Plato's Meno and the Socratic Method slideshow arranged by Daniel - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Plato's Meno and the Socratic Method slideshow arranged by Daniel - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Plato's Meno and the Socratic Method slideshow arranged by Daniel Lyle May 2004 1 SOCRATES: Now boy, you know that a square is a figure like this? BOY: Yes. SOCRATES: It has all these four sides equal? 2 SOCRATES: Now boy, you know that a

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SLIDE 1

Plato's Meno and the Socratic Method

slideshow arranged by Daniel Lyle May 2004

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SLIDE 2

SOCRATES: Now boy, you know that a square is a figure like this? BOY: Yes. SOCRATES: It has all these four sides equal?

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SLIDE 3

SOCRATES: Now boy, you know that a square is a figure like this? BOY: Yes. SOCRATES: It has all these four sides equal?

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SLIDE 4

SOCRATES: Now boy, you know that a square is a figure like this? BOY: Yes. SOCRATES: It has all these four sides equal?

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SLIDE 5

SOCRATES: Now boy, you know that a square is a figure like this? BOY: Yes. SOCRATES: It has all these four sides equal?

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SLIDE 6

SOCRATES: Now boy, you know that a square is a figure like this? BOY: Yes. SOCRATES: It has all these four sides equal?

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SLIDE 7

SOCRATES: And these lines which go through the middle of it are also equal? BOY: Yes. SOCRATES: Such a figure could be either larger or smaller, could it not? BOY: Yes.

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SLIDE 8

2

SOCRATES: Now if this side is two feet long,

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2 2

SOCRATES: and this side the same,

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2 2

SOCRATES: how many feet will the whole be?

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SLIDE 11

2 1

SOCRATES: Put it this way. If it were two feet in this direction and

  • nly one in that, must not the area be two feet taken once?

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SLIDE 12

2 1

SOCRATES: Put it this way. If it were two feet in this direction and

  • nly one in that, must not the area be two feet taken once?

BOY: Yes.

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1 2 1 2

SOCRATES: And how many feet is twice two? Work it out and tell me.

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1 2 3 4

SOCRATES: And how many feet is twice two? Work it out and tell me. BOY: Four.

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SLIDE 15

4 square feet

SOCRATES: And how many feet is twice two? Work it out and tell me. BOY: Four.

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SLIDE 16

4 square feet

SOCRATES: Now could one draw another figure double the size of this, but similar, that is with all its sides equal like this one?

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SLIDE 17

4 square feet

SOCRATES: Now could one draw another figure double the size of this, but similar, that is with all its sides equal like this one? BOY: Yes.

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SLIDE 18

4 square feet

SOCRATES: Now could one draw another figure double the size of this, but similar, that is with all its sides equal like this one? BOY: Yes. SOCRATES: How many feet will its area be?

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SLIDE 19

4 square feet

SOCRATES: Now could one draw another figure double the size of this, but similar, that is with all its sides equal like this one? BOY: Yes. SOCRATES: How many feet will its area be? BOY: Eight.

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SLIDE 20

4 square feet ?

SOCRATES: Now could one draw another figure double the size of this, but similar, that is with all its sides equal like this one? BOY: Yes. SOCRATES: How many feet will its area be? BOY: Eight. SOCRATES: Now then, try to tell me how long each of its sides will

  • be. The present figure has a side of two feet. What will be the side
  • f the double-sized one?

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SLIDE 21

BOY: It will be double, Socrates, obviously.

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SLIDE 22

BOY: It will be double, Socrates, obviously. SOCRATES: You see, Meno, that I am not teaching him anything,

  • nly asking. Now he thinks he knows the length of the side of the

eight-feet square.

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SLIDE 23

BOY: It will be double, Socrates, obviously. SOCRATES: You see, Meno, that I am not teaching him anything,

  • nly asking. Now he thinks he knows the length of the side of the

eight-feet square. MENO: Yes.

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SLIDE 24

BOY: It will be double, Socrates, obviously. SOCRATES: You see, Meno, that I am not teaching him anything,

  • nly asking. Now he thinks he knows the length of the side of the

eight-feet square. MENO: Yes. SOCRATES: But does he?

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SLIDE 25

BOY: It will be double, Socrates, obviously. SOCRATES: You see, Meno, that I am not teaching him anything,

  • nly asking. Now he thinks he knows the length of the side of the

eight-feet square. MENO: Yes. SOCRATES: But does he? MENO: Certainly not.

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SLIDE 26

BOY: It will be double, Socrates, obviously. SOCRATES: You see, Meno, that I am not teaching him anything,

  • nly asking. Now he thinks he knows the length of the side of the

eight-feet square. MENO: Yes. SOCRATES: But does he? MENO: Certainly not. SOCRATES: He thinks it is twice the length of the other.

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SLIDE 27

BOY: It will be double, Socrates, obviously. SOCRATES: You see, Meno, that I am not teaching him anything,

  • nly asking. Now he thinks he knows the length of the side of the

eight-feet square. MENO: Yes. SOCRATES: But does he? MENO: Certainly not. SOCRATES: He thinks it is twice the length of the other. MENO: Yes.

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SLIDE 28

BOY: It will be double, Socrates, obviously. SOCRATES: You see, Meno, that I am not teaching him anything,

  • nly asking. Now he thinks he knows the length of the side of the

eight-feet square. MENO: Yes. SOCRATES: But does he? MENO: Certainly not. SOCRATES: He thinks it is twice the length of the other. MENO: Yes. SOCRATES: Now watch how he recollects things in order -- the proper way to recollect.

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SLIDE 29

4 square feet

SOCRATES: You say that the side of double length produces the double-sized figure? Like this I mean, not long this way and short

  • that. It must be equal on all sides like the first figure, only twice its

size, that is eight feet. Think a moment whether you still expect to get it from doubling the side.

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SLIDE 30

4 square feet

SOCRATES: You say that the side of double length produces the double-sized figure? Like this I mean, not long this way and short

  • that. It must be equal on all sides like the first figure, only twice its

size, that is eight feet. Think a moment whether you still expect to get it from doubling the side. BOY: Yes, I do.

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SLIDE 31

4 square feet 2

SOCRATES: You say that the side of double length produces the double-sized figure? Like this I mean, not long this way and short

  • that. It must be equal on all sides like the first figure, only twice its

size, that is eight feet. Think a moment whether you still expect to get it from doubling the side. BOY: Yes, I do. SOCRATES: Well now, shall we have a line double the length of this

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SLIDE 32

4 square feet 2 4

SOCRATES: You say that the side of double length produces the double-sized figure? Like this I mean, not long this way and short

  • that. It must be equal on all sides like the first figure, only twice its

size, that is eight feet. Think a moment whether you still expect to get it from doubling the side. BOY: Yes, I do. SOCRATES: Well now, shall we have a line double the length of this if we add another the same length at this end?

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SLIDE 33

4 square feet 2 4

BOY: Yes.

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SLIDE 34

4 square feet 2 4

BOY: Yes. SOCRATES: It is on this line then, according to you, that we shall make the eight-feet square, by taking four of the same length?

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SLIDE 35

4 square feet 2 4

BOY: Yes. SOCRATES: It is on this line then, according to you, that we shall make the eight-feet square, by taking four of the same length? BOY: Yes.

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SLIDE 36

4 square feet 2 4

BOY: Yes. SOCRATES: It is on this line then, according to you, that we shall make the eight-feet square, by taking four of the same length? BOY: Yes. SOCRATES: Let us draw in four equal lines using the first as a base. Does this not give us what you call the eight-feet figure?

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SLIDE 37

4 square feet 2 4

BOY: Yes. SOCRATES: It is on this line then, according to you, that we shall make the eight-feet square, by taking four of the same length? BOY: Yes. SOCRATES: Let us draw in four equal lines using the first as a base. Does this not give us what you call the eight-feet figure? BOY: Certainly.

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4 square feet 4 square feet 4 square feet 4 square feet 2 4

SOCRATES: But does it contain these four squares, each equal to the original four-feet one?

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4 square feet 4 square feet 4 square feet 4 square feet 2 4

SOCRATES: But does it contain these four squares, each equal to the original four-feet one? BOY: Yes.

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SLIDE 40

4 square feet 4 square feet 4 square feet 4 square feet 2 4

SOCRATES: But does it contain these four squares, each equal to the original four-feet one? BOY: Yes. SOCRATES: How big is it then? Won't it be four times as big?

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SLIDE 41

4 square feet 4 square feet 4 square feet 4 square feet 2 4

SOCRATES: But does it contain these four squares, each equal to the original four-feet one? BOY: Yes. SOCRATES: How big is it then? Won't it be four times as big? BOY: Of course.

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SLIDE 42

4 square feet 4 square feet 4 square feet 4 square feet 2 4

SOCRATES: But does it contain these four squares, each equal to the original four-feet one? BOY: Yes. SOCRATES: How big is it then? Won't it be four times as big? BOY: Of course. SOCRATES: And is four times the same as twice?

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4 square feet 4 square feet 4 square feet 4 square feet 2 4

SOCRATES: But does it contain these four squares, each equal to the original four-feet one? BOY: Yes. SOCRATES: How big is it then? Won't it be four times as big? BOY: Of course. SOCRATES: And is four times the same as twice? BOY: Of course not.

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4 square feet 4 square feet 4 square feet 4 square feet 2 4

SOCRATES: So doubling the side has given us not a double but a fourfold figure?

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4 square feet 4 square feet 4 square feet 4 square feet 2 4

SOCRATES: So doubling the side has given us not a double but a fourfold figure? BOY: True.

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SLIDE 46

4 16 square feet

SOCRATES: So doubling the side has given us not a double but a fourfold figure? BOY: True. SOCRATES: And four times four are sixteen, are they not?

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SLIDE 47

4 16 square feet

SOCRATES: So doubling the side has given us not a double but a fourfold figure? BOY: True. SOCRATES: And four times four are sixteen, are they not? BOY: Yes.

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SLIDE 48

4 16 square feet

SOCRATES: So doubling the side has given us not a double but a fourfold figure? BOY: True. SOCRATES: And four times four are sixteen, are they not? BOY: Yes. SOCRATES: Then how big is the side of the eight-feet figure? This

  • ne has given us four times the original area, hasn't it?

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SLIDE 49

16 square feet

BOY: Yes.

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SLIDE 50

4 square feet 2

BOY: Yes. SOCRATES: And a side half the length gave us a square of four feet?

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SLIDE 51

BOY: Yes. SOCRATES: And a side half the length gave us a square of four feet? SOCRATES: Good. And isn't a square of eight feet double this one

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SLIDE 52

BOY: Yes. SOCRATES: And a side half the length gave us a square of four feet? SOCRATES: Good. And isn't a square of eight feet double this one and half that?

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BOY: Yes. SOCRATES: And a side half the length gave us a square of four feet? SOCRATES: Good. And isn't a square of eight feet double this one and half that? BOY: Yes.

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2 4

SOCRATES: Will it not have a side greater than this one

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2 4

SOCRATES: Will it not have a side greater than this one and less than that?

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SLIDE 56

2 4

SOCRATES: Will it not have a side greater than this one and less than that? BOY: I think it will.

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2 4

SOCRATES: Will it not have a side greater than this one and less than that? BOY: I think it will. SOCRATES: Right. Always answer what you think.

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2 4

SOCRATES: Will it not have a side greater than this one and less than that? BOY: I think it will. SOCRATES: Right. Always answer what you think. SOCRATES: Now tell me: was not this side two feet long,

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SLIDE 59

2 4

SOCRATES: Will it not have a side greater than this one and less than that? BOY: I think it will. SOCRATES: Right. Always answer what you think. SOCRATES: Now tell me: was not this side two feet long, and this one four?

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SLIDE 60

2 4

SOCRATES: Will it not have a side greater than this one and less than that? BOY: I think it will. SOCRATES: Right. Always answer what you think. SOCRATES: Now tell me: was not this side two feet long, and this one four? BOY: Yes.

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2 4 ?

SOCRATES: Then the side of the eight-feet figure must be longer than two feet but shorter than four?

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2 4 ?

SOCRATES: Then the side of the eight-feet figure must be longer than two feet but shorter than four? BOY: It must.

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SLIDE 63

2 4 ?

SOCRATES: Then the side of the eight-feet figure must be longer than two feet but shorter than four? BOY: It must. SOCRATES: Try to say how long you think it is.

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SLIDE 64

2 4 ?

SOCRATES: Then the side of the eight-feet figure must be longer than two feet but shorter than four? BOY: It must. SOCRATES: Try to say how long you think it is. BOY: Three feet.

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SLIDE 65

SOCRATES: If so, shall we add half of this bit and make it three feet?

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SLIDE 66

2

SOCRATES: If so, shall we add half of this bit and make it three feet? Here are two,

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SLIDE 67

1 2

SOCRATES: If so, shall we add half of this bit and make it three feet? Here are two, and this is one,

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SLIDE 68

1 2

SOCRATES: If so, shall we add half of this bit and make it three feet? Here are two, and this is one, and on this side similarly we have two plus one;

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SLIDE 69

1 2

SOCRATES: If so, shall we add half of this bit and make it three feet? Here are two, and this is one, and on this side similarly we have two plus one; and here is the figure you want.

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SLIDE 70

1 2

SOCRATES: If so, shall we add half of this bit and make it three feet? Here are two, and this is one, and on this side similarly we have two plus one; and here is the figure you want. BOY: Yes.

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SLIDE 71

1 2 3

SOCRATES: If so, shall we add half of this bit and make it three feet? Here are two, and this is one, and on this side similarly we have two plus one; and here is the figure you want. BOY: Yes. SOCRATES: If it is three feet this way,

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SLIDE 72

1 2 3

SOCRATES: If so, shall we add half of this bit and make it three feet? Here are two, and this is one, and on this side similarly we have two plus one; and here is the figure you want. BOY: Yes. SOCRATES: If it is three feet this way, and three that,

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SLIDE 73

1 2 3

SOCRATES: If so, shall we add half of this bit and make it three feet? Here are two, and this is one, and on this side similarly we have two plus one; and here is the figure you want. BOY: Yes. SOCRATES: If it is three feet this way, and three that, will the whole area be three times three feet?

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SLIDE 74

1 2 3

SOCRATES: If so, shall we add half of this bit and make it three feet? Here are two, and this is one, and on this side similarly we have two plus one; and here is the figure you want. BOY: Yes. SOCRATES: If it is three feet this way, and three that, will the whole area be three times three feet? BOY: It looks like it.

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SLIDE 75

SOCRATES: And that is how many? BOY: Nine. SOCRATES: Whereas the square double our first square had to be how many? BOY: Eight. SOCRATES: But we haven't yet got the square of eight feet even from a three-feet side? BOY: It's no use, Socrates, I just don't know.

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SOCRATES: Observe, Meno, the stage he has reached on the path

  • f recollection. At the beginning he did not know the side of the

square of eight feet. Nor indeed does he know it now, but then he thought he knew it and answered boldly, as was appropriate -- he felt no perplexity. Now however he does feel perplexed. Not only does he not know the answer; he doesn't even think he knows. MENO: Quite true. SOCRATES: Isn't he in a better position now in relation to what he didn't know? MENO: I admit that too. SOCRATES: So in perplexing him and numbing him like the sting-ray, have we done him any harm? MENO: I think not.

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SOCRATES: In fact we have helped him to some extent towards finding out the right answer, for now not only is he ignorant of it but he will be glad to look for it. Up to now, he thought he could speak well and fluently, on many occasions and before large audiences, on the subject of a square double the size of a given square, maintaining that it must have a side of double the length. MENO: No doubt. SOCRATES: Do you suppose then that he would have attempted to look for, or learn, what he thought he knew (though he did not), before he was thrown into perplexity, became aware of his ignorance, and felt a desire to know? MENO: No. SOCRATES: Then the numbing process was good for him. MENO: I agree.

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SOCRATES: Now notice what, starting from this state of perplexity, he will discover by seeking the truth in company with me, though I simply ask him questions without teaching him. Be ready to catch me if I give him any instruction or explanation instead of simply interrogating him on his own opinions.

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SLIDE 79

SOCRATES: Tell me, boy, is not this our square of four feet?

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SLIDE 80

SOCRATES: Tell me, boy, is not this our square of four feet? SOCRATES: You understand?

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SLIDE 81

SOCRATES: Tell me, boy, is not this our square of four feet? SOCRATES: You understand? BOY: Yes.

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SLIDE 82

SOCRATES: Tell me, boy, is not this our square of four feet? SOCRATES: You understand? BOY: Yes. SOCRATES: Now we can add another equal to it like this?

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SLIDE 83

SOCRATES: Tell me, boy, is not this our square of four feet? SOCRATES: You understand? BOY: Yes. SOCRATES: Now we can add another equal to it like this? SOCRATES: And a third here, equal to each of the others?

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SLIDE 84

SOCRATES: Tell me, boy, is not this our square of four feet? SOCRATES: You understand? BOY: Yes. SOCRATES: Now we can add another equal to it like this? SOCRATES: And a third here, equal to each of the others? SOCRATES: And then we can fill in this one in the corner?

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BOY: Yes.

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SLIDE 86

BOY: Yes. SOCRATES: Then here we have four equal squares?

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SLIDE 87

BOY: Yes. SOCRATES: Then here we have four equal squares? BOY: Yes.

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SLIDE 88

BOY: Yes. SOCRATES: Then here we have four equal squares? BOY: Yes. SOCRATES: And how many times the size of the first square is the whole?

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SLIDE 89

BOY: Yes. SOCRATES: Then here we have four equal squares? BOY: Yes. SOCRATES: And how many times the size of the first square is the whole? BOY: Four times.

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SLIDE 90

BOY: Yes. SOCRATES: Then here we have four equal squares? BOY: Yes. SOCRATES: And how many times the size of the first square is the whole? BOY: Four times. SOCRATES: And we want one double the size. You remember?

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SLIDE 91

BOY: Yes.

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SLIDE 92

BOY: Yes. SOCRATES: Now does this line going from corner to corner cut each

  • f these squares in half?

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SLIDE 93

BOY: Yes. SOCRATES: Now does this line going from corner to corner cut each

  • f these squares in half?

BOY: Yes.

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SLIDE 94

BOY: Yes. SOCRATES: Now does this line going from corner to corner cut each

  • f these squares in half?

BOY: Yes. SOCRATES: And these are four equal lines enclosing this area?

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SLIDE 95

BOY: Yes. SOCRATES: Now does this line going from corner to corner cut each

  • f these squares in half?

BOY: Yes. SOCRATES: And these are four equal lines enclosing this area? BOY: They are.

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SLIDE 96

BOY: Yes. SOCRATES: Now does this line going from corner to corner cut each

  • f these squares in half?

BOY: Yes. SOCRATES: And these are four equal lines enclosing this area? BOY: They are. SOCRATES: Now think. How big is this area?

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SLIDE 97

BOY: I don't understand.

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SLIDE 98

BOY: I don't understand. SOCRATES: Here are four squares. Has not each line cut off the inner half of each of them?

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SLIDE 99

BOY: I don't understand. SOCRATES: Here are four squares. Has not each line cut off the inner half of each of them? BOY: Yes.

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SLIDE 100

BOY: I don't understand. SOCRATES: Here are four squares. Has not each line cut off the inner half of each of them? BOY: Yes. SOCRATES: And how many halves are there in this figure? (inside the blue diamond)

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SLIDE 101

BOY: I don't understand. SOCRATES: Here are four squares. Has not each line cut off the inner half of each of them? BOY: Yes. SOCRATES: And how many halves are there in this figure? (inside the blue diamond) BOY: Four.

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SLIDE 102

BOY: I don't understand. SOCRATES: Here are four squares. Has not each line cut off the inner half of each of them? BOY: Yes. SOCRATES: And how many halves are there in this figure? (inside the blue diamond) BOY: Four.

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SLIDE 103

BOY: I don't understand. SOCRATES: Here are four squares. Has not each line cut off the inner half of each of them? BOY: Yes. SOCRATES: And how many halves are there in this figure? (inside the blue diamond) BOY: Four.

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SLIDE 104

BOY: I don't understand. SOCRATES: Here are four squares. Has not each line cut off the inner half of each of them? BOY: Yes. SOCRATES: And how many halves are there in this figure? (inside the blue diamond) BOY: Four.

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SLIDE 105

BOY: I don't understand. SOCRATES: Here are four squares. Has not each line cut off the inner half of each of them? BOY: Yes. SOCRATES: And how many halves are there in this figure? (inside the blue diamond) BOY: Four.

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SLIDE 106

SOCRATES: And how many in this one?

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SLIDE 107

SOCRATES: And how many in this one? BOY: Two.

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SLIDE 108

SOCRATES: And how many in this one? BOY: Two. SOCRATES: And what is the relation of four to two?

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SOCRATES: And how many in this one? BOY: Two. SOCRATES: And what is the relation of four to two? BOY: Double.

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SOCRATES: And how many in this one? BOY: Two. SOCRATES: And what is the relation of four to two? BOY: Double. SOCRATES: How big is this figure then?

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SLIDE 111

SOCRATES: And how many in this one? BOY: Two. SOCRATES: And what is the relation of four to two? BOY: Double. SOCRATES: How big is this figure then? BOY: Eight feet.

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SLIDE 112

SOCRATES: On what base?

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SLIDE 113

SOCRATES: On what base? BOY: This one.

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SLIDE 114

SOCRATES: On what base? BOY: This one. SOCRATES: The line which goes from corner to corner of the square

  • f four feet?

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SLIDE 115

SOCRATES: On what base? BOY: This one. SOCRATES: The line which goes from corner to corner of the square

  • f four feet?

BOY: Yes.

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SLIDE 116

SOCRATES: On what base? BOY: This one. SOCRATES: The line which goes from corner to corner of the square

  • f four feet?

BOY: Yes. SOCRATES: The technical name for it is 'diagonal'; so if we use that name, it is your personal opinion that the square on the diagonal of the original square is double its area.

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SLIDE 117

BOY: That is so, Socrates. SOCRATES: What do you think, Meno? Has he answered with any

  • pinions that were not his own?

MENO: No, they were all his.

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SLIDE 118

THE END

References: Plato's Meno

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