction and Concepts

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What is a crisis?

“a condition of instability or danger, as in social, economic, political, or international affairs, leading to a decisive change.”

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What is a crisis?

Crisis Political Crisis International Crisis

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We are concerned with international political crises

Crisis Political Crisis International Crisis

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What is an international political crisis?

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What is an international political crisis?

  • change in type or increase in intensity in

disruptive interactions between two or more states that…

  • destabilizes their relationship and challenges

the status quo of the international system.

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Evolves from foreign policy crisis in

  • ne country
  • A country feels:

○ threat to one or more basic values. ○ finite time for response ○ heightened probability of involvement in military hostilities.

  • Sufficient to escalate international dispute to

potential for status quo change

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International political crises are not...

  • International conflicts.

○ Crises can occur without interstate hostilities.

  • Non-conflict scenarios, such as refugee

crises and natural disasters can become international political crises.

○ Term: externality crisis - caused by factors external to the actions of nation states.

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History of International Crises

  • 17th Century - Sovereignty matters.
  • 18th Century - Succession Crises
  • 19th Century - Revolts against monarchy
  • 20th Century - World Wars, Cold War
  • 21st Century - ???
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17th Century - Westphalian System

  • Sovereignty -- states are

principal international political actors.

  • Thirty Years’ War -

supremacy of nation- states established, end

  • f religious wars.
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18th Century - Attempts at hegemony

  • 1700 - War of Spanish

Succession

  • 1740 - War of Austrian

Succession

  • 1756 - Seven Years’

War

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19th Century - Challenges to Monarchy

  • Revolutionary and

Napoleonic France upends status quo.

  • 1848 - Middle class

revolutions against absolute monarchy

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20th Century - World Wars; Cold War

  • Monarchies destroyed in

World War I.

  • Idea of state spread

globally as colonialism ends.

  • Cold War - Communism

challenges capitalist order

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21st Century - ???

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21st Century - ???

  • Nothing as bad...but:
  • Externality crises: climate change,

refugees, financial, revolutionary.

  • Regional crises: India - Pakistan, Saudi

Arabia - Iran.

  • Invasion/Aggression - US and Iraq,

Russia and Ukraine, China.

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Are international political crises a problem? Should we both trying to avoid them?

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Are international political crises a problem? Should we both trying to avoid them?

Take 2: Crises are inevitable, necessary to change international

  • system. Prevention

attempts have grave consequences. Take 1: Crises can escalate to conflict, millions may die, nuclear war may begin, bad for humanity.

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How do states deal with crises?

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How do states deal with crises?

  • Initially, through military force.
  • Ideological challenges led to the formation of

institutions that acted together maintain status quo.

  • After world wars, evolved into CSOs.
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Congress of Vienna (1815)

  • Response to Napoleonic

Wars.

  • European Monarchies

joined to collectively maintain monarchy across Europe.

  • Suppressed 1848

Revolution

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Congress gives way to alliances and World War I

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League of Nations (1920)

  • Formed after World

War I.

  • Intended to:

○ Prevent wars of aggression. ○ Facilitate disarmament. ○ Create negotiated settlements to disputes.

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League failed to prevent World War II

  • Many countries either never

joined or left League in 1930s.

  • No political will to stop

aggression.

  • Negotiated settlements

emboldened aggressive states

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United Nations (1945)

  • Attempted to fix mistakes
  • f League of Nations.
  • Intent to facilitate

negotiation, act collectively against aggressors.

  • Security Council makes

military decisions.

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Does the UN Work?

  • Mostly: “no.”
  • The UN has largely not

resolved crises.

  • Powerful countries do not

abide by UN decisions.

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Questions for the rest of the course

  • Can formal international institutions resolve

crises? If so, how and which crises?

  • If collective security is not an effective tool,

why hasn’t there been another World War?

  • How can crises be resolved as they arise? Is

it possible to avoid crisis altogether?